1
|
Xu CW, Wang TT, Chen LP, Liu XL, Yang Z, Chen DR, Zhou FF, Zhao D. Observation on the short-term efficacy of inverse moxibustion at the Baihui point and Dazhui point in preventing post-stroke depression. Explore (NY) 2023; 19:607-610. [PMID: 36797083 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, inverse moxibustion was performed at the Baihui and Dazhui points in patients with ischemic stroke, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17 (HAMD) score, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, modified Barthel index (MBI) score, and incidence of post-stroke depression (PSD) were observed. METHODS Eighty patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups. All enrolled patients were given routine treatment for ischemic stroke, and those in the treatment group were also given moxibustion at the Baihui and Dazhui points. The course of treatment was four weeks. The HAMD, NIHSS, and MBI scores of the two groups were evaluated before and four weeks after the treatment. The differences between the groups and the incidence of PSD were evaluated to determine the effect of inverse moxibustion at the Baihui and Dazhui points on the HAMD, NIHSS, and MBI scores and prevention of PSD in patients with ischemic stroke. RESULTS After the four weeks of treatment, the HAMD and NIHSS scores of the treatment group were lower than those of the control group, their MBI was higher than that of the control group, and their incidence of PSD was statistically significantly lower than that of the control group. CONCLUSION Inverse moxibustion at the Baihui acupoint in patients with ischemic stroke can effectively promote the recovery of neurological function, improve depression, and reduce the incidence of PSD and should be considered for application in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Wei Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Tian-Tian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Li-Ping Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - De-Ren Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Haibin Sanatorium of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Fang-Fang Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Haibin Sanatorium of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Haibin Sanatorium of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, 222000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Efficacy of Fuyuan Xingshen Decoction Combined with Butylphthalide Sodium Chloride Injection in the Treatment of Acute Cerebral Infarction and Its Effect on Hemodynamics. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2402040. [PMID: 36193139 PMCID: PMC9526653 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2402040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. This study aims to determine the curative effect of Fuyuan Xingshen Decoction combined with butylphthalide sodium chloride injection in acute cerebral infarction (ACI) treatment and its effect on hemodynamics. Methods. In our hospital, a total of 84 ACI patients from May 2020 to February 2022 were randomly divided into two groups: observation and control (n = 42 each). Fuyuan Xingshen Decoction in combination with butylphthalide sodium chloride injection was provided to the observation group, while the control group received butylphthalide sodium chloride injection alone. Both groups’ clinical efficacy was observed. Before and after treatment, the neurological function of the two groups was evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), while the daily living ability of both groups was determined using the Barthel index rating scale. Both groups were investigated for their cognitive function, before and after treatment, by using the Mini-Cog scale and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale. The pulsatility index (PI), peak velocity (Vp), and mean velocity (Vm) of intracranial arteries were measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography before and after treatment. The levels of ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-1 (UCH-L1), Fibulin-5, and visinin-like protein-1 (VILIP-1) in serum and the expression levels of miR-34c, miR-25, and miR-182 in peripheral blood of the two groups were compared. Both groups were observed for the incidence of adverse reactions. Results. Compared with the control (71.43%), the observation group exhibited a significantly higher effective rate of around 90.48%. In the observation group, the improvement in NIHSS, Barthel index, Mini-cog, and MoCA scores; hemodynamic indexes including Vp, PI, and Vm; serum UCH-L1, Fibulin-5, and VILIP-1 levels; and the miR-34c, miR-25, and miR-182 expression levels in peripheral blood was better than the control group, with significant difference (all
). The incidence of adverse reactions between the groups demonstrated no significant differences (
). Conclusions. Fuyuan Xingshen Decoction combined with butylphthalide sodium chloride injection can effectively improve patients’ daily living ability, neurological function, cognitive function, and cerebral hemodynamics in the treatment of ACI, with good effect and safety.
Collapse
|
3
|
Correlation between Collateral Compensation and Homocysteine Levels in Patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction after Intravenous Thrombolysis Based on Medical Big Data. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8213895. [PMID: 36093407 PMCID: PMC9453000 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8213895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine is an amino acid present in plasma, which is an important intermediate product in the metabolism of methionine and cysteine. Acute cerebral infarction (CI) is called acute CI of stroke. It is one of the most common diseases in neurology and has a serious impact, affecting people's lives. This article is aimed at studying the effect of data mining algorithms based on medical big data and the improved apriori algorithm on the analysis of the correlation between collateral compensation and homocysteine levels in patients with acute CI. This article proposes that there are many factors in patients with acute CI, among which are collateral compensation and homocysteine levels that are not easily determined. From the data in the tables in the experiment of this article, it can be seen that the collateral circulation of patients with acute CI is 8%, and the collateral circulation of patients without acute CI is 35%. The results indicate that both collateral compensation and homocysteine levels affect patients with acute CI. The higher the homocysteine level, the greater the probability of acute CI, and the better the state of collateral circulation, the less likely it is to suffer from acute CI.
Collapse
|
4
|
Intravenous Thrombolysis Combined with Arterial Thrombolysis (Bridging Therapy) Effectively Improves Vascular Recanalization Rate in Patients with Cerebral Infarction. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:8295212. [PMID: 35928632 PMCID: PMC9345711 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8295212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis combined with arterial thrombolysis (bridging therapy) in patients with acute cerebral infarction and its effect on serum inflammatory factors. Methods The case data of 138 patients with acute cerebral infarction admitted to our hospital from February 2019 to February 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the treatment plan they received, patients were assigned to two groups, namely, an observation group (n = 71) treated with bridging therapy and a control group (n = 67) treated with intravenous thrombolysis alone. The following indexes were recorded and compared between the two groups: treatment efficacy, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, activities of daily living, incidence rates of vascular recanalization, intracranial hemorrhage and reembolization after treatment, levels of inflammatory factors before and after treatment, levels of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and fibrinogen (FIB) before and 1 week after treatment, and modified Rankin Scale scores 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. Results Compared with the control group, the therapeutic efficacy, neurological function, activities of daily living, and vascular recanalization were markedly better in the observation group (P > 0.05). In addition, the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage and reembolization was statistically lower in the observation group (P < 0.05). No marked difference was found between the two groups in terms of pretreatment serum inflammatory factors and coagulation function (P > 0.05), while the above indicators improved statistically after treatment in both groups, with comparatively more obvious improvement in the observation group. It was also observed that, compared with the control group, the modified Rankin Scale score in the observation group was significantly better at 3 and 6 months after treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion Bridging therapy can improve the vascular recanalization rate among patients suffering from acute cerebral infarction, reduce the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage and reembolization, and improve the prognosis and neurological function of patients, which is worthy of clinical application.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gao J, Shao X, Guan Y, Mei J. Effect of Danhong injection on neurological recovery and adverse events in patients with acute ischemic stroke: A protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27683. [PMID: 34797293 PMCID: PMC8601334 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is characterized by high disabling and recurrent recurrence, and its severe neurological impairment and vascular adverse events (AEs) limit the recovery of patients. Danhong injection is a complementary alternative to the treatment of AIS, and previous studies have demonstrated its efficacy and safety. However, there is no long-term follow-up and rigorous clinical study to evaluate the effect of Danhong injection on neurological recovery and AEs in patients with AIS. METHODS This is a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the effect of Danhong injection on neurological recovery and AEs in patients with AIS. Participants were randomly divided into treatment and control groups in a 1:1 ratio. The treatment group was treated with Danhong injection and the control group were treated with placebo under the guideline recommended basic treatment. After 14 days of continuous treatment, the follow-up period was 6 months. Observation indicators include: National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, modified Rankin scale, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, the incidence of new major vascular events within 6 months, and all-cause mortality. Finally, the data were analyzed statistically using the SPASS 22.0 software. DISCUSSION This study will evaluate the effect of Danhong injection on neurological recovery and AEs in AIS. The results will provide a reference for the clinical use of AIS.
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang B, Qian F, Fan X, Guan S, Zheng Y, Yang J, Xu F. Efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for treating acute ischemic stroke at different time windows: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23620. [PMID: 33350738 PMCID: PMC7769329 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the priority drug for treating acute ischemic stroke (AIS), alteplase is a thrombolytic drug with strong fibrin specificity. It can obviously treat AIS with high safety. However, the validity of its time window is controversial. This study focus on the efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for treating AIS at different time windows. METHODS Retrieval of English database (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library) and Chinese database was conducted (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WAN FANG, VIP, China Biology Medicine disc) by computers. From the establishment of the database to October 2020, a retrospective study and case-control study on intravenous thrombolysis at different time windows for treating AIS were conducted. Two researchers independently conducted data extraction and quality evaluation of literature on the included studies, and RevMan5.3 was used for Meta-analysis on the included literature. RESULTS This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase at different time windows for treating AIS by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, modified Rankin Scale rating scale, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage incidence rate, All-cause mortality, and so on. CONCLUSIONS This study will provide an evidence-based basis for the clinical efficacy of alteplase for treating AIS by thrombolytic therapy at different time windows. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Private information from individuals will not be published. This systematic review also does not involve endangering participant rights. Ethical approval was not required. The results may be published in a peer-reviewed journal or disseminated at relevant conferences. OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER DOI 10.17605 / OSF.IO / K7PHB.
Collapse
|
7
|
Li W, Qi Z, Kang H, Qin X, Song H, Sui X, Ren Y, Ji X, Ma Q, Jian Liu K. Serum Occludin as a Biomarker to Predict the Severity of Acute Ischemic Stroke, Hemorrhagic Transformation, and Patient Prognosis. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1395-1406. [PMID: 33269096 PMCID: PMC7673856 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage plays an important role in overall brain injury following acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We investigated the potential utility of serum occludin, a BBB damage biomarker, in predicting the severity of AIS, hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and patient prognosis. A total of 243 patients, suspected of suffering an AIS and admitted to the emergency room at Xuanwu Hospital between November 2018 to March 2019, were enrolled in this study. Serum occludin levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and clinical data were collected from each patient. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were used to analyze the relationship between serum occludin and AIS. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between serum occludin and stroke prognosis. Serum occludin levels were significantly elevated in acute stroke cases compared with those with stroke-like symptoms (P<0.001). In the moderate and severe cerebral infarction (CI) groups, serum occludin levels were significantly higher than those in the mild CI group (P<0.001). Patients with HT had higher occludin levels than non-HT patients (P<0.05). In addition, serum occludin level of patients with poor prognosis was significantly higher than that of the patients with good prognosis for non-reperfusion therapy. The ROC curve showed that serum occludin could reasonably predict HT and poor prognosis. Moreover, serum occludin were independently associated with 90-day poor prognosis. These findings suggest that the serum occludin levels could be used to identify early acute stroke cases and may predict the severity of AIS and HT as well as the prognosis at 90 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Li
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifeng Qi
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huining Kang
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Xuzhen Qin
- 3Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haiqing Song
- 4Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqin Sui
- 5Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Shandong province, China
| | - Yi Ren
- 4Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingfeng Ma
- 4Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- 6Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhong X, Shan A, Xu J, Liang J, Long Y, Du B. Hyperbaric oxygen for severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized trial. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520939824. [PMID: 33050752 PMCID: PMC7710397 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520939824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on the prognosis and neurological function of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. METHODS A prospective study was carried out in 88 patients diagnosed with severe brain injury at our hospital and they were enrolled as research participants and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups (n = 44 per group) using a random number table method. Both groups underwent routine treatment. Patients in the experimental group were administered hyperbaric oxygen therapy approximately 1 week after admission when their vital signs had stabilized. RESULTS No significant intergroup differences were observed in the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and U.S. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores before treatment. However, after oxygen treatment, compared with the control group, the experimental group showed higher GCS and lower NIHSS scores. The GCS score at admission, tracheotomy status, and first hyperbaric oxygen therapy duration were independent prognostic factors in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. CONCLUSION Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may promote recovery of neurological function and improve the cognitive function and prognosis of patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Zhong
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Aijun Shan
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Long
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen , Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Du
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li M, Wang J, Wang X, Li G. Clinical efficacy of aspirin combined with clopidogrel in treating cerebral infarction and its effect on serum hs-CRP, sICAM-1 and TNF-α. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:939-944. [PMID: 32010255 PMCID: PMC6966188 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical efficacy of aspirin combined with clopidogrel in treating cerebral infarction and its influence on serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were explored. Ninety patients with acute cerebral infarction treated in Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang were analyzed, and those treated with aspirin alone were group A (n=40) and those treated with aspirin and clopidogrel were group B (n=50) according to the different treatment plans. The NIHSS score, total effective rate and incidence rate of adverse reactions after treatment and admission were compared between the two groups. The expression level of hs-CRP was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expression levels of sICAM-1 and TNF-α were analyzed by radioimmunoassay before treatment and three weeks after surgery, respectively, and they were analyzed and compared. After treatment, the total effective rate of patients in group B was significantly higher than that of group A (P<0.05). The general clinical baseline information, NIHSS score, and the expression levels of hs-CRP, sICAM-1, and TNF-α of patients in group B were significantly improved after treatment compared with those before treatment (P<0.05), and the NIHSS score and the expression levels of serum hs-CRP, sICAM-1, and TNF-α of those in group B were significantly lower than those in group A (P<0.05). Combination therapy of aspirin and clopidogrel can improve cerebral infarction effectively, and inhibit the expression levels of hs-CRP, sICAM-1 and TNF-α more effectively than aspirin alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Neurology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, P.R. China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, P.R. China
| | - Guojie Li
- Department of Internal Neurology, Anqiu People's Hospital, Anqiu, Shandong 262100, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sergeeva S, Savin A, Litvitsky P, Lyundup A, Breslavich I, Manasova Z. Neurohumoral response and Fas-ligand-induced apoptosis in peripheral blood of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:57-63. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012006157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral revascularization in acute stroke requires robust diagnostic tools close to symptom onset. The quantitative National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is widely used in-hospital, whereas shorter and less specific stroke scales are used in the prehospital field. This study explored the accuracy and potential clinical benefit of using NIHSS prehospitally. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirteen anesthesiologists trained in prehospital critical care enrolled patients with suspected acute stroke in a mobile stroke unit. NIHSS was completed twice in the acute phase: first prehospitally and then by an on-call resident neurologist at the receiving hospital. The agreement between prehospital and in-hospital NIHSS scores was assessed by a Bland-Altman plot, and inter-rater agreement for predefined clinical categories was tested using Cohen's κ. RESULTS This Norwegian Acute Stroke Prehospital Project study included 40 patients for analyses. The mean numerical difference between prehospital and in-hospital NIHSS scores was 0.85, with corresponding limits of agreement from - 5.94 to 7.64. Inter-rater agreement (κ) for the corresponding clinical categories was 0.38. A prehospital diagnostic workup (NIHSS and computed tomographic examination) was completed in median (quartiles) 10 min (range: 7-14 min). Time between the prehospital and in-hospital NIHSS scores was median (quartiles) 40 min (32-48 min). CONCLUSION Critical care physicians in a mobile stroke unit may use the NIHSS as a clinical tool in the assessment of patients experiencing acute stroke. The disagreement in NIHSS scores was mainly for very low values and would not have changed the handling of the patients.
Collapse
|
12
|
Young-Saver DF, Gornbein J, Starkman S, Saver JL. Magnitude of Benefit of Combined Endovascular Thrombectomy and Intravenous Fibrinolysis in Large Vessel Occlusion Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2019; 50:2433-2440. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.023120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Quantifying the benefit magnitude of combined endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) and intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) versus nonreperfusion care in patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion would aid organization of regional stroke care systems.
Methods—
NINDS rt-PA Study (National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator) and SWIFT PRIME trial (Solitaire With the Intention for Thrombectomy as Primary Endovascular Treatment) patients were matched for prognosis (based on age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale) and definite/likely anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (based on National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale total score and item pattern), using optimal inverse variance matching, to determine comparative outcomes with nonreperfusion care alone, IVT alone, and IVT+EVT.
Results—
Matching yielded 240 patients, including 80 each treated with nonreperfusion care, IVT alone, and IVT+EVT, with, respectively, mean age 67.1, 67.1, and 66.9 and presenting deficit severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale) mean 15.8, 15.9, and 15.9. Outcomes at 3 months for IVT+EVT versus nonreperfusion care included freedom from disability (modified Rankin Scale score, 0–1) 48.1% versus 21.3%,
P
=0.0004; functional independence (modified Rankin Scale score, 0–2) 62.9% versus 32.6,
P
=0.0001; and reduced disability over all 7 modified Rankin Scale levels, common odds ratio 3.34,
P
<0.0001. Outcomes for IVT alone versus nonreperfusion care included: freedom from disability 30.0% versus 21.3%,
P
=0.28 and reduced disability over all 7 modified Rankin Scale levels, common odds ratio 1.14,
P
=0.65. Compared with nonreperfusion care, the number needed to treat with EVT+IVT for 1 more patient to have reduced disability was 1.8.
Conclusions—
Matched patient analysis across randomized trials provides evidence that the strategy of combined IVT and mechanical thrombectomy is a highly beneficial treatment strategy for acute ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion patients. A reasonable effect magnitude estimate is that, among every 100 patients treated, combined IVT+EVT reperfusion therapy, compared with no reperfusion therapy, reduces long-term disability in 57, including conferring functional independence upon 30.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dashiell F. Young-Saver
- From the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (D.F.Y.-S., J.L.S.)
| | - Jeffrey Gornbein
- Department of Biomathematics, University of California, Los Angeles (J.G.)
| | - Sidney Starkman
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (S.S.)
| | - Jeffrey L. Saver
- From the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (D.F.Y.-S., J.L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zachrison KS, Leslie-Mazwi TM, Boulouis G, Goldstein JN, Regenhardt RW, Viswanathan A, Lauer A, Siddiqui KA, Charidimou A, Rost N, Schwamm LH. Frequency of early rapid improvement in stroke severity during interfacility transfer. Neurol Clin Pract 2019; 9:373-380. [PMID: 31750022 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background As interfacility transfer of patients with stroke becomes increasingly common, understanding fluctuations in deficits during transfer may help predict resource needs. We sought to characterize changes in NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores during transfer and identify factors associated with early rapid improvement (ERI). Methods We used prospectively collected data from our Comprehensive Stroke Center's (CSCs) stroke and telestroke network databases. We calculated changes in NIHSS scores for all patients transferred to our CSC after an initial telestroke evaluation from January 2010 to December 2015. Logistic regression identified factors associated with ERI, controlling for patient characteristics available on arrival. Results Among the 505 patients included, the median initial NIHSS score was 11 (interquartile range [IQR] 5-18), and on CSC arrival, it was 9 (IQR 3-17), with a median change of 0 (-3 to -0). Of note, 74.5% of scores changed by fewer than 4 points (7% increased ≥4 points, and 19% decreased ≥4). In 85% of cases, the NIHSS score change did not cross a threshold to alter eligibility for thrombectomy. In multivariable modeling, ERI was associated with ability to ambulate before the index stroke (odds ratio [OR] 5.79, p = 0.02) and higher initial NIHSS (OR 1.06 per point, p = 0.001). Conclusions These findings may be valuable for resource planning and for inclusion in thrombectomy alert activation processes at the receiving hospital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kori S Zachrison
- Department of Emergency Medicine (KSZ, JNG), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (TML-M, RWR, AV, AC, NR, LHS), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroradiology (GB), Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology (AL), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Neurology (KAS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Thabele M Leslie-Mazwi
- Department of Emergency Medicine (KSZ, JNG), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (TML-M, RWR, AV, AC, NR, LHS), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroradiology (GB), Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology (AL), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Neurology (KAS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Gregoire Boulouis
- Department of Emergency Medicine (KSZ, JNG), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (TML-M, RWR, AV, AC, NR, LHS), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroradiology (GB), Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology (AL), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Neurology (KAS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Joshua N Goldstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine (KSZ, JNG), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (TML-M, RWR, AV, AC, NR, LHS), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroradiology (GB), Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology (AL), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Neurology (KAS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Robert W Regenhardt
- Department of Emergency Medicine (KSZ, JNG), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (TML-M, RWR, AV, AC, NR, LHS), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroradiology (GB), Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology (AL), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Neurology (KAS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- Department of Emergency Medicine (KSZ, JNG), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (TML-M, RWR, AV, AC, NR, LHS), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroradiology (GB), Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology (AL), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Neurology (KAS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Arne Lauer
- Department of Emergency Medicine (KSZ, JNG), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (TML-M, RWR, AV, AC, NR, LHS), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroradiology (GB), Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology (AL), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Neurology (KAS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Khawdja Ahmer Siddiqui
- Department of Emergency Medicine (KSZ, JNG), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (TML-M, RWR, AV, AC, NR, LHS), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroradiology (GB), Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology (AL), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Neurology (KAS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- Department of Emergency Medicine (KSZ, JNG), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (TML-M, RWR, AV, AC, NR, LHS), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroradiology (GB), Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology (AL), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Neurology (KAS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Natalia Rost
- Department of Emergency Medicine (KSZ, JNG), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (TML-M, RWR, AV, AC, NR, LHS), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroradiology (GB), Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology (AL), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Neurology (KAS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Lee H Schwamm
- Department of Emergency Medicine (KSZ, JNG), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (TML-M, RWR, AV, AC, NR, LHS), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroradiology (GB), Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology (AL), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Neurology (KAS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lei JJ, Li HQ, Mo ZH, Liu KJ, Zhu LJ, Li CY, Chen WL, Zhang L. Long noncoding RNA CDKN2B‐AS1 interacts with transcription factor BCL11A to regulate progression of cerebral infarction through mediating MAP4K1 transcription. FASEB J 2019; 33:7037-7048. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802252r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Lei
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Hui-Qing Li
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Zhi-Huai Mo
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Ke-Jia Liu
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Ling-Juan Zhu
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Chun-Yi Li
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Wen-Li Chen
- Department of PharmacologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Luo J, Wang T, Gao P, Krings T, Jiao L. Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Stenosis: Current Debates and Future Prospects. Front Neurol 2018; 9:666. [PMID: 30186219 PMCID: PMC6110852 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) is a common cause of transient ischemic attack (TIA) and ischemic stroke. Endovascular treatment, including balloon angioplasty alone, balloon-mounted stents, and self-expandable stent placement with or without prior angioplasty, is an alternative to medical treatment for the prevention of recurrent TIA or ischemic stroke in patients with ICAS. Although the SAMMPRIS and VISSIT trials supported medical management alone against endovascular treatments, both randomized controlled trials (RCT) were criticized due to flaws relating to patient-, intervention-, and operator-related factors. In this review, we discuss the current debate regarding these aspects and suggest approaches to solve current controversies in the future. In our opinion, endovascular treatment in carefully selected patients, individualized choice of endovascular treatment subtypes, and an experienced multidisciplinary team managing the patient in the pre-, peri- and post-procedural period have the potential to provide safe and efficious treatment of patients with symptomatic ICAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jichang Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Timo Krings
- UHN Joint Department of Medical Imaging Division of Neuroradiology, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liqun Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee EJ, Kim JS, Chang DI, Park JH, Ahn SH, Cha JK, Heo JH, Sohn SI, Lee BC, Kim DE, Kim HY, Kim S, Kwon DY, Kim J, Seo WK, Lee J, Park SW, Koh SH, Kim JY, Choi-Kwon S, Kim MS, Lee JS. Differences in Therapeutic Responses and Factors Affecting Post-Stroke Depression at a Later Stage According to Baseline Depression. J Stroke 2018; 20:258-267. [PMID: 29886724 PMCID: PMC6007299 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2017.02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The pathophysiology of post-stroke depression (PSD) is complex and may differ according to an individual’s mood immediately after stroke. Here, we compared the therapeutic response and clinical characteristics of PSD at a later stage between patients with and without depression immediately after stroke.
Methods This study involved a post hoc analysis of data from EMOTION (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01278498), a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial that examined the efficacy of escitalopram (10 mg/day) on PSD and other emotional disturbances among 478 patients with acute stroke. Participants were classified into the Baseline-Blue (patients with baseline depression at the time of randomization, defined per the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS] ≥8) or the Baseline-Pink groups (patients without baseline depression). We compared the efficacy of escitalopram and predictors of 3-month PSD (MADRS ≥8) between these groups.
Results There were 203 Baseline-Pink and 275 Baseline-Blue patients. The efficacy of escitalopram in reducing PSD risk was more pronounced in the Baseline-Pink than in the Baseline-Blue group (p for interaction=0.058). Several risk factors differentially affected PSD development based on the presence of baseline depression (p for interaction <0.10). Cognitive dysfunction was an independent predictor of PSD in the Baseline-Blue, but not in the Baseline-Pink group, whereas the non-use of escitalopram and being female were more strongly associated with PSD in the Baseline-Pink group.
Conclusions Responses to escitalopram and predictors of PSD 3 months following stroke differed based on the presence of baseline depression. Our data suggest that PSD pathophysiology is heterogeneous; therefore, different therapeutic strategies may be needed to prevent PSD emergence following stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong S Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Il Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Park
- Department of Neurology, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Ahn
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University Hospital, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Cha
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Il Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Dong-Eog Kim
- Department of Neurology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hahn Young Kim
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongheon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Do-Young Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Asan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Asan, Korea
| | - Jei Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woo-Keun Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Department of Neurology, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hyundai Hospital, Eumseong, Korea
| | - Smi Choi-Kwon
- The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University College of Nursing, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- College of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ji Sung Lee
- Clinical Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zheng D, Sato S, Cao YJ, Arima H, Carcel C, Chalmers J, Anderson CS. Circadian variation in clinical features and outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage: The INTERACT studies. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:1182-1187. [PMID: 27485147 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1210158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies consistently reported a diurnal variation in the occurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), with a morning peak. However, limited knowledge exists on the circadian pattern of ICH severity and outcome. This study aimed to determine possible associations between ICH onset time and admission severity and 90-day outcomes using the combined data set of the pilot and main-phase Intensive blood pressure (BP) reduction in an acute cerebral hemorrhage trial (INTERACT). The ICH onset time was categorized into three groups (1: 00:00-07:59; 2: 08:00-15:59; and 3: 16:00-23:59). We found an association between onset time and low Glasgow Coma Scale score: aOR (time 1: 1.72, 95% CI 1.12-2.66; time 3: 1.95, 95% CI 1.31-2.89, p = 0.003; in comparison to time 2). There was no association between onset time and volume of ICH (adjusted p = 0.354) or 90-day outcomes of death or major disability, and death and major disability separately (all adjusted p > 0.4). The results showed that more severe cases of ICH patients, defined by a reduced level of consciousness, had late afternoon to early morning stroke onset, but this was unrelated to baseline hematoma volume or location. There was no circadian influence on ICH clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danni Zheng
- a Neurological and Mental Health Division, The George Institute for Global Health , Sydney , Australia.,b Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Shoichiro Sato
- a Neurological and Mental Health Division, The George Institute for Global Health , Sydney , Australia.,c Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine , National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Osaka , Japan
| | - Yong-Jun Cao
- a Neurological and Mental Health Division, The George Institute for Global Health , Sydney , Australia.,d Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Hisatomi Arima
- a Neurological and Mental Health Division, The George Institute for Global Health , Sydney , Australia.,e Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health , Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Cheryl Carcel
- a Neurological and Mental Health Division, The George Institute for Global Health , Sydney , Australia.,f Department of Neurology , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , Sydney , Australia
| | - John Chalmers
- a Neurological and Mental Health Division, The George Institute for Global Health , Sydney , Australia.,b Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Craig S Anderson
- a Neurological and Mental Health Division, The George Institute for Global Health , Sydney , Australia.,b Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,f Department of Neurology , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , Sydney , Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|