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Papageorgiou K, Grivas I, Chiotelli M, Theodoridis A, Panteris E, Papadopoulos D, Petridou E, Papaioannou N, Nauwynck H, Kritas SK. Age-Dependent Invasion of Pseudorabies Virus into Porcine Central Nervous System via Maxillary Nerve. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020157. [PMID: 35215103 PMCID: PMC8878659 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent for Aujeszky’s disease, a disease that mainly affects pigs and incidentally other domestic and wild animals. While PRV is almost always fatal, causing neurological disease independently of the age in non-porcine species, the development of neurological manifestation in its host species, the pig, highly depends on the age. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the effect of nerve development on the outcome of virus infection and the effect of virus infection on the structure of nerves in piglets of various ages. For that reason, 42 pigs at the age of one (n = 14), three (n = 14) and five (n = 14) weeks were inoculated with 107 TCID50 of PRV Kaplan strain and euthanized at one- or four-days post inoculation (DPI). The tissues of the trigeminal nervous pathway were collected and examined for virus replication (titration) in cell cultures for nerve morphology by light and transmission electron microscopy, and for viral antigen visualization by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that as the age of the pig increases, virus titers and clinical manifestations reduced, while, at the same time, myelin and axon development ceased. Following infection, the nerve structure was disrupted at all ages examined, being more prominent in one-week-old pigs compared to five-week-old pigs. In conclusion, the age-dependent PRV neuroinvasion in pigs seems to correlate with the morphological changes of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.P.); (E.P.); (S.K.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ioannis Grivas
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Chiotelli
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Alexandros Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Animal Production Economics, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitris Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.P.); (E.P.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Evanthia Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.P.); (E.P.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Spyridon K. Kritas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.P.); (E.P.); (S.K.K.)
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Verpoest S, Redant V, Cay AB, Favoreel H, De Regge N. Reduced virulence of a pseudorabies virus isolate from wild boar origin in domestic pigs correlates with hampered visceral spread and age-dependent reduced neuroinvasive capacity. Virulence 2017; 9:149-162. [PMID: 28873002 PMCID: PMC5955469 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1368941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality associated with pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection are dependent on the age of the pig and the virulence of the strain. PRV strains circulating in wild boar are considered to be low virulent, but no mechanistic explanation for their reduced virulence is available. Here infection of 2- and 15-week-old domestic pigs with the PRV wild boar strain BEL24043 did not induce clinical symptoms in 15-week-old pigs, but resulted in important neurological and respiratory disease in 2-week-old piglets. A detailed study of the (neuro) pathogenesis and associated cytokine mRNA expression showed that the reduced virulence of the wild boar strain, compared to what was previously reported for the virulent domestic NIA3 strain, is due to a severely hampered spread to visceral organs in pigs of both age categories and to an efficient suppression of viral replication at primary replication sites of 15-week-old pigs and to a lesser extent in those of 2-week-old piglets. The age-dependent difference in induced symptoms seems to be due to an immature development state of the immune and/or nervous system in 2-week-old pigs. An extensive viral replication associated with a robust expression of cytokine-related mRNA was found in the olfactory bulb of 2-week-old piglets, correlating with observed neurological disease. Neuroinvasion also occurred via the trigeminal route in 2-week-old pigs, but viral replication was efficiently suppressed in the trigeminal ganglion in the presence of a moderate induction of cytokine-related mRNA. Viral replication in the peripheral and central nervous system of 15-week-old pigs was limited and efficiently suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Verpoest
- a Operational Direction Viral Diseases, CODA-CERVA , Ukkel , Belgium
| | - Valerie Redant
- a Operational Direction Viral Diseases, CODA-CERVA , Ukkel , Belgium
| | - Ann Brigitte Cay
- a Operational Direction Viral Diseases, CODA-CERVA , Ukkel , Belgium
| | - Herman Favoreel
- b Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- a Operational Direction Viral Diseases, CODA-CERVA , Ukkel , Belgium.,b Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
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