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Willis JA, Cheburkanov V, Kassab G, Soares JM, Blanco KC, Bagnato VS, Yakovlev VV. Photodynamic viral inactivation: Recent advances and potential applications. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2021; 8:021315. [PMID: 34084253 PMCID: PMC8132927 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which are growing at a frightening rate worldwide, has put the world on a long-standing alert. The COVID-19 health crisis reinforced the pressing need to address a fast-developing pandemic. To mitigate these health emergencies and prevent economic collapse, cheap, practical, and easily applicable infection control techniques are essential worldwide. Application of light in the form of photodynamic action on microorganisms and viruses has been growing and is now successfully applied in several areas. The efficacy of this approach has been demonstrated in the fight against viruses, prompting additional efforts to advance the technique, including safety use protocols. In particular, its application to suppress respiratory tract infections and to provide decontamination of fluids, such as blood plasma and others, can become an inexpensive alternative strategy in the fight against viral and bacterial infections. Diverse early treatment methods based on photodynamic action enable an accelerated response to emerging threats prior to the availability of preventative drugs. In this review, we evaluate a vast number of photodynamic demonstrations and first-principle proofs carried out on viral control, revealing its potential and encouraging its rapid development toward safe clinical practice. This review highlights the main research trends and, as a futuristic exercise, anticipates potential situations where photodynamic treatment can provide a readily available solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jace A. Willis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Vsevolod Cheburkanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Giulia Kassab
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jennifer M. Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kate C. Blanco
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vladislav V. Yakovlev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Tang W, Zhen Z, Wang M, Wang H, Chuang YJ, Zhang W, Wang GD, Todd T, Cowger T, Chen H, Liu L, Li Z, Xie J. Red Blood Cell-Facilitated Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer Treatment. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:1757-1768. [PMID: 31749670 PMCID: PMC6867707 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201504803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality for cancer management. So far, most PDT studies have focused on delivery of photosensitizers to tumors. O2, another essential component of PDT, is not artificially delivered but taken from the biological milieu. However, cancer cells demand a large amount of O2 to sustain their growth and that often leads to low O2 levels in tumors. The PDT process may further potentiate the oxygen deficiency, and in turn, adversely affect the PDT efficiency. In the present study, a new technology called red blood cell (RBC)-facilitated PDT, or RBC-PDT, is introduced that can potentially solve the issue. As the name tells, RBC-PDT harnesses erythrocytes, an O2 transporter, as a carrier for photosensitizers. Because photosensitizers are adjacent to a carry-on O2 source, RBC-PDT can efficiently produce 1O2 even under low oxygen conditions. The treatment also benefits from the long circulation of RBCs, which ensures a high intraluminal concentration of photosensitizers during PDT and hence maximizes damage to tumor blood vessels. When tested in U87MG subcutaneous tumor models, RBC-PDT shows impressive tumor suppression (76.7%) that is attributable to the codelivery of O2 and photosensitizers. Overall, RBC-PDT is expected to find wide applications in modern oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
| | - Zipeng Zhen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
| | - Mengzhe Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,
| | - Yen-Jun Chuang
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Weizhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
| | - Geoffrey D Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
| | - Trever Todd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
| | - Taku Cowger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
| | - Hongmin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,
| | - Jin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
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Evaluation of the effects of systemic photodynamic therapy in a rat model of acute myeloid leukemia. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:13-9. [PMID: 26386623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Systemic PDT (SPDT) approach is developed to treat a variety of hematological diseases, including cancers and blood-borne infections. We evaluated the efficacy of an SPDT method for treating leukemia using a Brown Norway myeloid leukemia (BNML) rat model with the LT12 cells engineered to express GFP. The survival times of animals receiving SPDT at 5 (early-SPDT) and 10 (mid-SPDT) days post-LT12 injection were prolonged by 2 days, the rats in the late-SPDT group (15 days) exhibited a 6-day increase in life span (p<0.05). The percentages of GFP-LT12 cells in the bone marrow of the late-SPDT rats decreased from 61.6% to 56.5% on day 17. Likewise, there was a decrease in the serum expression levels of IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the late-SPDT rats (p<0.05). Our findings indicate that SPDT could be an effective method for the treatment of leukemia, and that antitumor immunity may play a key role in this process.
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