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Peters OA, Rossi-Fedele G, George R, Kumar K, Timmerman A, Wright PP. Guidelines for non-surgical root canal treatment. AUST ENDOD J 2024. [PMID: 38864671 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Guidelines were developed by the Australian Society of Endodontology Inc. with the intent to describe relevant aspects of contemporary evidence-based root canal treatment. The document aims to support clinicians by describing a Standard of Practice in the Australian context. The presented guidelines refer to Competence criteria and Quality standards for the main steps in root canal treatment. While the intent is not to replace individual clinical decision-making, it is envisaged that these periodically reviewable guidelines may help to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove A Peters
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Roy George
- Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kiran Kumar
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Friedlander LT, Wallace W, Broadbent JM, Hanlin SM, Lyons KM, Cannon RD, Cooper PR. Preparedness and competency of New Zealand graduates for general dental practice - perceptions from the workforce. Aust Dent J 2024; 69:29-39. [PMID: 37740647 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental graduates need to demonstrate clinical competency. This mixed-methods study explored the perceptions of clinicians who employ or work with new graduates from the University of Otago, New Zealand, and identified themes reflecting graduates' preparedness for independent practice. METHODS An online survey using a semantic differential scale and open-ended questions collected opinions and experiences from the workforce. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS software, and qualitative data were analysed thematically. RESULTS A representative sample of the workforce was obtained with a response rate of 35% (N = 83). Most clinicians engage new graduates to support the profession and/or rural communities. They perceived that graduates were well prepared in most areas, could translate theory to clinical practice and demonstrate professionalism. Graduates were reportedly stronger in basic dentistry, communication, ethics, and record keeping however were less strong in complex treatment planning, molar endodontics, fixed prosthodontics and exodontia. Clinical exposure during dental training was perceived as more limited, and mentoring and guidance in the transition to practice were deemed to be important. CONCLUSIONS New Zealand dental graduates appear prepared for independent practice; however, maximising clinical opportunities during training, mentoring and early professional development in advanced areas of practice is essential to enhance competency and confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Friedlander
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wda Wallace
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - J M Broadbent
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - S M Hanlin
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - K M Lyons
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - R D Cannon
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - P R Cooper
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Friedlander L, Hunt G, Chandler N, Daniel B. Students' experience and perceptions of undergraduate endodontic education in New Zealand. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49:492-502. [PMID: 37367204 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the clinical experience and perceptions of New Zealand graduating dental students (2019 and 2020) towards endodontic teaching and their clinical learning outcomes using an online survey and clinical scenarios. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS software, and qualitative data were analysed thematically. Responses were similar for both cohorts (response rates 74%, 2019; 73%, 2020). Endodontic teaching was valuable and interesting but difficult compared with other disciplines. Molar endodontics, finding canals and managing posture were challenging. Students felt more confident and less anxious when supervised by clinicians experienced in endodontics. Time management was the most anxiety-inducing factor and significantly related to clinical experience (p < 0.001). Overall, students appropriately applied knowledge in most areas of endodontics while holistic problem-solving in complex scenarios was variable. Maximising clinical experience and supervision from teachers experienced in endodontics are important for learning, improving confidence and reducing anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Friedlander
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gabrielle Hunt
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Chandler
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ben Daniel
- Higher Education Development Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Abasseri T, Ha W. Value of including loupes in prosthodontic and endodontic components of dental degrees: a systematic review. Br Dent J 2023:10.1038/s41415-023-6112-2. [PMID: 37558771 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-023-6112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Background It is crucial dental students graduate with sound knowledge of endodontics and prosthodontics. The use of loupes is important for these due to their intricate nature, but there is currently no standardisation of curricula.Objective This systematic review investigates the value of including loupes in completing dental degrees and their benefits to dental students.Methods Literature was searched from inception to February 2022 in PubMed, Embase and Scopus. Articles included were primary studies of dental students studying endodontics or prosthodontics, which had outcomes related to the value of utilising loupes in learning, clinical application and ergonomics.Results A total of 1,489 articles were retrieved, of which 14 relevant articles were identified. These articles discussed student perceptions and the impact on visual acuity, ergonomic practices and dental procedures. Overall, students perceived that loupes increased self-confidence and allowed a greater operative view but were initially difficult to use. Using loupes resulted in greater visual acuity than no magnification and improved ergonomic practices by reducing neck angulation and improving posture. Students also received better grades when using loupes during cavity access preparation or root canal therapy.Conclusion The use of loupes by dental students can be beneficial if there is initial teaching on their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Abasseri
- General Dentist, Private Practice New South Wales, Australia; Course Coordinator and Lecturer, Sydney Dental School, University of Sydney, 2 Chalmers St, Surry Hills, New South Wales, 2010, Australia.
| | - William Ha
- Head of Endodontics, Sydney Dental School, University of Sydney, 2 Chalmers St, Surry Hills, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
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Miranda TC, Andrade JFM, Gelfuso GM, Cunha-Filho M, Oliveira LA, Gratieri T. Novel technologies to improve the treatment of endodontic microbial infections: Inputs from a drug delivery perspective. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122794. [PMID: 36870400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Endodontic microbial infections are still a challenge for an effective treatment for being biofilm-mediated and very refractory to conventional therapies. Biomechanical preparation and chemical irrigants cannot fully eradicate biofilms due to the anatomic structure of the root canal system. Instruments employed in biomechanical preparation and irrigants solution cannot reach the narrow and deepest portion of root canals, especially the apical thirds. In addition, aside from the dentin surface, biofilms can also infiltrate dentine tubules and periapical tissues, compromising treatment success. Therefore, different technologies have been investigated to achieve a more effective outcome in the control of endodontic infections. However, these technologies continue to face great difficulties in reaching the apical region and eradicating biofilms to avoid the recurrence of infection. Here, we present an overview of the fundamentals of endodontics infections and review technologies currently available for root canal treatment. We discuss them from a drug delivery perspective, highlighting each technology's strength to envision the best use of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamires C Miranda
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Jayanaraian F M Andrade
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Laudimar A Oliveira
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Algahtani FN, Barakat RM, Alqarni LM, Alqabbani AF, Alkadi MF, Almohareb RA. Undergraduate Endodontic Training and Its Relation to Contemporary Practice: Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia. Int J Clin Pract 2023; 2023:7484570. [PMID: 36704246 PMCID: PMC9833919 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7484570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MATERIALS AND METHODS An online questionnaire was developed and emailed to all dental schools in Saudi Arabia. This questionnaire was answered by the endodontic undergraduate program director. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS The response rate was 96.15%, which means twenty-five out of twenty-six dental schools participated in the study. The majority of the academic supervisors was endodontists (92%). The use of magnification and ultrasonic tips was not required by 84% and 76% of the dental schools, respectively. The main endodontic treatment techniques were the step-back technique and gates glidden for cleaning and shaping (76%) and cold lateral compaction for obturation (92%). CONCLUSIONS The dental students were supervised by endodontic specialists and trained to use traditional endodontic methods. Encouraging dental educators to train students to use modern technology and equipment would probably improve their graduate clinical skills and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahda N. Algahtani
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem M. Barakat
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lujain M. Alqarni
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanoud F. Alqabbani
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal F. Alkadi
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf A. Almohareb
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Algahtani FN, Barakat RM, Almohareb RA, Alqarni L, Alqabbani A, Almadi E. The objectives and instructional design of undergraduate endodontic program: multicenter cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:486. [PMID: 35733185 PMCID: PMC9219118 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identify the objectives and the instructional design of undergraduate endodontics in dental schools in Saudi Arabia. METHODS The online questionnaire was developed from an original survey conducted in the United Kingdom. The questionnaire was modified for purpose of the study and the region of interest. Then it was directed and emailed to the undergraduate endodontic program directors in twenty-six dental schools in Saudi Arabia. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS The response rate was 96.15%. The number of credit hours for preclinical endodontic courses was up to four credit hours (84%). Students were clinically trained to do vital pulp therapies (92%), root canal treatment (100%), and root canal retreatment (68%). The majority of dental schools define the minimum clinical requirements (92%). Practical and clinical competency exams were used to evaluate students' performance (92% and 84% respectively). The students were trained to treat cases of minimal (52%) to moderate complexity (48%). Endodontic treatment consent and difficulty assessment form were used by 32% and 60% of dental schools respectively. There was no significant difference in the instructional design between public and private dental schools (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The endodontic undergraduate objectives were to graduate competent clinicians who acquired basic science of endodontics and who know their limitations as it is necessary for a safe general dental practice. The use of endodontic treatment consent and case difficulty assessment should be wisely considered in clinical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahda N Algahtani
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem M Barakat
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf A Almohareb
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Lujain Alqarni
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanoud Alqabbani
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtisam Almadi
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Färber CM, Lemos M, Said Yekta-Michael S. Effect of an endodontic e-learning application on students' performance during their first root canal treatment on real patients: a pilot study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:394. [PMID: 35606729 PMCID: PMC9124745 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-learning has found its way into dental teaching in general and endodontic teaching in particular. The present study aimed to implement a newly developed multimedia learning application and assess its effect on students' first root canal treatment on real patients. With the COVID-19 outbreak, the application's performance was investigated during the pandemic. METHODS A total of 138 students in the initial clinical endodontic course participated in this study. The control group (n = 49) followed the traditional curriculum, including practice on artificial teeth and face-to-face teaching events. In addition to the traditional curriculum, test group 1 (n = 54) had access to an endodontic e-learning application containing videos demonstrating artificial teeth and patient cases. With the COVID-19 outbreak, test group 2 (n = 35) had no face-to-face teaching; however, endodontic patient treatments were included. The quality of students' first root canal treatment on real patients was compared using performance and radiographic assessment items. Statistical analysis was done using Kruskal-Wallis and chi-squared tests. Test groups received a questionnaire to assess the learning application. Test group 2 also completed a COVID-19-specific survey to measure students' perceptions of how the pandemic affected their endodontic education. RESULTS The results of endodontic treatments were significantly better for test group 1 (P < 0.001) and 2 (P < 0.001) than for the control group. Likewise, there were significantly fewer treatment errors in test group 1 (P < 0.001) and 2 (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found between test groups 1 and 2. Students of the test groups positively evaluated the e-learning application. Students of test group 2 expressed their fear of negative impacts on their course performance. CONCLUSION The e-learning application was well-received and seemed to improve endodontic education. The results imply that the quality of education may be maintained by implementing e-learning to compensate for face-to-face teaching. As no difference was found between online and face-to-face teaching, students' and lecturers' concerns that endodontic education is suffering because of the pandemic may be eased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Maria Färber
- Department for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Lemos
- Audiovisual Media Center, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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El-Kishawi M, Khalaf K, Murray C, Odeh R, Winning T. Impact of Guidance and Multitasking on Manual Dexterity Skills in Dentistry. Eur J Dent 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives This study investigated the effect of learning by observation on the development of fine motor skills related to endodontic manual instrumentation. We evaluated if learning by observation with guidance had any influence upon operator performance under tense or taxing conditions.
Materials and Methods Dental students prepared standardized simulated root canals of varying morphology. Learning involved silent video with hand guidance (n = 23), audiovisual combined with oral instructions (n = 23), or silent video (n = 13). Undergraduates who previously completed conventional preclinical endodontics provided comparative data as a control group (n = 16). During investigations, a root canal of a lower molar plastic tooth was shaped, beginning with a primary task, and followed by multitasking conditions. The performance of the students was assessed by evaluating the accuracy of dental canal shaping and time taken to complete the task.
Statistical Analysis Differences were analyzed using ANOVA (p < 0.05).
Results Performance was similar during learning between the three experimental groups. Accuracy of the performance did not differ within each group for the two tests nor between the groups at each test (p > 0.05).
Conclusions These findings demonstrated that performance subsequent to learning by observation without instructions was comparable to learning with instructed observation. The results also identified that the performance of the experimental group (1.5- to 2-hour practice) was comparable with the conventional control group (15- to 20-hour practice). Alternative approaches to learning dexterity skills in dentistry may provide improved outcomes, especially in demanding situations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaled Khalaf
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Murray
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Ruba Odeh
- College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Tracey Winning
- School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
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Bulmer JA, Currell SD, Peters CI, Peters OA. Endodontic knowledge, attitudes and referral patterns in Australian general dentists. Aust Dent J 2022; 67 Suppl 1:S24-S30. [PMID: 35505612 PMCID: PMC9795975 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND General dental practitioners often perceive root canal treatments as complex, and specialist referrals are commonplace in general dental practice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to better understand the knowledge of Australian general dentists and their attitudes regarding endodontics in general, and specifically (RCT), to highlight barriers and facilitating factors in the provision of endodontic care. METHODS A combined paper-based and online survey was sent to general dental practitioners. The questionnaire consisted of 27 items, presented as checkboxes and in Likert scale format. Responses were tabled and statistically contrasted using Chi-square tests and linear regression analysis. RESULTS A significant proportion of surveyed dentists were not confident in their ability to provide endodontic care, specifically root canal treatments (RCT). Confidence depended on factors, such as time in practice, participation in continuing professional development as well as fear of litigation and type of treatment. Other factors such as the availability of appropriate instruments and referral options, had comparatively little impact on practitioner confidence. DISCUSSION While almost all general dental practitioners (GDPs) surveyed in this study believe RCT is important for improving the long-term retention of a tooth, just over half of the GDPs say they feel confident in their knowledge and provision of root canal treatment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- JA Bulmer
- Private PracticeGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - SD Currell
- Private PracticeGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - CI Peters
- School of DentistryThe University of QueenslandHerstonQueenslandAustralia
| | - OA Peters
- School of DentistryThe University of QueenslandHerstonQueenslandAustralia
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El-Kishawi MY, Khalaf K, Odeh RM. Determining the impact of stressors on students' clinical performance in endodontics. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2021; 16:849-855. [PMID: 34899129 PMCID: PMC8626808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate the impact of stress on the clinical performance of endodontics dental students. METHOD The study sample consists of 16 randomly selected fourth-year dental students who had completed pre-clinical activities stipulated in their curriculum. The distal canal of a plastic mandibular first molar is prepared on two separate occasions, first under normal conditions and then under stressful conditions. The preparation accuracy of the root canal and the time taken to complete the task area measured. Stress is assessed using subjective (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Perceived Stress Scale) and objective (heart rate) measures. RESULTS While the accuracy of the root canal preparation did not differ significantly between the normal and stressful conditions (p > 0.05, paired t-test), the completion time for the root canal preparation decreased significantly under stressful conditions (p < 0.05, paired t-test). CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that there is no association between the high levels of stress and the performance breakdown of root canal hand instrumentation skills. Students develop an adaptive response to stress, enabling them to improve their completion times and maintain their performance under stressful conditions. Future research should focus on learning methods that can contribute toward better outcomes, especially in stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Y. El-Kishawi
- Preventive and Restorative Dentistry Department, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled Khalaf
- Preventive and Restorative Dentistry Department, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ruba M. Odeh
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
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