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Kandi S, Polakow SB, Savaryn JP, Ruterbories K, Saltarelli M, Jenkins GJ, Ji QC. High throughput bioanalysis of serum 7a-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) using LC-MS/MS: Devising an end-to-end single vial solution for a sample limited application. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2025; 255:116581. [PMID: 39644681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 12/09/2024]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by chronic ileal/ileocolonic inflammation, and in some cases, can result in bile acid malabsorption (BAM) and subsequent bile acid diarrhea (BAD). Although BAD is common in CD, diagnosis is difficult. In patients with CD who had ileal resection (IR), elevated serum 7a-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), a cholesterol-derived stable intermediate in bile acid synthesis, is associated with diarrhea attributable to BAM and therefore, may have diagnostic utility. The previously existing validated methodology to measure C4 in human serum required 100 μL with an analytical range of 0.5-100 ng/mL, making it incompatible with the clinical trial sample set we had available for analysis due to limited serum volume and an extended assay range requirement (up-to 1 μg/mL). We present here a simplified, end-to-end single vial approach performed in a 96-well format for clinical sample C4 analysis for application in sample limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kandi
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - John P Savaryn
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth Ruterbories
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Gary J Jenkins
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qin C Ji
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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Agache I, Hernandez ML, Radbel JM, Renz H, Akdis CA. An Overview of Climate Changes and Its Effects on Health: From Mechanisms to One Health. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2025; 13:253-264. [PMID: 39725316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2024] [Revised: 12/13/2024] [Accepted: 12/14/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024]
Abstract
Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels, widespread deforestation, soil erosion or machine-intensive farming methods, manufacturing, food processing, mining, construction, and the iron, cement, steel, and chemicals industries, have been the main drivers of the observed increase in Earth's average surface temperature and climate change. Rising global temperatures, extreme weather events, ecosystems disruption, agricultural impacts, water scarcity, problems in access to good quality water, food and housing, and profound environmental disruptions such as biodiversity loss and extreme pollution are expected to steeply increase the prevalence and severity of acute and chronic diseases. Its long-term effects cannot be adequately predicted or mitigated without a comprehensive understanding of the adaptive ecosystems. Studying the complex interaction between environmental aggressors and the resilient adaptive responses requires the exposomic and the One Health approaches. The problem is broad and affects the whole ecosystem, plants, pets, and animals in addition to humans. The central role of the epithelial barrier, microbiome, and diet as key pillars for an adaptive tolerogenic immune response should be explored for increasing resilience at the individual level. A radical change in mindset worldwide, with sustainable solutions and adaptive strategies and climate resilience and health equity policies at their center, should be achieved quickly through increased awareness based on solid scientific data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Agache
- Faculty of Medicine, Transylvania University, Brasov, Romania.
| | - Michelle L Hernandez
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; Children's Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jared M Radbel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Lung Centre of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
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Fitzpatrick CM, Li LT, Sullivan GA, Gow KW, Glick RD. Environmental Impact of Traveling to the Annual American Pediatric Surgical Association Meeting. J Pediatr Surg 2024; 59:161623. [PMID: 39122611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research has demonstrated negative environmental impacts from in-person conferences. Nonetheless, there are benefits to in-person meetings. The 2023 American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) meeting was mostly attended in-person. To understand the environmental impact, this study quantifies the travel emissions generated from that meeting. METHODS The 2023 APSA meeting was held in Orlando, FL. Using a de-identified list of attendees, the distance between the attendee's home city and Orlando was determined. If ≤ 200 miles, it was assumed the attendee drove. If > 200 miles, the distance between the closest airport and Orlando International Airport was determined. Travel emissions factors represent emissions per person-mile traveled. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Greenhouse Gas Inventory emissions factors for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) were multiplied by travel distances to determine the emissions generated from each attendee. These were aggregated to determine the total meeting travel emissions. The EPA Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator was used to convert the emissions to a relatable outcome. RESULTS There were 757 in-person and 135 virtual attendees. Fifty attendees drove and 707 attendees flew. This generated 267,279 kg CO2, 1222 gm CH4, and 8486 gm N2O; equivalent to the emissions generated from the average annual use of 60 gasoline-powered passenger vehicles in the United States. CONCLUSION Based on attendance to the 2023 APSA meeting, there is a preference for meeting in-person, though the associated environmental cost should be recognized. Based on these results, APSA should consider strategies to mitigate the environmental impact of its annual meeting. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Fitzpatrick
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Zucker School of Medicine at Northwell/Hofstra, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.
| | - Linda T Li
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Kenneth W Gow
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Richard D Glick
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Zucker School of Medicine at Northwell/Hofstra, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
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Braithwaite J, Smith CL, Leask E, Wijekulasuriya S, Brooke-Cowden K, Fisher G, Patel R, Pagano L, Rahimi-Ardabili H, Spanos S, Rojas C, Partington A, McQuillan E, Dammery G, Carrigan A, Ehrenfeld L, Coiera E, Westbrook J, Zurynski Y. Strategies and tactics to reduce the impact of healthcare on climate change: systematic review. BMJ 2024; 387:e081284. [PMID: 39379104 PMCID: PMC11459334 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2024-081284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the international literature and assess the ways healthcare systems are mitigating and can mitigate their carbon footprint, which is currently estimated to be more than 4.4% of global emissions. DESIGN Systematic review of empirical studies and grey literature to examine how healthcare services and institutions are limiting their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. DATA SOURCES Eight databases and authoritative reports were searched from inception dates to November 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Teams of investigators screened relevant publications against the inclusion criteria (eg, in English; discussed impact of healthcare systems on climate change), applying four quality appraisal tools, and results are reported in accordance with PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses). RESULTS Of 33 737 publications identified, 32 998 (97.8%) were excluded after title and abstract screening; 536 (72.5%) of the remaining publications were excluded after full text review. Two additional papers were identified, screened, and included through backward citation tracking. The 205 included studies applied empirical (n=88, 42.9%), review (n=60, 29.3%), narrative descriptive (n=53, 25.9%), and multiple (n=4, 2.0%) methods. More than half of the publications (51.5%) addressed the macro level of the healthcare system. Nine themes were identified using inductive analysis: changing clinical and surgical practices (n=107); enacting policies and governance (n=97); managing physical waste (n=83); changing organisational behaviour (n=76); actions of individuals and groups (eg, advocacy, community involvement; n=74); minimising travel and transportation (n=70); using tools for measuring GHG emissions (n=70); reducing emissions related to infrastructure (n=63); and decarbonising the supply chain (n=48). CONCLUSIONS Publications presented various strategies and tactics to reduce GHG emissions. These included changing clinical and surgical practices; using policies such as benchmarking and reporting at a facility level, and financial levers to reduce emissions from procurement; reducing physical waste; changing organisational culture through workforce training; supporting education on the benefits of decarbonisation; and involving patients in care planning. Numerous tools and frameworks were presented for measuring GHG emissions, but implementation and evaluation of the sustainability of initiatives were largely missing. At the macro level, decarbonisation approaches focused on energy grid emissions, infrastructure efficiency, and reducing supply chain emissions, including those from agriculture and supply of food products. Decarbonisation mechanisms at the micro and meso system levels ranged from reducing low value care, to choosing lower GHG options (eg, anaesthetic gases, rescue inhalers), to reducing travel. Based on these strategies and tactics, this study provides a framework to support the decarbonisation of healthcare systems. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO: CRD42022383719.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Braithwaite
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
- NHMRC Partnership Centre for Health System Sustainability, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
- International Society for Quality in Health Care, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carolynn L Smith
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
- NHMRC Partnership Centre for Health System Sustainability, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Elle Leask
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Shalini Wijekulasuriya
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
- NHMRC Partnership Centre for Health System Sustainability, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Kalissa Brooke-Cowden
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Georgia Fisher
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Romika Patel
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Lisa Pagano
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Hania Rahimi-Ardabili
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Samantha Spanos
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Christina Rojas
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Andrew Partington
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
| | - Ella McQuillan
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Genevieve Dammery
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
- NHMRC Partnership Centre for Health System Sustainability, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Ann Carrigan
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
- NHMRC Partnership Centre for Health System Sustainability, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Lauren Ehrenfeld
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Enrico Coiera
- NHMRC Partnership Centre for Health System Sustainability, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Johanna Westbrook
- NHMRC Partnership Centre for Health System Sustainability, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Yvonne Zurynski
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
- NHMRC Partnership Centre for Health System Sustainability, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
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Shaban MM, Alanazi MA, Mohammed HH, Mohamed Amer FG, Elsayed HH, Zaky ME, Ramadan OME, Abdelgawad ME, Shaban M. Advancing sustainable healthcare: a concept analysis of eco-conscious nursing practices. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:660. [PMID: 39285442 PMCID: PMC11406874 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-02197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the healthcare sector grapples with its environmental footprint, the concept of Eco-conscious Nursing emerges as a pivotal framework for integrating sustainability into nursing practice. This study aims to clarify and operationalize Eco-conscious Nursing, examining its attributes, antecedents, consequences, and providing operational definitions to guide future research and practice. METHODS Utilizing a systematic literature review across PubMed, Google Scholar, and CINAHL Ultimate, this study identifies and analyzes existing theories, frameworks, and practices related to eco-conscious nursing. Through conceptual analysis, key attributes, antecedents, and consequences of Eco-conscious Nursing are delineated, leading to the formulation of comprehensive operational definitions. RESULTS The study reveals Eco-conscious Nursing as a multifaceted concept characterized by environmental stewardship, sustainable healthcare practices, and a commitment to reducing the ecological impact of nursing care. Operational definitions highlight the role of education, awareness, and institutional support as antecedents, with improved environmental health and sustainable healthcare outcomes as key consequences. CONCLUSION Eco-conscious Nursing represents a crucial ethos for the nursing profession, emphasizing the necessity of sustainable practices within healthcare. The operational definitions provided serve as a foundation for embedding eco-conscious principles into nursing, addressing the urgent need for sustainability in healthcare settings. Future research should focus on the empirical application of these definitions and explore the economic and cross-cultural dimensions of eco-conscious nursing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mostafa Shaban
- College of Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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Agache I, Annesi-Maesano I, Cecchi L, Biagioni B, Chung KF, Clot B, D'Amato G, Damialis A, Del Giacco S, Dominguez-Ortega J, Galàn C, Gilles S, Holgate S, Jeebhay M, Kazadzis S, Nadeau K, Papadopoulos N, Quirce S, Sastre J, Tummon F, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Walusiak-Skorupa J, Jutel M, Akdis CA. EAACI guidelines on environmental science for allergy and asthma: The impact of short-term exposure to outdoor air pollutants on asthma-related outcomes and recommendations for mitigation measures. Allergy 2024; 79:1656-1686. [PMID: 38563695 DOI: 10.1111/all.16103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The EAACI Guidelines on the impact of short-term exposure to outdoor pollutants on asthma-related outcomes provide recommendations for prevention, patient care and mitigation in a framework supporting rational decisions for healthcare professionals and patients to individualize and improve asthma management and for policymakers and regulators as an evidence-informed reference to help setting legally binding standards and goals for outdoor air quality at international, national and local levels. The Guideline was developed using the GRADE approach and evaluated outdoor pollutants referenced in the current Air Quality Guideline of the World Health Organization as single or mixed pollutants and outdoor pesticides. Short-term exposure to all pollutants evaluated increases the risk of asthma-related adverse outcomes, especially hospital admissions and emergency department visits (moderate certainty of evidence at specific lag days). There is limited evidence for the impact of traffic-related air pollution and outdoor pesticides exposure as well as for the interventions to reduce emissions. Due to the quality of evidence, conditional recommendations were formulated for all pollutants and for the interventions reducing outdoor air pollution. Asthma management counselled by the current EAACI guidelines can improve asthma-related outcomes but global measures for clean air are needed to achieve significant impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Agache
- Faculty of Medicine, Transylvania University, Brasov, Romania
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Montpellier and INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- Centre of Bioclimatology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Biagioni
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Hearth & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bernard Clot
- Federal office of meteorology and climatology MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland
| | - Gennaro D'Amato
- Respiratory Disease Department, Hospital Cardarelli, Naples, Italy
- University of Naples Federico II Medical School of Respiratory Diseases, Naples, Italy
| | - Athanasios Damialis
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefano Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Javier Dominguez-Ortega
- Department of Allergy, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, and CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Galàn
- Inter-University Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA), International Campus of Excellence on Agrifood (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Stefanie Gilles
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Stephen Holgate
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mohamed Jeebhay
- Occupational Medicine Division and Centre for Environmental & Occupational Health Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stelios Kazadzis
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Kari Nadeau
- John Rock Professor of Climate and Population Studies, Department of Environmental Health, Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Second Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Santiago Quirce
- Department of Allergy, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, and CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Sastre
- Allergy Service, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CIBERES, Instituto Carlos III, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fiona Tummon
- Respiratory Disease Department, Hospital Cardarelli, Naples, Italy
- University of Naples Federico II Medical School of Respiratory Diseases, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Jolanta Walusiak-Skorupa
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Environmental Health, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Jutel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Wrocław Medical University, and ALL-MED Medical Research Institute, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
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Whitfield KE, Ares Pita A, Jarvis TC, Weimen S, Bousema T. Geographic Equity and Environmental Sustainability of Conference Models: Results of a Comparative Analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:1039-1045. [PMID: 38574548 PMCID: PMC11066347 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We conducted a comparative analysis of in-person, virtual, and hybrid conferences on tuberculosis hosted by Keystone Symposia and examined the number of participants, their country of residence, carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) produced, and participant impressions regarding scientific quality. Data were available from three in-person meetings, one virtual meeting, and one hybrid. The virtual conference hosted 2.5-fold more participants compared with the in-person conferences (842 versus an average of 328) from more than double the number of countries (68 versus an average of 33). The virtual conference attracted 4.5-fold more participants from countries with a high burden of tuberculosis, compared with the average in-person conference (209 versus an average of 46). For in-person meetings, an average of 79% of participants were based in high-income countries. For the virtual meeting, 53% of participants were from high-income countries, and 47% from low- and middle-income countries. For the hybrid conference, there were 465 participants from 43 countries, of which 289 attended in person from a total of 20 countries, and 176 participated virtually from 34 countries. Of those who took part in person, 91% were from high-income countries. The average CO2e emissions from an in-person conference was 696 tons of CO2e, with 96.0% from air travel. The virtual meeting produced 0.48 ton of CO2e from electricity usage, a 1,450-fold decrease compared with in-person events. Virtual conferences scored a content quality rating of 87.3% to 90.8% compared with a range of 86.4% to 92.2% for in-person conferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thale C. Jarvis
- Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Silverthorne, Colorado
| | - Shannon Weimen
- Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Silverthorne, Colorado
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Bell KJL, Kazda L, Parker G. Asthma in Adults. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:10.1056/NEJMc2312345#sa3. [PMID: 38048202 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2312345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katy J L Bell
- University of Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luise Kazda
- Healthy Environments and Lives National Research Network, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gillian Parker
- University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Canada
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