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Massey EK, Rule AD, Matas AJ. Living Kidney Donation: A Narrative Review of Mid- and Long-term Psychosocial Outcomes. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00794. [PMID: 38886889 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000005094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Living kidney donors make a significant contribution to alleviating the organ shortage. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of mid- and long-term (≥12 mo) living donor psychosocial outcomes and highlight areas that have been understudied and should be immediately addressed in both research and clinical practice. We conducted a narrative review by searching 3 databases. A total of 206 articles were included. Living donors can be divided into those who donate to an emotionally or genetically related person, the so-called directed donors, or to an emotionally or genetically unrelated recipient, the so-called nondirected donors. The most commonly investigated (bio)psychosocial outcome after living donation was health-related quality of life. Other generic (bio)psychological outcomes include specific aspects of mental health such as depression, and fatigue and pain. Social outcomes include financial and employment burdens and problems with insurance. Donation-specific psychosocial outcomes include regret, satisfaction, feelings of abandonment and unmet needs, and benefits of living kidney donation. The experience of living donation is complex and multifaceted, reflected in the co-occurrence of both benefits and burden after donation. Noticeably, no interventions have been developed to improve mid- or long-term psychosocial outcomes among living donors. We highlight areas for methodological improvement and identified 3 areas requiring immediate attention from the transplant community in both research and clinical care: (1) recognizing and providing care for the minority of donors who have poorer long-term psychosocial outcomes after donation, (2) minimizing donation-related financial burden, and (3) studying interventions to minimize long-term psychosocial problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Massey
- Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, Zuid Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew D Rule
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Arthur J Matas
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Lim WH, Chan KE, Ng CH, Tan DJH, Tay PWL, Chin YH, Yong JN, Xiao J, Fu CE, Nah B, Tiong HY, Syn N, Devi K, Griva K, Mak LLY, Huang DQ, Fung J, Siddiqui MS, Muthiah M, Tan EXX. A qualitative systematic review of anonymous/unspecified living kidney and liver donors' perspectives. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277792. [PMID: 36584032 PMCID: PMC9803135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES & BACKGROUND Anonymous live organ donors or unspecified donors are individuals willing to be organ donors for any transplant recipient with whom they have no biological or antecedent emotional relationship. Despite excellent recipient outcomes and the potential to help address organ scarcity, controversy surrounds the unconditional act of gifting one's organs to an unrelated recipient. This qualitative systematic review provides insights into the first-hand experiences, motivations, and challenges that unspecified donors face. METHODS A systematic search was conducted on Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science database for qualitative literature regarding unspecified living donors' motivations and experiences in liver and kidney transplantation. An inductive thematic analysis was conducted to generate themes and supportive subthemes. RESULTS 12 studies were included. The four major themes were (i) motivations, (ii) perception of risks, (iii) donor support, and (iv) benefits of donation. Unspecified donors demonstrated a deep sense of social responsibility but tended to underestimate health risks in favour of benefits for recipients. Despite the lack of emotional support from family and friends, the decision to donate was a resolute personal decision for donors. Majority benefitted emotionally and did not express regret. CONCLUSION This qualitative review bridges the gap in literature on unspecified living donor psychology and provides a comprehensive understanding of the decision-making matrix and experiences of donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hui Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (WHL); (EXXT)
| | - Kai En Chan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng Han Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Darren Jun Hao Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phoebe Wen Lin Tay
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yip Han Chin
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Ning Yong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jieling Xiao
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clarissa Elysia Fu
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Nah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ho Yee Tiong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Urology, University Surgical Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Syn
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kamala Devi
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Konstadina Griva
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Loey Lung Yi Mak
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Daniel Q. Huang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Fung
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery at Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Mohammad Shadab Siddiqui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mark Muthiah
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eunice X. X. Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (WHL); (EXXT)
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Frutos MÁ, Crespo M, Valentín MDLO, Alonso-Melgar Á, Alonso J, Fernández C, García-Erauzkin G, González E, González-Rinne AM, Guirado L, Gutiérrez-Dalmau A, Huguet J, Moral JLLD, Musquera M, Paredes D, Redondo D, Revuelta I, Hofstadt CJVD, Alcaraz A, Alonso-Hernández Á, Alonso M, Bernabeu P, Bernal G, Breda A, Cabello M, Caro-Oleas JL, Cid J, Diekmann F, Espinosa L, Facundo C, García M, Gil-Vernet S, Lozano M, Mahillo B, Martínez MJ, Miranda B, Oppenheimer F, Palou E, Pérez-Saez MJ, Peri L, Rodríguez O, Santiago C, Tabernero G, Hernández D, Domínguez-Gil B, Pascual J. Recommendations for living donor kidney transplantation. Nefrologia 2022; 42 Suppl 2:5-132. [PMID: 36503720 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This Guide for Living Donor Kidney Transplantation (LDKT) has been prepared with the sponsorship of the Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN), the Spanish Transplant Society (SET), and the Spanish National Transplant Organization (ONT). It updates evidence to offer the best chronic renal failure treatment when a potential living donor is available. The core aim of this Guide is to supply clinicians who evaluate living donors and transplant recipients with the best decision-making tools, to optimise their outcomes. Moreover, the role of living donors in the current KT context should recover the level of importance it had until recently. To this end the new forms of incompatible HLA and/or ABO donation, as well as the paired donation which is possible in several hospitals with experience in LDKT, offer additional ways to treat renal patients with an incompatible donor. Good results in terms of patient and graft survival have expanded the range of circumstances under which living renal donors are accepted. Older donors are now accepted, as are others with factors that affect the decision, such as a borderline clinical history or alterations, which when evaluated may lead to an additional number of transplantations. This Guide does not forget that LDKT may lead to risk for the donor. Pre-donation evaluation has to centre on the problems which may arise over the short or long-term, and these have to be described to the potential donor so that they are able take them into account. Experience over recent years has led to progress in risk analysis, to protect donors' health. This aspect always has to be taken into account by LDKT programmes when evaluating potential donors. Finally, this Guide has been designed to aid decision-making, with recommendations and suggestions when uncertainties arise in pre-donation studies. Its overarching aim is to ensure that informed consent is based on high quality studies and information supplied to donors and recipients, offering the strongest possible guarantees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Crespo
- Nephrology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Juana Alonso
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Esther González
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 Octubre, Spain
| | | | - Lluis Guirado
- Nephrology Department, Fundacio Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Huguet
- RT Surgical Team, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mireia Musquera
- Urology Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Paredes
- Donation and Transplantation Coordination Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Revuelta
- Nephrology and RT Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Alcaraz
- Urology Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Alonso
- Regional Transplantation Coordination, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Gabriel Bernal
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto Breda
- RT Surgical Team, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Cabello
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Joan Cid
- Apheresis and Cell Therapy Unit, Haemotherapy and Haemostasis Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fritz Diekmann
- Nephrology and RT Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Espinosa
- Paediatric Nephrology Department, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carme Facundo
- Nephrology Department, Fundacio Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Miquel Lozano
- Apheresis and Cell Therapy Unit, Haemotherapy and Haemostasis Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Eduard Palou
- Immunology Department, Hospital Clinic i Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lluis Peri
- Urology Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Domingo Hernández
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Julio Pascual
- Nephrology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
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Humar S, Jung J, Krause S, Selzner N, Abbey S. Anonymity: What does it mean and why is it important to anonymous living liver donors? Liver Transpl 2022; 28:1299-1305. [PMID: 35229446 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Anonymous living organ donation has recently become more common in select transplantation programs, with donors voluntarily offering a kidney or a lobe of their liver to those in need. These anonymous donations may be directed to a specific recipient or nondirected, and anonymity may be one way or reciprocal. Given their unique situation, we interviewed a cohort of anonymous living liver donors and explored their opinions surrounding anonymity and its implications in living liver donation. A total of 26 anonymous donors completed a semistructured qualitative interview consisting of questions regarding their experiences as a living liver donor. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for common themes, specifically those pertaining to the donor's perceptions and experiences with anonymity. Five main themes related to anonymity were identified: (1) the moral importance of an unencumbered gift, (2) wanting internal satisfaction rather than seeking external accolades, (3) anonymity as a protection against potential negative outcomes in the recipient, (4) feelings of ambivalence toward meeting the recipient, and (5) concerns about negative perceptions among their own friends and family. These insights into the range of donors' attitudes toward anonymity will help improve awareness and provide the best possible mental and physical care for the anonymous donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Humar
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judy Jung
- Multi-Organ Transplant & Medical Specialties, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Krause
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nazia Selzner
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Abbey
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Recomendaciones para el trasplante renal de donante vivo. Nefrologia 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Factors Associated with the Willingness to Become a Living Kidney Donor: A National Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031313. [PMID: 35162337 PMCID: PMC8835691 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Living donor kidney transplantation is the preferred method of treating kidney failure. The donor agrees to undergo an elective procedure for the benefit of the recipient. Aim: To assess the attitude toward living kidney donation and to investigate the factors that contribute to kidney donation willingness. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between December 2020 and February 2021. The study covered a representative group of 953 Poles aged 18−77, living in all Polish voivodships. The relationship between sociodemographic factors, personal values (Personal Values List), the total score of life satisfaction (Satisfaction with Life Scale) and the willingness to donate a kidney to another human was assessed using a logistic regression model. Results: The most frequently chosen personal values were: good health; physical and mental fitness; love and friendship; knowledge and wisdom. The most frequently chosen symbols of happiness were: good health, successful family life, being needed by others. The median satisfaction with life for the entire group was 20 [16; 24]. Voluntary donation of a kidney to another human being i.e., family, friends, strangers were more often declared by women (OR = 1.21; Cl95%: 1.03−1.42), for whom the most important symbol of happiness was a life full of adventures, travels (OR = 1.39; Cl95%: 1.06−1.82) and the most important personal value was goodness and tenderness (OR = 1.21; Cl95%: 1.05−1.40). Total scores of The Satisfaction with Life Scale correlated positively with the willingness to voluntarily donate a kidney (OR = 1.03; Cl95%: 1.003−1.06), while age correlated negatively (OR = 0.99; Cl95%: 0.98−0.99). Conclusions: Respondents who declare their willingness to be a living kidney donor are mainly female, for which the most important symbol of happiness is a life full of adventures and travel, and the most important values are personal goodness and tenderness. The desire to donate a kidney to another person decreases with age and grows with life satisfaction. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04789122).
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Massey EK, Pronk MC, Zuidema WC, Weimar W, van de Wetering J, Ismail SY. Positive and negative aspects of mental health after unspecified living kidney donation: A cohort study. Br J Health Psychol 2021; 27:374-389. [PMID: 34296497 PMCID: PMC9291094 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Unspecified donors give a kidney to a stranger with end‐stage kidney failure. There has been little research on the long‐term impact of unspecified donation on mental health outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the positive and negative aspects of mental health among unspecified donors. Design We invited all unspecified donors who donated a kidney between 2000 and 2016 at our centre to participate in an interview and to complete validated questionnaires. Methods We measured positive mental health using the Dutch Mental Health Continuum‐Short Form (MHC‐SF), psychological complaints using the Symptoms Checklist‐90 (SCL‐90) and psychiatric diagnoses using the Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) Screen for all donors and the M.I.N.I. Plus on indication. Results Of the 134 eligible donors, 114 participated (54% female; median age 66 years), a median of 6 years post‐donation. Scores on emotional and social well‐being subscales of the MHC‐SF were significantly higher than in the general population. Psychological symptoms were comparable to the general population. Thirty‐two per cent of donors had a current or lifetime psychiatric diagnosis. Psychological symptoms did not significantly change between the pre‐donation screening and the post‐donation study. Conclusions We concluded that, with the appropriate screening, unspecified donation is a safe procedure from a psychological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Massey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde C Pronk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willij C Zuidema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Weimar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline van de Wetering
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sohal Y Ismail
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Lentine KL, Motter JD, Henderson ML, Hays RE, Shukhman E, Hunt J, Al Ammary F, Kumar V, LaPointe Rudow D, Van Pilsum Rasmussen SE, Nishio-Lucar AG, Schaefer HM, Cooper M, Mandelbrot DA. Care of international living kidney donor candidates in the United States: A survey of contemporary experience, practice, and challenges. Clin Transplant 2020; 34:e14064. [PMID: 32808320 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation and care of non-US citizen, non-US residents who wish to come to the United States to serve as international living kidney donors (ILKDs) can pose unique challenges. We surveyed US transplant programs to better understand practices related to ILKD care. We distributed the survey by email and professional society list-servs (Fall 2018, assessing 2017 experience). Eighty-five programs responded (36.8% program response rate), of which 80 considered ILKD candidates. Only 18 programs had written protocols for ILKD evaluation. Programs had a median of 3 (range: 0,75) ILKD candidates who initiated contact during the year, from origin countries spanning 6 continents. Fewer (median: 1, range: 0,25) were approved for donation. Program-reported reasons for not completing ILKD evaluations included visa barriers (58.6%), inability to complete evaluation (34.3%), concerns regarding follow-up (31.4%) or other healthcare access (28.6%), and financial impacts (21.4%). Programs that did not evaluate ILKDs reported similar concerns. Staff time required to evaluate ILKDs was estimated as 1.5-to-3-times (47.9%) or >3-times (32.9%) that needed for domestic candidates. Among programs accepting ILKDs, on average 55% reported successful completion of 1-year follow-up. ILKD evaluation is a resource-intensive process with variable outcomes. Planning and commitment are necessary to care for this unique candidate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Lentine
- Saint Louis University Center for Abdominal Transplantation, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer D Motter
- Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Transplant Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Macey L Henderson
- Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Transplant Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca E Hays
- University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ellen Shukhman
- Cedars-Sinai Comprehensive Transplant Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Julia Hunt
- Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fawaz Al Ammary
- Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Transplant Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vineeta Kumar
- University of Alabama Comprehensive Transplant Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Cooper
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Kurleto P, Skorupska-Król A, Broniatowska E, Bramstedt KA. Exploring the motives of Israeli Jews who were living kidney donors to strangers. Clin Transplant 2020; 34:e14034. [PMID: 32652718 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-directed living donors are individuals who donate a kidney to a recipient with whom they have neither a genetic nor emotional relationship. Israel legalized this type of donation in 2008. After this law was implemented, living donations significantly expanded. The aim of this article was to determine the motivations, characteristics, and perioperative experiences of non-directed living donors in Israel. Three online questionnaires (own questionnaire, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Rushton Self-Report Altruism Scale) were distributed to 180 Jewish kidney donors with the help of Matnat Chaim organization. One hundred and fifteen responses were received (69.3% response rate). The motivation for most donors (60%) was a strong willingness to help and a desire to do good. The majority of donors (78.3%) reported their health status as unchanged after donation; however, 16.5% experienced clinical problems (eg, wound infection, more pain than expected), and 5.2% experienced psychological complications. About 18% reported their health to improve after donation. Most (80%) inspired someone else to also become a kidney donor. This study breaks the myth that Jews do not support organ donation. In fact, their high level of altruism and their positive experience with donation has propelled the practice of non-directed donation in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kurleto
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Skorupska-Król
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Broniatowska
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland
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