1
|
Wang Y, Hua X, Shi X, Wang C. Origin, Evolution, and Research Development of Donkeys. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1945. [PMID: 36360182 PMCID: PMC9689456 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of archaeological and whole-genome diversity data has restricted current knowledge of the evolutionary history of donkeys. With the advancement of science and technology, the discovery of archaeological evidence, the development of molecular genetics, and the improvement of whole-genome sequencing technology, the in-depth understanding of the origin and domestication of donkeys has been enhanced, however. Given the lack of systematic research, the present study carefully screened and collected multiple academic papers and books, journals, and literature on donkeys over the past 15 years. The origin and domestication of donkeys are reviewed in this paper from the aspects of basic information, cultural origin, bioarcheology, mitochondrial and chromosomal microsatellite sequences, and whole-genome sequence comparison. It also highlights and reviews genome assembly technology, by assembling the genome of an individual organism and comparing it with related sample genomes, which can be used to produce more accurate results through big data statistics, analysis, and computational correlation models. Background: The donkey industry in the world and especially in China is developing rapidly, and donkey farming is transforming gradually from the family farming model to large-scale, intensive, and integrated industrial operations, which could ensure the stability of product quality and quantity. However, theoretical research on donkey breeding and its technical development lags far behind that of other livestock, thereby limiting its industrial development. This review provides holistic information for the donkey industry and researchers, that could promote theoretical research, genomic selection (GS), and reproductive management of the donkey population.
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The equid family contains only one single extant genus, Equus, including seven living species grouped into horses on the one hand and zebras and asses on the other. In contrast, the equine fossil record shows that an extraordinarily richer diversity existed in the past and provides multiple examples of a highly dynamic evolution punctuated by several waves of explosive radiations and extinctions, cross-continental migrations, and local adaptations. In recent years, genomic technologies have provided new analytical solutions that have enhanced our understanding of equine evolution, including the species radiation within Equus; the extinction dynamics of several lineages; and the domestication history of two individual species, the horse and the donkey. Here, we provide an overview of these recent developments and suggest areas for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Librado
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31000, France;
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31000, France;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karsli BA, Demir E, Fidan HG, Karsli T. Assessment of genetic diversity and differentiation among four indigenous Turkish sheep breeds using microsatellites. Arch Anim Breed 2020; 63:165-172. [PMID: 32760783 PMCID: PMC7397719 DOI: 10.5194/aab-63-165-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation and breeding programmes of livestock species depend on determination of genetic diversity. Today in livestock species, microsatellite markers are commonly used to reveal population structure and genetic diversity in both breeds and varieties. In this study, population structure, genetic diversity, and differentiation among four native Turkish sheep breeds including Güney Karaman, Kangal, Norduz, and Karakas were assessed by using 21 microsatellite loci. By genotyping 120 individuals belonging to four sheep breeds, a total of 275 different alleles, 37 of which were private alleles, were observed across all loci. The mean number of alleles per breed ranged from 7.28 (Güney Karaman) to 8.09 (Karakas), while allelic richness ranged from 7.22 (Güney Karaman) to 7.87 (Karakas). Mean observed heterozygosity varied from 0.60 (Kangal) to 0.66 (Norduz and Karakas). The lowest pairwiseF ST value (0.084) was between Kangal and Karakas populations, while the highest pairwiseF ST value (0.142) was between Norduz and Karakas populations. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values, ranging from 0.71 (ETH10) to 0.91 (OarFCB304), were highly polymorphic (PIC > 0.5) and informative in studied populations. In the present study, the results of phylogenetic analysis were of importance, since all studied populations have been accepted as Akkaraman varieties till today. However, factorial correspondence and structure analysis, pairwiseF ST values, and an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analysis (UPGMA) dendrogram revealed that Güney Karaman and Norduz populations have became genetically different from the Akkaraman breed due being raised in different parts of Turkey under different climatic conditions together with their breeding practices. Therefore, we recommend that more comprehensive molecular studies should be conducted to clarify genetic differentiation of Akkaraman sheep varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Argun Karsli
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University,
Antalya, 07058, Turkey
| | - Eymen Demir
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University,
Antalya, 07058, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Goktug Fidan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University,
Antalya, 07058, Turkey
| | - Taki Karsli
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University,
Antalya, 07058, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morphometric Characteristics of the Extreme Eastern Algerian Domestic Donkey (Equus asinus). FOLIA VETERINARIA 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to define the morphometric variability of the extreme Eastern Algerian donkeys. The study was carried out from June to December 2018 in El-Tarf, Souk-Ahras, and Tebessa provinces. The study population involved 65 individuals (32 jacks and 33 jennies) between the ages of 3 and 16 years old. In total, 13 body measurements were used, and 5 zootechnical indexes were calculated. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics were studied in order to establish an ethnic and functional classification of this particular subspecies. The qualitative data demonstrated that the coat colour was variable. Bay and greyish colours were dominant with a respective rate of 61.5 % and 38.5 %, respectively. The head, the nose, as well as the eyes contour colours were mainly grey with 52.3 %, 58.5 % and 50.8 % respectively. The partial absence of the coat particularities was observed. The population presented a significate relationship between the quantitative characters (P < 0.05). The donkeys were longilinear, of a rectilinear profile, compact with massive trends. They had a hyper-metric format. The animals are good for meat production. The General Linear Model (GLM) showed that the body measurements were variable by sex and body mass. The principal component analysis (PCA), the multiple correspondence analyses (MCA) and the ascending hierarchical classification (AHC) revealed that the population was composed of 2 clusters representing 4 animal classes. This study was the first report on the phenotypic characterization of donkeys in the extreme Eastern Algerian area, based on corporal measurements. The results indicated the existence of heterogeneity and suggested the possibilities of genetic improvement within the species.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zeng L, Dang R, Dong H, Li F, Chen H, Lei C. Genetic diversity and relationships of Chinese donkeys using microsatellite markers. Arch Anim Breed 2019; 62:181-187. [PMID: 31807628 PMCID: PMC6853031 DOI: 10.5194/aab-62-181-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Donkeys are one important livestock in China because of their
nourishment and medical values. To investigate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic
relationships of Chinese donkey breeds, a panel of 25 fluorescently labeled
microsatellite markers was applied to genotype 504 animals from 12 Chinese donkey breeds.
A total of 226 alleles were detected, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.6315
(Guanzhong) to 0.6999 (Jiami). The mean value of the polymorphism information content,
observed number of alleles, and expected number of alleles for all the tested Chinese
donkeys were 0.6600, 6.890, and 3.700, respectively, suggesting that Chinese indigenous
donkeys have relatively abundant genetic diversity. Although there were abundant genetic
variations found, the genetic differentiation between the Chinese donkey breeds was
relatively low, which displayed only 5.99 % of the total genetic variance among
different breeds. The principal coordinates analysis clearly splits 12 donkey breeds into
two major groups. The first group included Xiji, Xinjiang, Liangzhou, Kulun, and
Guanzhong donkey breeds. In the other group, Gunsha, Dezhou, Biyang, Taihang, Jiami,
Qingyang, and Qinghai donkeys were clustered together. This grouping pattern was further
supported by structure analysis and neighbor-joining tree analysis. Furthermore, genetic
relationships between different donkey breeds identified in this study were corresponded
to their geographic distribution and breeding history. Our results provide comprehensive
and precise baseline information for further research on preservation and utilization of
Chinese domestic donkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulan Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ruihua Dang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hong Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Fangyu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xia X, Yu J, Zhao X, Yao Y, Zeng L, Ahmed Z, Shen S, Dang R, Lei C. Genetic diversity and maternal origin of Northeast African and South American donkey populations. Anim Genet 2019; 50:266-270. [PMID: 30854699 DOI: 10.1111/age.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mtDNA variation and origin of maternal lineages in South American donkeys and to reassess the domestication of donkeys in northeast Africa, we analyzed sequences (489 bp of the D-loop) from 323 domestic donkeys sampled from Peru, Brazil, Ethiopia and Egypt. Altogether, the 323 sequences displayed 53 different haplotypes (45 in Ethiopia, 14 in Egypt, eight in Peru and six in Brazil). Among the four populations, Egyptian donkeys possessed the highest haplotype diversity (0.910 ± 0.032), followed by Brazilian donkeys (0.879 ± 0.060). The Clade I haplotypes dominated in Peruvian donkeys (65%), whereas Clade II haplotypes dominated in Brazilian donkeys (67%). Estimates of FST values showed a high genetic differentiation between Peruvian and Brazilian donkey populations (FST = 0.4066), which could be explained by the complex introduction history of South American donkeys. Phylogeographic analysis indicates that northeast Africa could be the most probable domestication center for Clade I donkeys. Analysis of molecular variance confirmed a weak genetic structure in domestic donkey populations among four continents (Europe, Asia, Africa and South America).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Xia
- Key laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - J Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co. Ltd., No.78, E-jiao Street, Done-E Country, Shandong Province, 252201, China
| | - X Zhao
- Key laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Y Yao
- Key laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - L Zeng
- Key laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Z Ahmed
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - S Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co. Ltd., No.78, E-jiao Street, Done-E Country, Shandong Province, 252201, China
| | - R Dang
- Key laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - C Lei
- Key laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Poyato-Bonilla J, Anaya-Calvo G, Molina A, Valera M, Moreno-Millán M, Dorado J, Demyda-Peyrás S. A new molecular screening tool for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities in donkeys. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:580-584. [PMID: 30597663 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities are a major cause of infertility and reproductive problems in equids. Nowadays, their detection is rising due to the use of new diagnostic tools based on molecular markers instead of karyotyping. Reports of this kind of genetic aberrations in domestic donkeys (Equus asinus) are extremely scarce, despite their importance in human activities. In the present study, we analysed the implementation of a short-tandem-repeat (STR)-based molecular method initially developed for horses, as a diagnostic tool to detect chromosomal abnormalities in donkeys. The frequency of five X-linked (LEX003, LEX026, TKY38, TKY270 and UCEDQ502) and one Y-linked (ECAYM2) molecular markers and one Y-linked gene (sex-determining region Y, SRY) was characterized in 121 donkeys from two diverse breeds, the Spanish Andalusian and the African Moroccan breeds. The molecular panel showed 100% sensitivity and 99.67% specificity in detecting 10 different chromosomal abnormalities in the species. In conclusion, this methodology is a valid, rapid and low-cost tool for the detection and characterization of chromosomal abnormalities in domestic donkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Poyato-Bonilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, ETSIA, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | | | - Antonio Molina
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España
| | - Mercedes Valera
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, ETSIA, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | | | - Jesús Dorado
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España
| | - Sebastián Demyda-Peyrás
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,IGEVET - Instituto de genética veterinaria - CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|