1
|
Yu H, Moylan E, Bambach M, Levinson D, Ramezani M. Scheduling optimisation of alcohol test sites. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12202. [PMID: 38806613 PMCID: PMC11133394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Drink driving is an infamous factor in road crashes and fatalities. Alcohol testing is a major countermeasure, and random breath tests (RBTs) deter tested drivers and passersby (observers who are not tested). We propose a genetic algorithm (GA)-based RBT scheduling optimisation method to achieve maximal deterrence of drink driving. The RBT schedule denotes the daily plan of where, when, and for how long tests should occur in the road network. The test results (positive and negative) and observing drivers are considered in the fitness function. The limited testing resource capacity is modeled by a number of constraints that consider the total duration of tests, the minimum and maximum duration of a single test site, and the total number of test sites during the day. Clustering of the alcohol-related crash data is used to estimate the matrix for drink driving on the scheduled day. The crash data and traffic flow data from Victoria, Australia are analysed and used to describe sober/drink driving. A detailed synthetic example is developed and a significant improvement with 150% more positive results and 59% more overall tests is observed using the proposed scheduling optimisation method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Yu
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily Moylan
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mike Bambach
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Levinson
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mohsen Ramezani
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
LoParco CR, Olsson SE, Greene KM, Berg CJ, Walters ST, Zhou Z, Rossheim ME. Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol, Cannabis, and Delta-8 THC: Perceived Likelihood, Risk Perceptions, and Behaviors. J Psychoactive Drugs 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38590250 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2024.2339506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol or cannabis poses public health risks. Little is known about DUI of Delta-8 THC, a newer cannabis product. Using 2022 survey data among 189 U.S. adults ages 18-25 (58.73% male, 59.26% non-Hispanic White), multivariable logistic regression examined substance-specific (alcohol, cannabis, Delta-8) DUI perceived likelihood and risk in relation to past-year DUI among those with past-year use of each. Overall, 72.49% reported past-year alcohol use, 50.53% cannabis, and 22.46% Delta-8. Among those reporting past-year use of each respective substance, 33.58% reported DUI of alcohol, 32.63% cannabis, and 57.14% Delta-8. On average, participants had the same DUI perceived likelihood ("somewhat unlikely") across substances and perceived alcohol DUI as riskiest. Higher alcohol DUI perceived likelihood and lower perceived risk were associated with alcohol-related DUI. Greater cannabis-related perceived likelihood (but not risk) was associated with cannabis-related DUI. Neither Delta-8 DUI perceived likelihood nor risk were associated with Delta-8 DUI. In sum, perceived DUI likelihood for alcohol, cannabis, or Delta-8 tended to be similar. Among those with past-year use of each, the proportion of DUI was highest for Delta-8. Interventions should target DUI-related perceived likelihood and promote protective behavioral strategies that reduce substance-specific DUI risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy R LoParco
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sofia E Olsson
- Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kaylin M Greene
- College of Letters and Science, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Carla J Berg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Scott T Walters
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Matthew E Rossheim
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
LoParco CR, Cui Y, Bar-Zeev Y, Levine H, Duan Z, Wang Y, Abroms LC, Khayat A, Yang YT, Berg CJ. Driving under the influence of cannabis versus alcohol: A mixed-methods study examining perceptions and related risk behaviors among US and Israeli adults. Addict Behav 2024; 148:107843. [PMID: 37660497 PMCID: PMC10591998 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the dangers of driving under the influence (DUI), little is known about DUI substance-specific risk perceptions or risk factors for riding with drunk/drugged drivers (RDD). METHODS In this sequential exploratory mixed-methods study, we conducted: 1) multivariable analyses of cross-sectional survey data from 2222 US and Israeli adults to identify correlates of perceived cannabis- vs. alcohol-related DUI risks (linear regression) and past-month RDD involving alcohol-only, cannabis-only, or both (alcohol-cannabis) (multinomial logistic regression); and 2) deductive-inductive thematic analyses of qualitative interview data from 84 participants to identify themes elaborating on survey findings regarding DUI-related risk perceptions. RESULTS 54.0 % reported past-month alcohol use, 16.7 % cannabis use, 4.2 % alcohol-only RDD, 5.5 % cannabis-only RDD, and 7.9 % alcohol-cannabis RDD. Being from the US, not having children at home, and cannabis non-use correlated with lower perceived cannabis vs. alcohol DUI risk. Lower perceived cannabis vs. alcohol DUI risk correlated with cannabis-only and alcohol-cannabis (vs. no) RDD, and with alcohol-cannabis (vs. cannabis-only) RDD. Alcohol use correlated with alcohol-only (vs. no) RDD and alcohol-cannabis (vs. cannabis-only) RDD. Cannabis use correlated with cannabis-only and alcohol-cannabis (vs. no) RDD, and with alcohol-cannabis (vs. alcohol-only) RDD. Being from the US correlated with alcohol-only (vs. alcohol-cannabis and none) RDD and cannabis-only (vs. alcohol-cannabis) RDD; being from Israel correlated with alcohol-cannabis (vs. no) RDD. Qualitative data indicated most participants perceived greater risk of DUI of alcohol vs. cannabis and desired more effective DUI-related prevention and regulatory efforts. CONCLUSIONS Prevention interventions targeting DUI- and RDD-related risk perceptions are needed, particularly for high-risk populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy R LoParco
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Yuxian Cui
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Yael Bar-Zeev
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Hagai Levine
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zongshuan Duan
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Lorien C Abroms
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Amal Khayat
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Y Tony Yang
- School of Nursing, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Waddell JT, Corbin WR, Grimm KJ, Metrik J, Lee CM, Trull TJ. Dynamic relations among simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use, subjective responses, and problem drinking during naturally occurring drinking episodes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 249:110837. [PMID: 37356229 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use (SAM) is associated with riskier drinking. However, little is known regarding mechanisms of risk during drinking episodes. The current study tested whether subjective responses to simultaneous vs. alcohol-only use (i.e., high arousal positive/reward, high arousal negative/aggression, low arousal positive/relaxation, low arousal negative/impairment) were mechanisms through which SAM use was associated with daily drinking. METHODS Emerging adults who co-use alcohol and cannabis (N=85) completed 21 days of ecological momentary assessment with drink-contingent reports during drinking episodes. Participants reported on their simultaneous use and current subjective effects during drink reports and past-night total drinks consumed and negative consequences experienced the next morning. Three-level multilevel models (momentary, daily, person level) tested whether SAM use predicted subjective responses, and whether subjective responses mediated associations between SAM use, heavier drinking and negative consequences. RESULTS At the momentary and day-level, SAM (vs. alcohol-only) use predicted increased high arousal positive/rewarding, low arousal positive/relaxing, and low arousal negative/impairing subjective effects. SAM use indirectly predicted heavier day-level drinking and further negative consequences through high arousal positive/rewarding response. SAM use also indirectly predicted day-level negative consequences through low arousal negative/impairing response. At the person-level, more frequent SAM use predicted higher person-average high arousal positive/rewarding and low arousal positive/relaxing responses, and high arousal positive/rewarding response mediated relation between SAM frequency and heavier drinking. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous use was associated with reward, relief, and impairment, and reward and impairment were mechanisms of risk between SAM use and riskier drinking. Findings may inform theory and just-in-time interventions seeking to reduce alcohol misuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Waddell
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, USA.
| | | | - Kevin J Grimm
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, USA
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI02903, USA; Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI02908, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195, USA
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morrison CN, Gobaud AN, Mehranbod CA, Bushover BR, Branas CC, Wiebe DJ, Peek-Asa C, Chen Q, Ferris J. Optimizing sobriety checkpoints to maximize public health benefits and minimize operational costs. Inj Epidemiol 2023; 10:17. [PMID: 36915163 PMCID: PMC10010209 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-023-00427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sobriety checkpoints are a highly effective strategy to reduce alcohol-impaired driving, but they are used infrequently in the USA. Recent evidence from observational studies suggests that using optimized sobriety checkpoints-operating for shorter duration with fewer officers-can minimize operational costs without reducing public health benefits. The aim of this research was to conduct a pilot study to test whether police can feasibly implement optimized sobriety checkpoints and whether researchers can examine optimized sobriety checkpoints compared to usual practice within a non-randomized controlled trial study design. METHODS The study site was the Town of Apex, NC. We worked with Apex Police Department to develop a schedule of sobriety checkpoints during calendar year 2021 that comprised 2 control checkpoints (conducted according to routine practice) and 4 optimized checkpoints staffed by fewer officers. Our primary operations aim was to test whether police can feasibly implement optimized sobriety checkpoints. Our primary research aim was to identify barriers and facilitators for conducting an intervention study of optimized sobriety checkpoints compared to usual practice. A secondary aim was to assess motorist support for sobriety checkpoints and momentary stress while passing through checkpoints. RESULTS Apex PD conducted 5 of the 6 checkpoints and reported similar operational capabilities and results during the optimized checkpoints compared to control checkpoints. For example, a mean of 4 drivers were investigated for possibly driving while impaired at the optimized checkpoints, compared to 2 drivers at control checkpoints. The field team conducted intercept surveys among 112 motorists at 4 of the 6 checkpoints in the trial schedule. The survey response rate was 11% from among 1,045 motorists who passed through these checkpoints. Over 90% of respondents supported sobriety checkpoints, and momentary stress during checkpoints was greater for motorists who reported consuming any alcohol in the last 90 days compared to nondrinkers (OR = 6.7, 95%CI: 1.6, 27.1). CONCLUSIONS Results of this study indicate the sobriety checkpoints can feasibly be optimized by municipal police departments, but it will be very difficult to assess the impacts of optimized checkpoints compared to usual practice using an experimental study design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St, R505, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ariana N Gobaud
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St, R505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Christina A Mehranbod
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St, R505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Brady R Bushover
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St, R505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Charles C Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St, R505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Douglas J Wiebe
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Corinne Peek-Asa
- Office of Research Affairs, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Qixuan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason Ferris
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Seifarth J, Ferris J, Peek-Asa C, Wiebe DJ, Branas CC, Gobaud A, Mehranbod C, Bushover B, Morrison CN. Unintended reductions in assaults near sobriety checkpoints: A longitudinal spatial analysis. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2023; 44:100567. [PMID: 36707194 PMCID: PMC9896375 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2023.100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sobriety checkpoints are a form of proactive policing in which law enforcement officers concentrate at a point on the roadway to systematically perform sobriety tests for all passing drivers. We investigated whether sobriety checkpoints unintentionally reduce assaults in surrounding areas. METHODS Exposures of interest were sobriety checkpoints conducted by the Los Angeles Police Department between 2012 and 2017. Comparison units were matched 1:2 to sobriety checkpoints, selected as the same point location temporally lagged by exactly ±168 hours. The outcome was the density of police-reported assaults around the checkpoint location. RESULTS In mixed effects regression analyses, assault incidence was lower when sobriety checkpoints were in operation compared to the same location ±168 hours [b= -0.0108, 95% CI: (-0.0203, -0.0012)]. CONCLUSIONS Sobriety checkpoints were associated with decreased assault incidence, but estimated effect sizes were small and effects did not endure long after checkpoints ended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Seifarth
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States
| | - Jason Ferris
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Douglas J Wiebe
- Department of Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Charles C Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States
| | - Ariana Gobaud
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States
| | - Christina Mehranbod
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States
| | - Brady Bushover
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States
| | - Christopher N Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mills L, Freeman J, Davey J. A study into the nature and extent of drug driving recidivism in Queensland (Australia). JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2022; 81:116-122. [PMID: 35589282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While research has reported on overall prevalence rates of drug driving, the extent of recidivist offending has yet to be explored. The objective of this research was to examine recidivistic behaviors detected through Roadside Drug Testing (RDT) in Queensland (between December 2007 and June 2020), with a focus on: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 3,4-Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA), and methamphetamine (MA). METHOD Data were provided by the Queensland Police Service, and contained information on positive drug detections that were confirmed via laboratory analysis. RESULTS The analyses revealed 50,442 unique offenders with a total of 67,727 offenses, as 25% (N = 12,490) of all offenders had been apprehended more than once (ranging from 2 to 11 offences). MA use was more common among recidivist offenders, whereas THC was more common for those with one offense. On average, the days between offenses decreased with increases in offense number. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide evidence for the extent of drug driving recidivism on Queensland roads. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS To deter recidivists and the greater motorist population from drug driving, there is need for greater resources dedicated to RDT to increase both the perceived and real likelihood of detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mills
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia.
| | - James Freeman
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Jeremy Davey
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Morrison CN, Kwizera M, Chen Q, Puljevic C, Branas CC, Wiebe DJ, Peek-Asa C, McGavin KM, Franssen SJ, Le VK, Keating M, Ferris J. The geography of sobriety checkpoints and alcohol-impaired driving. Addiction 2022; 117:1450-1457. [PMID: 34859520 PMCID: PMC9596227 DOI: 10.1111/add.15766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sobriety checkpoints are an effective strategy to reduce alcohol-impaired driving, motor vehicle crashes, injuries and fatalities. The aim of this study was to identify the geographic extent over which individual sobriety checkpoints affect alcohol-impaired driving. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS Spatial ecological panel analysis using geolocated breath test data from the Queensland Police Service, Australia, for January 2012 to June 2018. Data were aggregated over 338 weeks within 528 Statistical Area level 2 (SA2) units (n = 178 464 SA2-weeks) and 84 Statistical Area level 3 (SA3) units (n = 28 392 SA3-weeks). SA2 units in Queensland contain a mean population of 8883.5 (SD = 55 018.3) and encompass 468.9 roadway kilometers (SD = 1490.0); SA3 units contain a mean population of 57 201.6 (SD = 29521.6) and encompass 2936.0 roadway kilometers (SD = 7025.0). MEASUREMENTS Independent measures were the density of sobriety checkpoints conducted per 500 roadway kilometers within local and spatially adjacent space-time units. The dependent measure was the rate of tests that detected breath alcohol concentration (a proxy for blood alcohol concentration [BAC]) greater than the legal maximum value of 0.05% for fully licensed drivers in Queensland. Bayesian hierarchical spatial negative binomial models-related sobriety checkpoints to the rate of breath tests with BAC ≥ 0.05% within and between space-time units. FINDINGS One additional sobriety checkpoint conducted per 500 roadway kilometers was associated with 2.5% reduction in the rate of breath tests with BAC ≥ 0.05% within local SA2 units (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.975; 95% credibility interval (CrI): 0.973-0.978), and with 5.5% reduction in the rate of breath tests with BAC ≥ 0.05% within local SA3 units (IRR = 0.945; 95%CrI: 0.937-0.953). Associations were attenuated towards null in spatially adjacent units and in temporally lagged units (e.g. SA3-weeks; adjacent lagged 1 week: IRR = 0.969; 95%CrI: 0.937-1.003). CONCLUSIONS Individual sobriety checkpoints appear to be associated with reductions in nearby alcohol-impaired driving. Relationships decay after approximately 1 week and beyond local areas containing approximately 60 000 residents and 3000 kilometers of roadway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N. Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne VIC 3004
| | - Muhire Kwizera
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032
| | - Qixuan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032
| | - Cheneal Puljevic
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland. 37 Kent Road, Translational Research Institute Building, Room 5017, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006
| | - Charles C. Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032
| | - Douglas J. Wiebe
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Corinne Peek-Asa
- University of Iowa College of Public Health, Injury Prevention Research Center, 125 N. Riverside Drive, S143 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52241 USA
| | - Kirsten M. McGavin
- Research and Policy Development, Road Policing Command, Queensland Police Service, 200 Roma St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000
| | - Shellee J. Franssen
- Research and Policy Development, Road Policing Command, Queensland Police Service, 200 Roma St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000
| | - Vy K. Le
- Research and Policy Development, Road Policing Command, Queensland Police Service, 200 Roma St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000
| | - Michael Keating
- Research and Policy Development, Road Policing Command, Queensland Police Service, 200 Roma St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000
| | - Jason Ferris
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland. 37 Kent Road, Translational Research Institute Building, Room 5017, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102
| |
Collapse
|