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Martins C, da Silva JT, de Jesus SN, Ribeiro C, Estêvão MD, Baptista R, Carmo C, Brás M, Santos R, Nunes C. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI): Adaptation and Psychometric Properties among a Portuguese Sample of Volunteers. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2024; 14:823-837. [PMID: 38667808 PMCID: PMC11048745 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe14040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) is an instrument widely used to assess volunteers' motivation based on the Functionalist Model of Omoto and Snyder. It assesses six factors that reflect several motivational functions. The VFI has been translated into various languages and validated in different cultural contexts, but some studies have reported different factor structures (e.g., five or four factors). In the Portuguese context, previous studies have also shown inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to adapt and validate the VFI for Portuguese volunteers, testing several alternative models (nine models) using confirmatory factor analysis. The sample comprised 468 volunteers (76.3% women), aged from 13 to 81 years (M = 36.66, SD = 14.93). The results support the original interrelated six-factor model as the best-fitting one. The VFI showed good internal consistency and convergent validity. Significant correlations were found between the VFI factors, organizational commitment, and volunteers' satisfaction. Overall, the six-factor VFI is a valid and reliable tool for measuring the motivational functions of Portuguese volunteers, with implications for practice and research in the volunteering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Martins
- Psychology Research Centre (CIP), Rua de Santa Marta, 47-3º, 1169-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.C.); (M.B.); (R.S.); (C.N.)
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (S.N.d.J.); (R.B.)
| | - José Tomás da Silva
- Centre for Social Studies, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Colégio de S. Jerónimo, Largo D. Dinis, 3000-995 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Saúl Neves de Jesus
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (S.N.d.J.); (R.B.)
- Research Centre for Tourism, Sustainability and Well-Being (CinTurs), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Conceição Ribeiro
- Centre of Statistics and Its Applications (CEAUL), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Institute of Engineering, Universidade do Algarve, Campus da Penha, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria Dulce Estêvão
- School of Health, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Ricardo Baptista
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (S.N.d.J.); (R.B.)
| | - Cláudia Carmo
- Psychology Research Centre (CIP), Rua de Santa Marta, 47-3º, 1169-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.C.); (M.B.); (R.S.); (C.N.)
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (S.N.d.J.); (R.B.)
| | - Marta Brás
- Psychology Research Centre (CIP), Rua de Santa Marta, 47-3º, 1169-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.C.); (M.B.); (R.S.); (C.N.)
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (S.N.d.J.); (R.B.)
| | - Rita Santos
- Psychology Research Centre (CIP), Rua de Santa Marta, 47-3º, 1169-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.C.); (M.B.); (R.S.); (C.N.)
| | - Cristina Nunes
- Psychology Research Centre (CIP), Rua de Santa Marta, 47-3º, 1169-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.C.); (M.B.); (R.S.); (C.N.)
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (S.N.d.J.); (R.B.)
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Wu WL, Yu HY, Zhou HX. Identifying factors affecting willingness to participate in floating population health volunteer services by Chinese volunteers based on the theory of the planned behavior expansion model. Front Psychol 2022; 13:953575. [PMID: 36275260 PMCID: PMC9580335 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.953575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
China has the world's largest internal migrant population, called the floating population. Compared to local residents, the floating population utilizes different health services and relies heavily on health volunteer services for supplementary services. In this study, the theory of planned behavior model was used to study the willingness of volunteers to participate in floating population health volunteer services. We examined the effects of several factors on willingness to participate and found that attitude and subjective norm, but not perceived behavioral control, have significant predictive effects on willingness to participate in health volunteer services. Furthermore, altruistic values, social incentives, and personality traits not only have significant predictive effects on volunteer participation but also indirectly affect willingness through attitude and subjective norms. These findings help us understand what factors affect volunteers' willingness to provide health services to the floating population and have important implications for mobilizing volunteers for floating population health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-ling Wu
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guizhou, China
| | - Hai-Yan Yu
- School of Public Health Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hai-Yan Yu
| | - Hai-Xia Zhou
- School of Public Health Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Zhang L, Yao M, Liu H, Zheng S. The Effect of Functional Motivation on Future Intention to Donate Blood: Moderating Role of the Blood Donor's Stage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9115. [PMID: 34501704 PMCID: PMC8431741 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The low retention rate and lack of long-term blood donors are still worldwide problems, and the fostering and retaining of more blood donors has posed an urgent problem that requires a solution. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of functional motivation and blood donor stage in the future intention to donate blood. Three sites in China provided 252 blood donors who filled out a questionnaire including the volunteer function inventory, their future intention to donate blood, number of blood donations and demographic information. Based on a functional motivation approach, we investigated the motivations that influence unpaid blood donors' future intention through qualitative interview methods. The results showed that blood donor stage moderated the relationship between values motivation and future intention to donate blood. More specifically, the predictive effect of values motivation on future intention decreased gradually from new donors to regular donors. Our study found that the effect of various motivations on blood donors' intention was conditional; this effect changed with the development of blood donor behavioral stages. The results are significant in practice for establishing effective intervene strategies in maintaining blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meilin Yao
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (L.Z.); (H.L.); (S.Z.)
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Zarzycki M, Morrison V. Getting back or giving back: understanding caregiver motivations and willingness to provide informal care. Health Psychol Behav Med 2021; 9:636-661. [PMID: 34345534 PMCID: PMC8281125 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2021.1951737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Informal caregivers are those providing care, which exceeds that which is typically provided, to a relative or friend with care needs. Informal caregiving constitutes the backbone of a society’s care supply and with ageing populations the need for informal care is growing. We know little as to why caregivers start caring and continue doing so, yet understanding of motivations and willingness to provide care is important if informal caregivers are to be supported. However, both motivations and willingness are inconsistently defined making it difficult to compare the empirical findings that do exist. Methods: This paper reviews and synthesises thinking about the theoretical constructs of motivations to provide care and willingness to perform informal care, and presents those in relation to existing theoretical and empirical literature. Results and Conclusions: Theoretical reflections based on various motivational frameworks and available empirical data are presented to illustrate that: caregiving motivations should be conceptualised as multifaceted and multiply determined; intrinsic and extrinsic motivations should not be treated as antagonistic and can occur simultaneously; the commonly applied model of extrinsic/intrinsic motivations is oversimplified and omits consideration of the diversity of caregiver motives; other motivational models can be discerned in the context of the empirical research; there are differences between motivations and willingness to provide care with the latter being more consequent to the motives; both should be considered dynamic in nature; and finally, that the two constructs may not inevitably lead to actual caregiver behaviour. The implications of these theoretical reflections for methodology and research as well as their relevance for practice and policy are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Val Morrison
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK
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Mullan B, Liddelow C, Charlesworth J, Slabbert A, Allom V, Harris C, Same A, Kothe E. Investigating mechanisms for recruiting and retaining volunteers: The role of habit strength and planning in volunteering engagement. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 161:363-378. [PMID: 33427117 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1845113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Volunteering rates in high-income countries are declining. Most research into understanding volunteering engagement has focused on conscious processes (e.g., motives), with little exploration of non-conscious antecedents of volunteering engagement. Adopting a new line of investigation, this research used temporal self-regulation theory to investigate the influence of both rational and automatic processes on volunteering engagement. Two related studies using different methodologies were conducted to investigate the influence of intention, planning, and habit strength on volunteering engagement. In both studies, intention and habit strength were significant predictors of volunteering engagement, with planning only significantly predicting volunteering engagement in Study 1. It was also found, in Study 2, that habit strength moderated the intention-behavior relationship. These findings highlight that both rational and automatic processes play a part in volunteering engagement and have implications for recruiting and retaining volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mullan
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Caitlin Liddelow
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work, and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jessica Charlesworth
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ashley Slabbert
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Vanessa Allom
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Courtenay Harris
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work, and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Anne Same
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work, and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Emily Kothe
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Khalemsky M, Schwartz DG, Herbst R, Jaffe E. Motivation of emergency medical services volunteers: a study of organized Good Samaritans. Isr J Health Policy Res 2020; 9:11. [PMID: 32482170 PMCID: PMC7265230 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-020-00370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early professional care in emergencies is beneficial in general and its utility has been proven in many studies, particularly in regard to out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. A person in distress can expect help from two sources: bystanders, including family members, community members, and complete strangers; and professionals, including emergency medical services, first responders, firefighters, and police officers. Emergency Medical Services try to achieve faster first response times through various approaches. Recent technological and social developments have enabled a new form of Emergency Medical Services volunteering, called Organized Good Samaritans, which represents a new layer between occasional volunteers and time-donation volunteers. Organized Good Samaritans are people with a medical background, particularly off-duty medical professionals who are willing and able to provide first aid in emergencies in their vicinity. METHODS A qualitative formalization of technology-enabled Organized Good Samaritans is presented. One thousand eight hundred Israeli National Emergency Medical Services volunteers were surveyed using Clary and Snyder's Volunteer Functions Inventory instrument. Demographics, professional backgrounds, and volunteering functions of Time-Donation Volunteers and Organized Good Samaritans are compared. RESULTS Significant differences between Organized Good Samaritans and Time Donation Volunteers were found. Demographically, Organized Good Samaritans are older and the percentage of males is higher. Professionally, the percentage of physicians and nurses among Organized Good Samaritans is higher. Motivation measures find that the motivation of Organized Good Samaritans is higher and the order of importance of the volunteering functions differs. CONCLUSION A clearly identifiable and differently motivated class of emergency services volunteers has emerged. An appropriate information technology infrastructure enables Emergency Medical Services organizations to integrate Organized Good Samaritans into core business processes to shorten response times to emergencies. Organized Good Samaritans provide a volunteering opportunity for highly skilled people unable to be Time-Donation Volunteers. Our findings provide an empirical basis for further research on Organized Good Samaritans integration into Emergency Medical Services operations. Emergency Medical Services administrators can use these findings to establish an Organized Good Samaritans infrastructure and adjust recruitment and retention. This study is limited to one national Emergency Medical Services organization in Israel. Cultural differences can impact results in other countries. Organized Good Samaritans effectiveness should also be studied in terms of response times and medical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Khalemsky
- Graduate School of Business Administration, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - David G Schwartz
- Graduate School of Business Administration, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Hossain Parash M, Suki N, Shimmi S, Hossain A, Murthy K. Examining students’ intention to perform voluntary blood donation using a theory of planned behaviour: A structural equation modelling approach. Transfus Clin Biol 2020; 27:70-77. [PMID: 32139133 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine the behavioural intention of students to make voluntary blood donations. Moreover, it uses a theory of planned behaviour as its guiding principle and does so within the context of Malaysia, a developing nation. METHODS Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire from a sample of 500 students at a public higher learning institution in Malaysia. Structural equation modelling approach (SEM) was performed to assess the strength of the hypothesized relationships of the proposed model simultaneously via the two-stage model-building process. RESULTS The SEM approach revealed that knowledge was the most influential predictor of students' intention to make a voluntary blood donation. With the knowledge that the more blood they donate, the more lives will be saved, the inclination to donate blood is intensifying among students. Moreover, all of the TPB constructs applied were also seen to significantly influence students' response to voluntary blood donation. CONCLUSIONS The nexus of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and knowledge about students' intention to perform voluntary blood donation are evidenced in a developing nation. The implications of the study and directions for future research are provided.
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Saha S, Chandra B. Understanding the underlying motives and intention among Indian blood donors towards voluntary blood donation: A cross-sectional study. Transfus Clin Biol 2018; 25:109-117. [PMID: 29472138 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims to fill the gap in the literature by conducting a comprehensive research on Indian donor's intention towards voluntary blood donation in India. The study attempts to conceptualize and validate an integrative framework incorporating voluntary function inventory (VFI) in the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model with the purpose tomeasure the voluntary blood donation intention. MATERIAL AND METHODS Structural equation modeling (SEM) has been used to rigorously test the hypothesized interrelationships among the underlying motives influencing voluntary blood donation intention. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of respondents selected conveniently from selct locations in India. Total 450 completed questionnaires were received out of 1000 distributed. RESULTS The study develops a final conceptual framework that determines the drivers of blood donor's intention towards voluntary donation. The components of theory of planned behavior (TPB) model which include 'attitude', 'subjective norms' (SN), and 'perceived behavioral control' (PBC) along with modified volunteer functions namely 'value', 'social', 'career' and 'enhancement' were found significantly explaining the donation intention in the model. CONCLUSION The model achieves robustness with respect to predicting Indian donor's intention towards the voluntary donation of blood. The proposed model in this study advances the theory and research on thevolunteering motives towards blood donation. The study would provide a comprehensiveunderstanding of donors' intention to the practitioners, policy makers and Non-Government Organization (NGO), helping them to frame a calibrated strategydirected towards facilitating healthy blood donation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saha
- School of Business, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India.
| | - B Chandra
- Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), 826004 Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India.
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