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Clark DL, Macedonia JM, Neyer EE, Mish AME, Rowe JW, Valle CA. Display Responses of Galápagos Lava Lizards ( Microlophus bivittatus) to Manipulation of Male Shoulder Epaulets on Conspecific-Mimicking Robots. HERPETOLOGICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-22-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John W. Rowe
- Department of Biolog Alma College Alma MI 48801 USA
| | - Carlos A. Valle
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Campus Cumbayá Av. Diego de Robles S/N e Interoceánica, Quito, Ecuador
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2
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Peters RA, De Jong J, Ramos JA. Movement-based signalling by four species of dragon lizard (family Agamidae) from the Kimberley region of Western Australia. AUST J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/zo21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Communication signals underpin the social lives of animals, from species recognition to mate selection and territory defense. Animal signals are diverse in structure between and within species, with the diversity reflecting interacting factors of shared evolutionary history, constraints imposed on senders and receivers and the ecological context in which signalling takes place. The dragon lizards of Australia (family Agamidae) are known for their movement-based visual displays and are useful models for how ecology influences behaviour. However, we know little about the communication strategies of many species. Our aim here was to provide new knowledge on some of these species, focusing on the north-west of Western Australia. We filmed within-species pairwise interactions of Diporiphora superba, D. bennetti, D. sobria and Ctenophorus isolepis isolepis. We describe and quantify for the first time push-up displays by D. superba and C. isolepis isolepis and tail waving displays of D. bennetti. Only D. sobria did not generate movement-based visual signals. We have confirmed that more species engage in such behaviour than previously reported, but further work is required to document the full repertoire of these species. The implications of our work are discussed in the context of signal structure, function and environmental context.
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Properties of an attention-grabbing motion signal: a comparison of tail and body movements in a lizard. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 208:373-385. [PMID: 35113201 PMCID: PMC9123084 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-022-01544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Animals signals must be detected by receiver sensory systems, and overcome a variety of local ecological factors that could otherwise affect their transmission and reception. Habitat structure, competition, avoidance of unintended receivers and varying environmental conditions have all been shown to influence how animals signal. Environmental noise is also crucial, and animals modify their behavior in response to it. Animals generating movement-based visual signals have to contend with wind-blown plants that generate motion noise and can affect the detection of salient movements. The lizard Amphibolurus muricatus uses tail flicking at the start of displays to attract attention, and we hypothesized that tail movements are ideally suited to this function. We compared visual amplitudes generated by tail movements with push-ups, which are a key component of the rest of the display. We show that tail movement amplitudes are highly variable over the course of the display but consistently greater than amplitudes generated by push-ups and not constrained by viewing position. We suggest that these features, combined with the tail being a light structure that does not compromise other activities, provide an ideal introductory component for attracting attention in the ecological setting in which they are generated.
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Ramos JA, Peters RA. Territorial Displays of the Ctenophorus decresii Complex: A Story of Local Adaptations. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.731705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Closely related species make for interesting model systems to study the evolution of signaling behavior because they share evolutionary history but have also diverged to the point of reproductive isolation. This means that while they may have some behavioral traits in common, courtesy of a common ancestor, they are also likely to show local adaptations. The Ctenophorus decresii complex is such a system, and comprises six closely related agamid lizard species from Australia: C. decresii, C. fionni, C. mirrityana, C. modestus, C. tjanjalka, and C. vadnappa. In this study, we analyze the motion displays of five members of the C. decresii complex in the context of their respective habitats by comparing signal structure, habitat characteristics and signal contrast between all species. Motor pattern use and the temporal sequence of motor patterns did not differ greatly, but the motion speed distributions generated during the displays were different for all species. There was also variation in the extent to which signals contrasted with plant motion, with C. vadnappa performing better than the other species at all habitats. Overall, this study provides evidence that members of the C. decresii complex exhibit local adaptations in signaling behavior to their respective habitat, but they also maintain some morphological and behavioral traits in common, which is likely a consequence from the ancestral state.
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Poma-Soto F, Narváez AE, Romero-Carvajal A. Visual Signaling in the Semi-Fossorial Lizard Pholidobolus montium (Gymnophthalmidae). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113022. [PMID: 34827756 PMCID: PMC8614464 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lizards display multiple communication modalities, through chemical, visual, vocal, or tactile signals which mediate sociality, reproduction, territoriality, competition, and other complex interactions among individuals. In some species that dwell on the surface, it has been shown that multimodal communication is possible, for example, visual and chemical communication. It is less known if lizards that dwell in caves or burrows (fossorial) also use visual signals. By studying behavior in a semi-fossorial lizard from the northern Ecuadorian Andes, we have discovered that they can use visual signals like leg movements and body arching to communicate. In this manuscript, we describe these observations and discuss the potential roles of these signals. This is the first description of such behaviors in semi-fossorial lizards. Abstract It has been suggested that gymnophthalmids, like most semi-fossorial lacertoids, rely more in chemical cues to communicate, in comparison to other groups, like Iguanids, on which communication is mostly based on visual signaling. We present the first description of visual signaling in the Andean lizard Pholidobolusmontium (Gymnophthalmidae) and a complete ethogram based on ex situ observations (34 different types of behaviors including positions and simple movements). Through the design of conspecific stimulus experiments, we were able to recognize leg-waving as a visual signal, as it is only displayed in presence of conspecifics or in presence of a mirror and was one of first and most frequent displays in this context. We also detected other visual displays like neck-arching and tail-undulation which may also be relevant as visual signals. Based on our results, we propose that visual signaling is also possible in semi-fossorial lizards; however, further studies regarding chemical signal recognition and color detection are required to confirm our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Poma-Soto
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170525, Ecuador
| | - Andrea E. Narváez
- Fundacion Great Leaf, De las Azucenas N47-60 y Av. Eloy Alfaro, Quito 170503, Ecuador
| | - Andrés Romero-Carvajal
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170525, Ecuador
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +593-22-991700 (ext. 1280)
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6
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Dynamic visual noise promotes social attraction, but does not affect group size preference, in a shoaling fish. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Ord TJ, Klomp DA, Summers TC, Diesmos A, Ahmad N, Das I. Deep-time convergent evolution in animal communication presented by shared adaptations for coping with noise in lizards and other animals. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1750-1761. [PMID: 34196091 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Convergence in communication appears rare compared with other forms of adaptation. This is puzzling, given communication is acutely dependent on the environment and expected to converge in form when animals communicate in similar habitats. We uncover deep-time convergence in territorial communication between two groups of tropical lizards separated by over 140 million years of evolution: the Southeast Asian Draco and Caribbean Anolis. These groups have repeatedly converged in multiple aspects of display along common environmental gradients. Robot playbacks to free-ranging lizards confirmed that the most prominent convergence in display is adaptive, as it improves signal detection. We then provide evidence from a sample of the literature to further show that convergent adaptation among highly divergent animal groups is almost certainly widespread in nature. Signal evolution is therefore curbed towards the same set of adaptive solutions, especially when animals are challenged with the problem of communicating effectively in noisy environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Ord
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danielle A Klomp
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas C Summers
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arvin Diesmos
- Herpetology Section, Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Norhayati Ahmad
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Indraneil Das
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
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Dong CM, Johnston GR, Stuart-Fox D, Moussalli A, Rankin KJ, McLean CA. Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level. ICHTHYOLOGY AND HERPETOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1643/h2020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Dong
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; (DSF) ; and (KJR)
| | - Greg R. Johnston
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia; South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia;
| | - Devi Stuart-Fox
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; (DSF) ; and (KJR)
| | - Adnan Moussalli
- Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, Carlton Gardens, Victoria, 3053, Australia; (AM) ; and (CAM)
| | - Katrina J. Rankin
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; (DSF) ; and (KJR)
| | - Claire A. McLean
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; (DSF) ; and (KJR)
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9
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Bian X, Pinilla A, Chandler T, Peters R. Simulations with Australian dragon lizards suggest movement-based signal effectiveness is dependent on display structure and environmental conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6383. [PMID: 33737677 PMCID: PMC7973430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat-specific characteristics can affect signal transmission such that different habitats dictate the optimal signal. One way to examine how the environment influences signals is by comparing changes in signal effectiveness in different habitats. Examinations of signal effectiveness between different habitats has helped to explain signal divergence/convergence between populations and species using acoustic and colour signals. Although previous research has provided evidence for local adaptations and signal divergence in many species of lizards, comparative studies in movement-based signals are rare due to technical difficulties in quantifying movements in nature and ethical restrictions in translocating animals between habitats. We demonstrate herein that these issues can be addressed using 3D animations, and compared the relative performance of the displays of four Australian lizard species in the habitats of each species under varying environmental conditions. Our simulations show that habitats differentially affect signal performance, and an interaction between display and habitat structure. Interestingly, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the signal adapted to the noisier environment does not show an advantage in signal effectiveness, but the noisy habitat was detrimental to the performance of all displays. Our study is one of the first studies for movement-based signals that directly compares signal performance in multiple habitats, and our approach has laid the foundation for future investigations in motion ecology that have been intractable to conventional research methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bian
- Animal Behaviour Group, Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Angela Pinilla
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia
| | - Tom Chandler
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Peters
- Animal Behaviour Group, Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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10
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When neighbors cheat: a test of the dear enemy phenomenon in southern red-backed salamanders. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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McLean CA, Bartle RA, Dong CM, Rankin KJ, Stuart-Fox D. Divergent male and female mate preferences do not explain incipient speciation between lizard lineages. Curr Zool 2020; 66:485-492. [PMID: 33293929 PMCID: PMC7705505 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversification in sexual signals is often taken as evidence for the importance of sexual selection in speciation. However, in order for sexual selection to generate reproductive isolation between populations, both signals and mate preferences must diverge together. Furthermore, assortative mating may result from multiple behavioral mechanisms, including female mate preferences, male mate preferences, and male–male competition; yet their relative contributions are rarely evaluated. Here, we explored the role of mate preferences and male competitive ability as potential barriers to gene flow between 2 divergent lineages of the tawny dragon lizard, Ctenophorus decresii, which differ in male throat coloration. We found stronger behavioral barriers to pairings between southern lineage males and northern lineage females than between northern males and southern females, indicating incomplete and asymmetric behavioral isolating barriers. These results were driven by both male and female mate preferences rather than lineage differences in male competitive ability. Intrasexual selection is therefore unlikely to drive the outcome of secondary contact in C. decresii, despite its widely acknowledged importance in lizards. Our results are consistent with the emerging view that although both male and female mate preferences can diverge alongside sexual signals, speciation is rarely driven by divergent sexual selection alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A McLean
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.,Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, Carlton VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Richard A Bartle
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Caroline M Dong
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.,Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, Carlton VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Katrina J Rankin
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Devi Stuart-Fox
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
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12
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Nagloo N, Coimbra JP, Hoops D, Hart NS, Collin SP, Hemmi JM. Retinal topography and microhabitat diversity in a group of dragon lizards. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:542-558. [PMID: 31576574 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The well-studied phylogeny and ecology of dragon lizards and their range of visually mediated behaviors provide an opportunity to examine the factors that shape retinal organization. Dragon lizards consist of three evolutionarily stable groups based on their shelter type, including burrows, shrubs, and rocks. This allows us to test whether microhabitat changes are reflected in their retinal organization. We examined the retinae of three burrowing species (Ctenophorus pictus, C. gibba, and C. nuchalis), and three species that shelter in rock crevices (C. ornatus, C. decresii, and C. vadnappa). We used design-based stereology to sample both the photoreceptor array and neurons within the retinal ganglion cell layer to estimate areas specialized for acute vision. All species had two retinal specializations mediating enhanced spatial acuity: a fovea in the retinal center and a visual streak across the retinal equator. Furthermore, all species featured a dorsoventrally asymmetric photoreceptor distribution with higher photoreceptor densities in the ventral retina. This dorsoventral asymmetry may provide greater spatial summation of visual information in the dorsal visual field. Burrow-dwelling species had significantly larger eyes, higher total numbers of retinal cells, higher photoreceptor densities in the ventral retina, and higher spatial resolving power than rock-dwelling species. C. pictus, a secondary burrow-dwelling species, was the only species that changed burrow usage over evolutionary time, and its retinal organization revealed features more similar to rock-dwelling species than other burrow-dwelling species. This suggests that phylogeny may play a substantial role in shaping retinal organization in Ctenophorus species compared to microhabitat occupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Nagloo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,The Oceans Institute and Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Japan
| | - João Paulo Coimbra
- School of Anatomical Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daniel Hoops
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nathan S Hart
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,The Oceans Institute and Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shaun P Collin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,The Oceans Institute and Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan M Hemmi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,The Oceans Institute and Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Wilson BC, Ramos JA, Peters RA. Intraspecific variation in behaviour and ecology in a territorial agamid, Ctenophorus fionni. AUST J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/zo20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation as a way to explore factors affecting the evolution of species traits in natural environments is well documented, and also important in the context of preserving biodiversity. In this study, we investigated the extent of behavioural, morphological and ecological variation in the peninsula dragon (Ctenophorus fionni), an endemic Australian agamid that displays extensive variation in colour across three allopatric populations. The aims of the study were to quantify variation across the different populations in terms of the environment, morphometric characteristics and behaviour. We found population level differences in habitat structure and encounter rates. Adult body size of C. fionni, as well as a range of morphometric traits, differed between populations, as well as the frequency of social interactions, which appears to be related to population density and abundance. Analysis of communicative signals showed differences between the southern and central populations, which appear consistent with variations in response to environmental differences between study sites. The findings of the present study, coupled with previous work examining colour variation in this species, show that the three populations of C. fionni have likely undergone substantial differentiation, and would make an interesting study system to explore trait variation in more detail.
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Bian X, Chandler T, Pinilla A, Peters RA. Now You See Me, Now You Don't: Environmental Conditions, Signaler Behavior, and Receiver Response Thresholds Interact to Determine the Efficacy of a Movement-Based Animal Signal. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Motion-based signaling in sympatric species of Australian agamid lizards. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2017; 203:661-671. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-017-1185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Peters RA, Ramos JA, Hernandez J, Wu Y, Qi Y. Social context affects tail displays by Phrynocephalus vlangalii lizards from China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31573. [PMID: 27526625 PMCID: PMC4985696 DOI: 10.1038/srep31573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition between animals for limited resources often involves signaling to establish ownership or dominance. In some species, the defended resource relates to suitable thermal conditions and refuge from predators. This is particularly true of burrow-dwelling lizards such as the Qinghai toad-headed agama (Phrynocephalus vlangalii), which are found on the Tibetan plateau of western China. Male and female lizards occupy separate burrows, which are vital for anti-predator behaviour during warmer months when lizards are active and, crucially, provide shelter from harsh winter conditions. These lizards are readily observed signaling by means of tail displays on the sand dunes they inhabit. Given the selective pressure to hold such a resource, both males and females should exhibit territorial behaviour and we considered this study system to examine in detail how social context influences motion based territorial signaling. We confirmed that territorial signaling was used by both sexes, and by adopting a novel strategy that permitted 3D reconstruction of tail displays, we identified significant variation due to social context. However, signal structure was not related to lizard morphology. Clearly, the burrow is a highly valued resource and we suggest that additional variation in signaling behaviour might be mediated by resource quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Peters
- Animal Behaviour Group Department of Ecology, Environment & Evolution La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jose A. Ramos
- Animal Behaviour Group Department of Ecology, Environment & Evolution La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juan Hernandez
- Animal Behaviour Group Department of Ecology, Environment & Evolution La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yayong Wu
- Department of Herpetology Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yin Qi
- Department of Herpetology Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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