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La Rosa GRM, Plotino G, Nagendrababu V, Pedullà E. Effectiveness of continuous chelation irrigation protocol in endodontics: a scoping review of laboratory studies. Odontology 2024; 112:1-18. [PMID: 37433927 PMCID: PMC10776731 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to synthesize and explore the current boundaries and limitations of laboratory research on the effectiveness of continuous chelation irrigation protocol in endodontics. This scoping review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews. Literature search was conducted on Pubmed and Scopus to identify all laboratory studies evaluating smear layer and hard-tissue debris removal or, antimicrobial efficacy, or dentine erosion induced by continuous chelation. Two independent reviewers performed the all review steps and the relevant items were recorded. Seventy-seven potentially relevant studies were identified. Finally, 23 laboratory studies met the eligibility criteria for qualitative synthesis. Seven studies focused on the smear layer/debris removal outcome, 10 on antimicrobial activity, and 10 on dentine erosion. In general, the continuous chelation protocol was equally or more effective in the cleanliness of root canals and antimicrobial activity compared with traditional sequential protocol. In addition, etidronate solutions seemed to be milder chelating agents compared to those with EDTA, thus resulting in reduced or no dentine erosion and roughness modification. Yet, the methodological differences among the included studies limit the results' generalizability. The continuous chelation seems to be equally or more effective in all investigated outcomes when compared with the traditional sequential protocol. The methodological variability among the studies and shortcomings in the methods employed limit the generalizability and clinical relevance of the results. Standardized laboratory conditions combined with reliable three-dimensional investigation approaches are necessary to obtain clinically informative findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | | | - Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Eugenio Pedullà
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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2
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Advances in the Role of Sodium Hypochlorite Irrigant in Chemical Preparation of Root Canal Treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:8858283. [PMID: 36685672 PMCID: PMC9859704 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8858283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation of root canal system is of great significance to the success of endodontic treatment, where sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most widely used irrigant in chemical preparation. NaOCl functions by eliminating bacterial biofilms and dissolving organic tissue, which may vary according to several factors such as the microbiology of root canal infection and the concentration of the irrigant. It has been proposed that the effectiveness of NaOCl could be enhanced via several methods, including heating the irrigant, applying in conjunction with certain reagents, or activating by agitation techniques. Despite its antibacterial and tissue-dissolving capacities, NaOCl should be used with caution to avoid detrimental effect due to its cytotoxicity and negative effect on dentin properties. In this narrative review, we discussed the factors that affect the properties of NaOCl, the methods to improve its efficacy, and the side effects that might occur in clinical practice.
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Athanassiadis B, Abbott PV, Walsh LJ. A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study tooth discolouration from endodontic materials. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 2:370-383. [PMID: 35165907 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As a range of materials used in endodontics may cause tooth discolouration, exploration of factors responsible for the darkening of the tooth crown or root is warranted. This narrative review paper discusses the range of technical factors that apply in laboratory studies that assess endodontic discolouration. As an example of how these factors operate, particular examples relating to discolouration caused by endodontic medicaments containing tetracycline antibiotics are used. Following the PRILE 2021 guidelines approach, a summary of key variables to be addressed in the methodology for laboratory studies is presented, to inform future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul V Abbott
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia
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4
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Santos TDSA, Abu Hasna A, Abreu RT, Tribst JPM, de Andrade GS, Borges ALS, Torres CRG, Carvalho CAT. Fracture resistance and stress distribution of weakened teeth reinforced with a bundled glass fiber-reinforced resin post. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:1725-1735. [PMID: 34435252 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To make an in vitro assessment of fracture resistance of weakened and non-weakened teeth receiving intraradicular reinforcement using Rebilda bundled glass fiber-reinforced composite posts (GT), Rebilda conventional glass fiber posts (RP), or both systems combined (GT + RP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty sound bovine incisors were prepared and divided randomly into eight groups as follows: (a) nWnR: without simulating weakness, and without intraradicular reinforcement; (b) WnR: simulating weakness, but without intraradicular reinforcement; (c) nWGT: without simulating weakness, but with GT; (d) WGT: simulating weakness, and with GT; (e) nWRP: without simulating weakness, but with RP; (f) WRP: simulating weakness, and with RP; (g) nWGTRP: without simulating weakness, but with GT + RP; (h) WGTRP: simulating weakness, and with GT + RP. The specimens were subjected to the load-to-fracture test using the DL-2000MF universal testing machine. The finite element method assessed the mechanical behavior and stress distribution in endodontically treated teeth. RESULTS The groups nWGTRP and WGTRP presented the best results in the load-to-fracture test, with the former being better than the latter, but with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference between these and the other groups (P < 0.05), except for nWRP. Stress distribution inside the canal wall was different among the groups, with promising mechanical behavior for nWGTRP and nWRP. CONCLUSIONS The Rebilda conventional fiber post (RP), combined with the Rebilda bundled glass fiber-reinforced composite post (GT) improves the resistance and stress distribution of immature teeth. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Longitudinal fracture is less frequent in teeth restored with GT and RP posts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís da Silva Alves Santos
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Amjad Abu Hasna
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Toledo Abreu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Mendes Tribst
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Schmitt de Andrade
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Luiz Souto Borges
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Operative Dentistry Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Antonio Talge Carvalho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
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ARICAN B, SAZAK ÖVEÇOĞLU H. In Vitro Comparison of the Antimicrobial Effects of Different Root Canal Medicaments on Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.912285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ruengrungsom C, Burrow MF, Parashos P, Palamara JEA. Comprehensive characterisation of flexural mechanical properties and a new classification for porosity of 11 contemporary ion-leaching dental restorative materials. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 121:104615. [PMID: 34126510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate 4 aspects of ion-leaching restorative materials (ILMs): 4-point bending flexural strength (4 PB-FS) and relative mechanical properties; biaxial flexural strength (B-FS) in relation to 4 PB-FS; porosity; and surface morphology. Eleven ILMs were used for the 4-point bending test. Bar-shaped (n = 15) samples were fabricated, stored in distilled water for 7 days. Then 4 PB-FS and the other mechanical properties were determined. Five ILMs were selected for the B-FS test using disk specimens (n = 15). The correlation between 4 PB-FS and B-FS was addressed. After the 4 PB test, 5 randomised fragments from each material were used to make 0.5 mm-thick sections for light microscopy to investigate the degree of porosity using reflected and transmitted lights. Eight ILMs were selected for quantitative analysis of the fractional % pore volume (PV%) due to their relative pore prominence using ImageJ software. One-way ANOVA/Dunnett's T3 was used to test for significance. Resin-based ILMs (RB-ILMs) were ranked first (p < 0.05) for 4 PB-FS values (53.3-110.2 MPa) followed by resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGICs; 30.9-44.3 MPa) and high-viscosity glass-ionomer cements (HVGICs; 12.9-19.6 MPa), respectively. 'Flexural modulus' (4 PB-E) and 'flexural toughness' (4 PB-T) of ILMs varied even though similar 4 PB-FS values were observed. There was a positive correlation (p < 0.001) between 4PB-FS and B-FS (R2 = 0.992) with B-FS>4 PB-FS. There was no correlation between PV% and 4 PB-FS. In summary, material type played a major role in 4 PB-FS outcomes, whereas PV% seemed to have a minor effect when evaluating each material group of ILMs. Brittleness/ductility of ILMs was observed when determining 4 PB-E and 4 PB-T relative to 4 PB-FS. When selecting materials for posterior load-bearing dental restorations in high-caries risk patients, RB-ILMs or RMGICs would be more appropriate due to their superior flexural properties compared with recently introduced HVGICs. The decision for each situation will also be dependent on further evidence of the ion-leaching capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirayu Ruengrungsom
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Victoria Australia 720 Swanston St, Carlton Melbourne, VIC, 3053, Australia
| | - Michael F Burrow
- Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong 34 Hospital Rd, Sai Wan, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peter Parashos
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Victoria Australia 720 Swanston St, Carlton Melbourne, VIC, 3053, Australia
| | - Joseph E A Palamara
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Victoria Australia 720 Swanston St, Carlton Melbourne, VIC, 3053, Australia.
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Xu H, Ye N, Lin F, Heo YC, Fok ASL. A new method to test the fracture strength of endodontically-treated root dentin. Dent Mater 2021; 37:796-804. [PMID: 33653597 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a new method to test the fracture strength of endodontically-treated root dentin. METHOD Bovine tooth roots were transversely cut into 2-mm thick sections and the root canals were enlarged with a taper of 0.06. An outer layer of resin composite was bonded to each section to make the root canal-to-outer radius ratio smaller than 1/3. The resulting discs were treated with irrigants at the inner surface and then fractured by inserting through the center a steel rod of the same taper attached to a universal test system. Fracture strength was calculated by using Lame's equations for thick-walled cylinders. Micro-indentation was performed to evaluate the depth of dentin affected by irrigation. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to verify the reasonableness of using resin composite to surround the dentin section as well as the analytical solution. RESULTS The fracture strength of endodontically-treated root dentin based on the analytical solution for a homogeneous section was 139.69 ± 32.59 MPa. However, FEA that took into account root canal softening caused by the irrigants showed that this was overestimated by about 33.5%. The corrected fracture strength of treated dentin was 114.58 ± 26.74 MPa. By incorporating the layer of affected dentin into the analytical solution, the difference in the fracture-causing stress between the analytical and numerical solutions dropped to around 9.5%. SIGNIFICANCE A relatively simple but clinically relevant method has been developed for measuring the fracture strength of endodontically-treated root dentin. The method could be applied to root dentin that is treated by conventional canal opening and irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Xu
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Ning Ye
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Fei Lin
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Young Cheul Heo
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Alex S L Fok
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States.
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8
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Elnaggar SE, El Backly RM, Zaazou AM, Morsy Elshabrawy S, Abdallah AA. Effect of different irrigation protocols for applications in regenerative endodontics on mechanical properties of root dentin. AUST ENDOD J 2020; 47:228-235. [PMID: 33314440 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of NaOCl with and without passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) on mechanical properties of human dentin for applications in regenerative endodontics (RE). Sixty single-rooted teeth were sectioned into 2 halves (n = 120). Dentin bars were produced from one half for flexural strength and the other half was used for microhardness. Specimens were randomly assigned into 10 groups: G1 and G2 (control): distilled water for 30 and 60 min, respectively; G3: 1.5%NaOCl for 30 min; G4:1.5%NaOCl for 60 min; G5: 1.5%NaOCl + PUI for 30 min; G6: 1.5%NaOCl + PUI for 60 min; G7: 5.25%NaOCl for 30 min; G8: 5.25%NaOCl for 60 min; G9: 5.25%NaOCl + PUI for 30 min; G10: 5.25%NaOCl + PUI for 60 min. An increase in NaOCl concentration showed highly significant reduction in mechanical properties. There was no significant difference between 1.5% NaOCl and control group except for specimens treated with PUI for 60 min. NaOCl in concentrations recommended for RE did not have a significant effect on mechanical properties of dentin. However, PUI with increased irrigation time might have an effect even with low NaOCl concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semha E Elnaggar
- Endodontics, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rania M El Backly
- Endodontics, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Mamdouh Zaazou
- Endodontics, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sonia Morsy Elshabrawy
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amr Ahmed Abdallah
- Endodontics, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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9
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Sahebi S, Sobhnamayan F, Moazami F, Naseri M. Assessment of sodium thiosulfate neutralizing effect on micro-hardness of dentin treated with sodium hypochlorite. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:326. [PMID: 33183300 PMCID: PMC7663891 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to evaluate the ability of sodium thiosulfate (STS) to neutralize the adverse effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on dentin micro-hardness. Methods Fifty single-rooted teeth were longitudinally sectioned. The samples divided into a control and four sample groups (n = 20). All the samples were immersed in different solutions as follows, Control: Normal saline for 15 min, G1and G2: 2.5% NaOCl for 15 min, G3: 2.5% NaOCl for 15 min, followed by 5% STS for 10 min, G4: Normal saline for 15 min followed by 5% STS for 10 min. All groups except G1 incubated for one week before the test. The micro-hardness of samples was measured. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test for pairwise comparisons. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results All groups showed a significant decrease in the micro-hardness value compared with the control group. NaOCl for one week (G2) reduced the micro-hardness of dentine compared with samples, tested immediately after immersion in NaOCl (G1) (p < 0.05). NaOCl alone (G2) or treated with STS (G3) resulted in a significant decrease in micro-hardness compared with the STS group (G4) (p < 0.05). Conclusions STS as a neutralizing agent could not prevent the dentin micro-hardness downturn caused by NaOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoora Sahebi
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Ghasrdasht Street, 71956-15878, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Sobhnamayan
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Ghasrdasht Street, 71956-15878, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fariborz Moazami
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Ghasrdasht Street, 71956-15878, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammadhasan Naseri
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Ghasrdasht Street, 71956-15878, Shiraz, Iran
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Rath PP, Yiu CKY, Matinlinna JP, Kishen A, Neelakantan P. The effects of sequential and continuous chelation on dentin. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1655-1665. [PMID: 33162115 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proteolytic and demineralizing agents have a profound influence on the dentin ultrastructure, which plays a key role in the mechanical integrity of the tooth and integrity of dentin-biomaterial interfaces. In-depth characterization of dentin treated with a novel root canal irrigation protocol comprising sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and etidronate (HEDP) is lacking. This study comprehensively characterized and compared the effects of the continuous chelation (NaOCl/HEDP) and sequential chelation (NaOCl/EDTA) protocols on dentin. METHODS Dentin blocks, dentin powder and root canals of mandibular premolars were distributed into Group 1, Saline (control); Group 2, NaOCl/EDTA; and Group 3, NaOCl/HEDP. Ultrastructural characteristics of the treated dentin were investigated using electron microscopy and light microscopy, while the surface roughness was analyzed using atomic force microscopy. Chemical compositional changes were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy-dispersive-X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), while collagen degradation was determined using ninhydrin assay. Data were statistically analyzed using multiple-factor one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (P = 0.05). RESULTS NaOCl/HEDP resulted in partially degraded, yet mineralized collagen fibers, with minimal alteration to the subsurface matrix. Conversely, NaOCl/EDTA dissolved the hydroxyapaptite encapsulation, exposing collagen fibre bundles. There was no significant difference in the surface roughness between the two protocols (P > 0.05). NaOCl/HEDP resulted in homogenous distribution of organic and inorganic components on the treated surface. SIGNIFICANCE This study highlighted that continuous chelation (NaOCl/HEDP) resulted in a frail surface collagen layer while sequential chelation (NaOCl/EDTA) exposed bare collagen fibres. These surface and sub-surface effects potentially contribute to structural failures of dentin and/or dentin-biomaterial interfacial failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti P Rath
- Discipline of Endodontology, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Cynthia K Y Yiu
- Discipline of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jukka P Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Department of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Anil Kishen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Toronto, Dentistry; Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Discipline of Endodontology, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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11
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Wright PP, Scott S, Shetty S, Kahler B, Walsh LJ. Resistance to compressive force in continuous chelation. AUST ENDOD J 2020; 47:150-156. [PMID: 32902070 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Continuous chelation involves the simultaneous use of sodium hypochlorite and a chelating agent. Given the combination of a proteolytic agent and a demineralising chelator, this study aimed to investigate whether mixtures containing the weak chelators etidronate or clodronate and sodium hypochlorite could adversely affect the mechanical strength of teeth compared to the sequence sodium hypochlorite/EDTA/sodium hypochlorite. Matching pairs of bovine teeth were tested on a universal testing machine, and the compressive load at fracture was recorded. One root from each pair was prepared with the sequence, and the matching tooth was prepared with either water, the clodronate mixture or the etidronate mixture. No differences in load at fracture were seen between either mixture and the sequence. However, loads were higher in the teeth irrigated with water compared to the sequence. The results indicated that the continuous chelation mixtures did not alter tooth mechanical properties compared to the standard sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P Wright
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Sowmya Shetty
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Bill Kahler
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Laurence J Walsh
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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Li Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Jiang W, Jiang X, Zeng Y, Li X, Feng Z, Luo J, Zhang L. Antimicrobial peptide GH12 as root canal irrigant inhibits biofilm and virulence of Enterococcus faecalis. Int Endod J 2020; 53:948-961. [PMID: 32189340 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM The objectives of this laboratory-based study were to investigate the effects of GH12 on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and virulence. METHODOLOGY Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of GH12 against E. faecalis were first determined. A time-kill assay was further conducted. The effects of GH12 on the expression of virulence and stress genes in E. faecalis were evaluated by RT-qPCR. Crystal violet stain was used to investigate the effects of GH12 on E. faecalis biofilm formation and 1-day-old biofilm. Finally, an ex vivo tooth model contaminated with E. faecalis was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of GH12 as an irrigant by CFU counting, SEM and CLSM. One-way anova and Tukey's multiple comparisons test were used to compare the differences amongst groups (α = 0.05). RESULTS The MICs and MBCs of GH12 against E. faecalis were 8.0 ± 0.0 and 16.0 ± 0.0 mg L-1 , respectively, and GH12 at 32.0 mg L-1 reduced the bacterial numbers by more than 99.9% within 1 min. Various virulence genes (efaA, esp and gelE) and stress genes (dnaK, groEL, ctsR and clpPBCEX) in E. faecalis were significantly downregulated by GH12 at sub-MIC levels (P < 0.05). Additionally, both E. faecalis biofilm formation and the biomass of 1-day-old E. faecalis biofilm were significantly reduced by GH12 (P < 0.05). Elimination of E. faecalis in biofilms from root canal walls was achieved through irrigation with 64.0 mg L-1 GH12 for 30 min. CLSM analysis revealed that GH12 at 64.0 mg L-1 was most effective in eliminating bacteria within dentinal tubules (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In a laboratory setting, and when used as an irrigant, GH12 suppressed E. faecalis, downregulated specific virulence and stress-associated genes, eliminated intracanal E. faecalis protected by biofilms and killed bacteria in dentinal tubules. These results emphasize the need for preclinical and clinical studies to explore the potential of GH12 as an antimicrobial agent during root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Z Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Barón M, Morales V, Fuentes MV, Linares M, Escribano N, Ceballos L. The influence of irrigation solutions in the inorganic and organic radicular dentine composition. AUST ENDOD J 2020; 46:217-225. [PMID: 31984636 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse changes in radicular dentine composition after different irrigation regimes using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Dentine slices from human single-root teeth were immersed in: (i) 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1, 5 and 20 min; (ii) 17% EDTA for 1 min; and (iii) 5.25% NaOCl for 20 min, and 17% EDTA and 5.25% NaOCl, both for 1 min. Carbonate/mineral, Amide I/mineral and Amide III/CH2 ratios were determined using ATR-FTIR before and after immersion in the irrigation solutions tested. Results showed that 5.25% NaOCl significantly decreased carbonate/mineral, Amide I/mineral and Amide III/CH2 ratios (P < 0.05). Application of 17% EDTA produced no change in carbonate/mineral ratio (P = 0.120), while an increase in Amide I/mineral in apical third (P = 0.002) and Amide III/CH2 (P < 0.001) was observed. The combination of NaOCl, EDTA and NaOCl increased carbonate/mineral ratio in coronal third (P = 0.037), and Amide I/mineral (P = 0.003) and Amide III/CH2 (P = 0.001) ratios. In conclusion, irrigation solutions tested significantly affected radicular dentine composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Barón
- Faculty of Health Sciences, IDIBO Research Group, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Morales
- Group of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Experimental Sciences and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Victoria Fuentes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, IDIBO Research Group, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Linares
- Group of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Experimental Sciences and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Escribano
- Faculty of Health Sciences, IDIBO Research Group, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ceballos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, IDIBO Research Group, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
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