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Holleman BC, van Os-Medendorp H, van den Bergh H, van Dijk LM, Linders YFM, Blom WM, Verhoeckx KCM, Michelsen-Huisman A, Houben GF, Knulst AC, Lentz LR. Poor understanding of allergen labelling by allergic and non-allergic consumers. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 51:1374-1382. [PMID: 34288165 PMCID: PMC8519062 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Understanding consumers’ interpretation of allergy information is crucial for effective food safety policies. We evaluated consumer understanding of allergy information on foods in controlled, experimental studies. Method Using 18 packaged foods, we evaluated consumer understanding of information about allergens in two experiments: First, a comparison of foods with no stated allergen versus allergen as a stated ingredient versus a precautionary allergen label (PAL); second, a comparison of three common variants of PAL. In each experiment, consumers with and without self‐reported food allergy were asked to estimate the risk of allergic reaction and to rate the comprehensibility of the allergen information. In the second experiment, consumers were also asked which form of PAL they preferred. Results Risk of reaction was assessed as high and low for foods with the allergen stated as ingredient, or without any mention of allergen. However, risk assessment for PAL varied and was judged as higher by non‐allergic than allergic participants (82% vs. 58%, p < .001). Understanding of risk associated with PAL also varied by health literacy (p < .001). Both allergic and non‐allergic consumers judged all forms of allergy information to be unclear, especially products with no allergy information for non‐allergic consumers. Products with a ‘Produced in a Factory’ PAL were perceived as less risky than ‘May contain’ or ‘Traces of’ PALs (p < .001), less than 40% of participants judged PAL information to be comprehensible, and participants preferred ‘May contain’ over the other PALs. Conclusion Both allergic and non‐allergic consumers find allergen information difficult to interpret on packaged foods and misunderstand PAL, incorrectly distinguishing different risk levels for different PAL wording. Clearer allergy information guidelines are called for, and the use of only one PAL wording is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bregje C Holleman
- Utrecht Institute for Linguistics OTS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harmieke van Os-Medendorp
- Department of Dermatology/ Allergology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Huub van den Bergh
- Utrecht Institute for Linguistics OTS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte M van Dijk
- Utrecht Institute for Linguistics OTS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette F M Linders
- Utrecht Institute for Linguistics OTS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W Marty Blom
- Department of Dermatology/ Allergology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Saxion University of Applied Science, School of Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty C M Verhoeckx
- Department of Dermatology/ Allergology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anouska Michelsen-Huisman
- Department of Dermatology/ Allergology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Houben
- Department of Dermatology/ Allergology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Saxion University of Applied Science, School of Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - André C Knulst
- Department of Dermatology/ Allergology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leo R Lentz
- Utrecht Institute for Linguistics OTS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Sicherer SH, Abrams EM, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Hourihane JO. Managing Food Allergy When the Patient Is Not Highly Allergic. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 10:46-55. [PMID: 34098164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Few patients with food allergy are "highly allergic," meaning they always have severe reactions and always react to very small amounts of allergen. Standard medical approaches for allergy management have focused on the safety and lifestyle modifications this group truly needs, but consequently families with food allergy are typically advised to strictly avoid any exposure to their implicated allergens. Most food-allergic subjects are actually not reactive to very low doses, and many never experience severe reactions. There are also notable conditions where a different care plan is already commonly offered: patients with pollen-related food allergy syndrome, with food-associated exercise-induced anaphylaxis, and with resolving or mild milk or egg allergy might be advised to ingest the allergens in specific circumstances with detailed instructions. Because oral immunotherapy and allergy prevention by early exposure have emphasized alternatives to strict avoidance, there is increasing interest in prospects to forego strict avoidance in those with food allergy. For patients with a high threshold of reactivity (low-dose tolerant, high-dose mildly reactive), there may be options such as allowing the ingestion of products with precautionary allergen labels, allowing dietary indiscretions with small amounts of the allergen, or even encouraging ingestion of subthreshold amounts with therapeutic intent. These practices have not been extensively studied and could be considered controversial. If these approaches are considered, shared decision making is needed in discussing them with patients and families. This review considers the potential approaches to those who are "not highly allergic": the risks, benefits, shared decision making, and research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Sicherer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Kravis Children's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Elissa M Abrams
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jonathan O'B Hourihane
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Royal College of Surgeons in Irerland, Dublin, Ireland; Childrens Health Ireland Temple St, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Artavia G, Cortés-Herrera C, Granados-Chinchilla F. Selected Instrumental Techniques Applied in Food and Feed: Quality, Safety and Adulteration Analysis. Foods 2021; 10:1081. [PMID: 34068197 PMCID: PMC8152966 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents an overall glance at selected instrumental analytical techniques and methods used in food analysis, focusing on their primary food science research applications. The methods described represent approaches that have already been developed or are currently being implemented in our laboratories. Some techniques are widespread and well known and hence we will focus only in very specific examples, whilst the relatively less common techniques applied in food science are covered in a wider fashion. We made a particular emphasis on the works published on this topic in the last five years. When appropriate, we referred the reader to specialized reports highlighting each technique's principle and focused on said technologies' applications in the food analysis field. Each example forwarded will consider the advantages and limitations of the application. Certain study cases will typify that several of the techniques mentioned are used simultaneously to resolve an issue, support novel data, or gather further information from the food sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Artavia
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Sede Rodrigo Facio, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica;
| | - Carolina Cortés-Herrera
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Sede Rodrigo Facio, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica;
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4
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Touma J, La Vieille S, Guillier L, Barrere V, Manny E, Théolier J, Dominguez S, Godefroy SB. Occurrence and risk assessment of sesame as an allergen in selected Middle Eastern foods available in Montreal, Canada. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:550-562. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1881622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Touma
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Department of Food Science and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Heavy Metals and Colorants, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sébastien La Vieille
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Department of Food Science and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, Canada
- Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurent Guillier
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Virginie Barrere
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Department of Food Science and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emilie Manny
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Department of Food Science and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Théolier
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Department of Food Science and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Silvia Dominguez
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Department of Food Science and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samuel Benrejeb Godefroy
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Department of Food Science and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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5
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DunnGalvin A, Roberts G, Schnadt S, Astley S, Austin M, Blom WM, Baumert J, Chan CH, Crevel RWR, Grimshaw KEC, Kruizinga AG, Regent L, Taylor S, Walker M, Mills ENC. Evidence-based approaches to the application of precautionary allergen labelling: Report from two iFAAM workshops. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 49:1191-1200. [PMID: 31325393 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy is a major public health concern with avoidance of the trigger food(s) being central to management by the patient. Food information legislation mandates the declaration of allergenic ingredients; however, the labelling of the unintentional presence of allergens is less defined. Precautionary allergen labelling (PAL) was introduced by the food industry to help manage and communicate the risk of reaction from the unintended presence of allergens in foods. In its current form, PAL is counterproductive for consumers with food allergies as there is no standardized approach to applying PAL. Foods with a PAL often do not contain the identified food allergen while some products without a PAL contain quantities of common food allergens that are capable of inducing an allergic reaction. Integrated Approaches to Food Allergen and Allergy Risk Management (iFAAM) was an EU-funded project that aimed to improve the management of food allergens by the food industry for the benefit of people with food allergies. Within iFAAM, a clinically validated tiered risk assessment approach for food allergens was developed. Two cross-stakeholder iFAAM workshops were held on 13-14 December 2016 and 19-20 April 2018. One of the objectives of these workshops was to develop a proposal to make PAL effective for consumers. This paper describes the outcomes from these workshops. This provides the basis for the development of more informative and transparent labelling that will ultimately improve management and well-being in consumers with food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey DunnGalvin
- Applied Psychology and Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Graham Roberts
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK
| | - Sabine Schnadt
- German Allergy and Asthma Association (DAAB), Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | | | | | - W Marty Blom
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Programme, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Chun-Han Chan
- Food Allergy and Intolerance Branch, Food Standards Agency, London, UK
| | | | | | - Astrid G Kruizinga
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stephen Taylor
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Programme, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Michael Walker
- Laboratory of the Government Chemist, LGC, Teddington, UK
| | - E N Clare Mills
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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6
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Suh SM, Park SB, Kim MJ, Kim HY. Simultaneous detection of fruit allergen-coding genes in tomato, apple, peach and kiwi through multiplex PCR. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1593-1598. [PMID: 31695960 PMCID: PMC6811467 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit allergies have become more common in recent years, and are now a serious health problem. In this study, a multiplex PCR assay was used to detect potential fruit allergens causing food allergy labeling in Korea. For the detection of these allergens, specific primer pairs were designed to amplify the allergen-coding genes Cyclophilin (tomato), Mdtl 1 (apple), Pru p 2.01A (peach) and Pectin methylesterase inhibitor (kiwi), and primer pair targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene was additionally used as an endogenous control. Primer specificity was assessed with 23 plant species. A mixture of DNA from the four fruits was serially diluted and used to determine the sensitivity of the multiplex PCR assay, which was approximately 0.08 ng. Eleven commercial fruit products were evaluated to verify the applicability of the multiplex PCR assay. This assay is expected to be a specific and efficient method for detecting fruit allergens in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Man Suh
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Saet-Byul Park
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ju Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
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7
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Croote D, Braslavsky I, Quake SR. Addressing Complex Matrix Interference Improves Multiplex Food Allergen Detection by Targeted LC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9760-9769. [PMID: 31339301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The frequent use of precautionary food allergen labeling (PAL) such as "may contain" frustrates allergic individuals who rely on such labeling to determine whether a food is safe to consume. One technique to study whether foods contain allergens is targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) employing scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). However, the applicability of a single MRM method to many commercial foods is unknown as complex and heterogeneous interferences derived from the unique composition of each food matrix can hinder quantification of trace amounts of allergen contamination. We developed a freely available, open source software package MAtrix-Dependent Interference Correction (MADIC) to identify interference and applied it with a method targeting 14 allergens. Among 84 unique food products, we found patterns of allergen contamination such as wheat in grains, milk in chocolate-containing products, and soy in breads and corn flours. We also found additional instances of contamination in products with and without PAL as well as highly variable soy content in foods containing only soybean oil and/or soy lecithin. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying LC-MS/MS to a variety of food products with sensitive detection of multiple allergens in spite of variable matrix interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Croote
- Department of Bioengineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Ido Braslavsky
- Department of Bioengineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States.,Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States.,Department of Applied Physics , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
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8
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Petroni D, Spergel JM. Eosinophilic esophagitis and symptoms possibly related to eosinophilic esophagitis in oral immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 120:237-240.e4. [PMID: 29397272 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Petroni
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan M Spergel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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9
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Gupta RS, Taylor SL, Baumert JL, Kao LM, Schuster E, Smith BM. Economic Factors Impacting Food Allergen Management: Perspectives from the Food Industry. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1719-1725. [PMID: 28906157 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Food allergies affect up to 8% of children in the United States and may occasionally lead to severe life-threatening reactions. Because there is currently no cure for food allergies, strict avoidance of the allergen-containing foods is the only means of preventing an allergic reaction. Consumers rely on food manufacturers to reliably track and declare the presence of food allergens in products. Over the past 10 to 20 years, the food industry has increasingly adopted allergen control approaches in its processing facilities. However, the major industry costs related to food allergen management have not been fully described. The objective of this study was to characterize the factors that contribute to the economic impact of food allergen control practices on the food industry. A focus group (n = 100) was conducted with food industry professionals to identify key areas of cost for food allergen management. A survey based on the domains identified was then developed and disseminated to a convenience sample (n = 50) of quality control food industry specialists with knowledge of their company's food allergen management practices. Nearly all companies (92%) produced food products containing one or more of the top eight allergenic foods recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or sesame seeds. Cleaning procedures, employee training, and the potential for a recall due to allergen cross-contact were most frequently rated as the important factors in food allergen management. Recalls due to food allergen cross-contact, cleaning procedures, equipment and premises design, and employee training were ranked as the greatest allergen management expenses. Although 96% of companies had a food allergen control plan in place, nearly half (42%) had at least one food allergen-related recall within the past 5 years. The industry appears to endorse a willingness to unify precautionary allergen labeling to communicate a clear message more effectively to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi S Gupta
- 1 Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611.,2 Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Steve L Taylor
- 3 Food Allergy Research & Resource Program, Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588; and
| | - Joseph L Baumert
- 3 Food Allergy Research & Resource Program, Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588; and
| | - Lauren M Kao
- 2 Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Erik Schuster
- 2 Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Bridget M Smith
- 2 Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611.,4 Spinal Cord Injury QUERI, Center for Management of Complex Chronic Care, Edward J. Hines Jr. VA Hospital, 5000 South 5th Avenue, Hines, Illinois 60141, USA
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10
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Navarro V, del Pilar Fernández-Gil M, Simón E, Bustamante MÁ. Gluten: General Aspects and International Regulations for Products for Celiac People. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53342-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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11
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Zurzolo GA, Peters RL, Koplin JJ, de Courten M, Mathai ML, Tye-Din JA, Tang MLK, Campbell DE, Ponsonby AL, Prescott SL, Gurrin L, Dharmage S, Allen KJ. The practice and perception of precautionary allergen labelling by the Australasian food manufacturing industry. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:961-968. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Zurzolo
- Centre for Chronic Disease; College of Health and Biomedicine; Victoria University; Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Food & Allergy Research; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
| | - R. L. Peters
- Centre for Food & Allergy Research; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
| | - J. J. Koplin
- Centre for Food & Allergy Research; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
| | - M. de Courten
- Centre for Chronic Disease; College of Health and Biomedicine; Victoria University; Melbourne Australia
| | - M. L. Mathai
- Centre for Chronic Disease; College of Health and Biomedicine; Victoria University; Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Food & Allergy Research; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
| | - J. A. Tye-Din
- Centre for Food & Allergy Research; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Immunology Division; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne Australia
| | - M. L. K. Tang
- Centre for Food & Allergy Research; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Allergy and Immunology; Royal Children's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
| | - D. E. Campbell
- Centre for Food & Allergy Research; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Allergy and Immunology; The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Westmead Australia
| | - A-L. Ponsonby
- Centre for Food & Allergy Research; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - S. L. Prescott
- Centre for Food & Allergy Research; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Perth Australia
| | - L. Gurrin
- Centre for Food & Allergy Research; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - S.C. Dharmage
- Centre for Food & Allergy Research; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - K. J. Allen
- Centre for Food & Allergy Research; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Allergy and Immunology; Royal Children's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
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12
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Turner
- Section of Paediatrics (Allergy and Infectious Diseases) & MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma; Imperial College London; London UK
- University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
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