Human de novo papillary renal-cell carcinomas in a kidney graft: evidence of recipient origin with adenoma-carcinoma sequence

Tumors after kidney transplantation: a population study

One of the main causes of post-transplant-associated morbidity and mortality is cancer. The aims of the project were to study the neoplastic risk within the kidney transplant population and identify the determinants of this risk. A cohort of 462 renal transplant patients from 2010 to 2020 was considered. The expected incidence rates of post-transplant cancer development in the referenced population, the standardized incidence ratios (SIR) taking the Italian population as a comparison, and the absolute risk and the attributable fraction were extrapolated from these cohorts of patients. Kidney transplant recipients had an overall cancer risk of approximately three times that of the local population (SIR 2.8). A significantly increased number of cases were observed for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) (SIR 195) and hematological cancers (SIR 6.8). In the first 3 years post-transplant, the risk to develop either KS or hematological cancers was four times higher than in the following years; in all cases of KS, the diagnosis was within 2 years from the transplant. Post-transplant immunosuppression represents the cause of 99% of cases of KS and 85% of cases of lymphomas, while only 39% is represented by solid tumors. Data related to the incidence, the percentages attributable to post-transplant immunosuppression, and the time of onset of neoplasms, particularly for KS and hematological tumors could help improve the management for the follow-up in these patients.

Small renal masses in kidney transplantation: overview of clinical impact and management in donors and recipients

Kidney transplantation is the best replacement treatment for the end-stage renal disease. Currently, the imbalance between the number of patients on a transplant list and the number of organs available constitutes the crucial limitation of this approach. To expand the pool of organs amenable for transplantation, kidneys coming from older patients have been employed; however, the combination of these organs in conjunction with the chronic use of immunosuppressive therapy increases the risk of incidence of graft small renal tumors. This narrative review aims to provide the state of the art on the clinical impact and management of incidentally diagnosed small renal tumors in either donors or recipients. According to the most updated evidence, the use of grafts with a small renal mass, after bench table tumor excision, may be considered a safe option for high-risk patients in hemodialysis. On the other hand, an early small renal mass finding on periodic ultrasound-evaluation in the graft should allow to perform a conservative treatment in order to preserve renal function. Finally, in case of a renal tumor in native kidney, a radical nephrectomy is usually recommended.

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for the Origin of De Novo Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Kidney Allograft: A Case Report

BACKGROUND

We present a rare case of de novo renal cell carcinoma that developed in an allograft kidney 14 years after transplantation.

CASE REPORT

A 39-year-old man underwent living donor kidney transplantation from his mother. After 14 years, routine screening ultrasonography revealed a solid mass of 30-mm diameter in the kidney allograft. Partial nephrectomy was performed by clamping the renal artery under in situ cooling. Tissue histology revealed clear cell carcinoma with negative surgical margins. We explored the tumor's genetic origin using fluorescence in situ hybridization to analyze the X and Y chromosomes of the tumor cells. Postoperative hemodialysis was avoided, and the patient's serum creatinine level remained stable.

CONCLUSIONS

Fluorescence in situ hybridization clearly indicated that the tumor originated from the donor and that the tumor vasculature originated from the recipient. The patient recovered well and remains without any tumor recurrence.

Acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined by a sudden loss of excretory kidney function. AKI is part of a range of conditions summarized as acute kidney diseases and disorders (AKD), in which slow deterioration of kidney function or persistent kidney dysfunction is associated with an irreversible loss of kidney cells and nephrons, which can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). New biomarkers to identify injury before function loss await clinical implementation. AKI and AKD are a global concern. In low-income and middle-income countries, infections and hypovolaemic shock are the predominant causes of AKI. In high-income countries, AKI mostly occurs in elderly patients who are in hospital, and is related to sepsis, drugs or invasive procedures. Infection and trauma-related AKI and AKD are frequent in all regions. The large spectrum of AKI implies diverse pathophysiological mechanisms. AKI management in critical care settings is challenging, including appropriate volume control, nephrotoxic drug management, and the timing and type of kidney support. Fluid and electrolyte management are essential. As AKI can be lethal, kidney replacement therapy is frequently required. AKI has a poor prognosis in critically ill patients. Long-term consequences of AKI and AKD include CKD and cardiovascular morbidity. Thus, prevention and early detection of AKI are essential.

Precursor Lesions of Urologic Malignancies

CONTEXT

- Precursor lesions of urologic malignancies are established histopathologic entities, which are important not only to recognize for clinical purposes, but also to further investigate at the molecular level in order to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of these malignancies.

OBJECTIVE

- To provide a brief overview of precursor lesions to the most common malignancies that develop within the genitourinary tract with a focus on their clinical implications, histologic features, and molecular characteristics.

DATA SOURCES

- Literature review from PubMed, urologic pathology textbooks, and the 4th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. All photomicrographs were taken from cases seen at Weill Cornell Medicine or from the authors' personal slide collections.

CONCLUSIONS

- The clinical importance and histologic criteria are well established for the known precursor lesions of the most common malignancies throughout the genitourinary tract, but further investigation is warranted at the molecular level to better understand the pathogenesis of these lesions. Such investigation may lead to better risk stratification of patients and potentially novel treatments.

De novo renal cell carcinoma in a kidney allograft 20 years after transplant

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in a kidney allograft is rare. We report the successful diagnosis and treatment of a de novo RCC in a nonfunctioning kidney transplant 20 years after engraftment. A 54-year-old man received a kidney transplant from his mother when he was 34 years old. After 10 years, chronic rejection resulted in graft failure, and the patient became hemodialysis-dependent. Intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) for the evaluation of gastrointestinal symptoms revealed a solid 13 mm tumor in the kidney graft. The tumor was confirmed on ultrasound examination. This tumor had not been detected on a surveillance noncontrast CT scan. Needle biopsy showed that the tumor was an RCC. Allograft nephrectomy was performed. Pathological examination showed that the tumor was a Fuhrman Grade 2 RCC. XY-fluorescence hybridization analysis of the RCC showed that the tumor cells were of donor origin. One year after the surgery, the patient is alive and has no evidence of tumor recurrence. Regardless of whether a kidney transplant is functioning, it should periodically be imaged for RCC throughout the recipient's lifetime. In our experience, ultrasonography or CT with intravenous contrast is better than CT without contrast for the detection of tumor in a nonfunctioning kidney transplant.

Assessment of chimerism in epithelial cancers in transplanted patients

Cancer is now the most severe complication in the long term in transplant recipients. As most solid-organ or hematopoietic stem-cell transplantations are allogeneic, chimerism studies can be performed on cancers occurring in recipients. We summarize here the different methods used to study chimerism in cancers developing in allogeneic-transplant recipients, analyze their respective advantages and report the main results obtained from these studies. Chimerism analyses of cancers in transplant recipients require methods suited to tissue samples. In the case of gender-mismatched transplantation, the XY chromosomes can be explored using fluorescent in situ hybridization on whole-tissue sections or Y-sequence-specific PCR after the laser microdissection of tumor cells. For cancers occurring after gender-matched transplantation, laser microdissection of tumor cells enables studies of microsatellite markers and high-resolution melting analysis of mitochondrial DNA on genes with marked polymorphism, provided these are different in the donor and the recipient. The results of different studies address the cancers that develop in both recipients and in transplants. The presence of chimeric cells in these two types of cancer implies an exchange of progenitor/stem-cells between transplant and recipient, and the plasticity of these progenitor/stem-cells contributes to epithelial cancers. The presence of chimeric cells in concomitant cancers and preneoplastic lesions implies that the oncogenesis of these cancers progresses through a multistep process.