Regulatory mechanisms of microRNA sorting into extracellular vesicles

Fluorogenic RNA-based biomaterials for imaging and tracking the cargo of extracellular vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), or exosomes, play important roles in physiological and pathological cellular communication and have gained substantial traction as biological drug carriers. EVs contain both short and long non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and epigenetic processes. To fully capitalize on the potential of EVs as drug carriers, it is important to study and understand the intricacies of EV function and EV RNA-based communication. Here we developed a genetically encodable RNA-based biomaterial, termed EXO-Probe, for tracking EV RNAs. The EXO-Probe comprises an EV-loading RNA sequence (EXO-Code), fused to a fluorogenic RNA Mango aptamer for RNA imaging. This fusion construct allowed the visualization and tracking of EV RNA and colocalization with markers of multivesicular bodies; imaging RNA within EVs, and non-destructive quantification of EVs. Overall, the new RNA-based biomaterial provides a useful and versatile means to interrogate the role of EVs in cellular communication via RNA trafficking to EVs and to study cellular sorting decisions. The system will also help lay the foundation to further improve the therapeutic efficacy of EVs as drug carriers.

Intervening in hnRNPA2B1-mediated exosomal transfer of tumor-suppressive miR-184-3p for tumor microenvironment regulation and cancer therapy

BACKGROUND

Despite being a common malignant tumor, the molecular mechanism underlying the initiation and progression of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) remain unclear. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are often polarized into a pro-tumor phenotype and are associated with a poor prognosis of TNBCs. Exosomes, important mediators of cell-cell communication, can be actively secreted by donor cells to reprogram recipient cells. The functions and molecular mechanisms of tumor cell-derived exosomes in TNBCs progression and TAMs reprogramming urgently need to be further explored.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that tumor cell-derived exosomes enriched with miR-184-3p were taken up by macrophages to inhibit JNK signaling pathway by targeting EGR1, thereby inducing M2 polarization of macrophages and synergistically promoting tumor progression. Nanoparticles loaded with oncogene c-Myc inhibitor JQ1 could suppress the polarization process by reducing Rac1-related exosome uptake by macrophage. More importantly, it was found for the first time that tumor-suppressive miR-184-3p was actively sorted into exosomes by binding to RNA-binding protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (hnRNPA2B1), thus facilitating tumor cell proliferation and metastasis by relieving the inhibitory effect of miR-184-3p on Mastermind-like 1 (MAML1). Overexpressing miR-184-3p in tumor cells and simultaneously knocking down hnRNPA2B1 to block its secretion through exosomes could effectively inhibit tumor growth and metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study revealed that hnRNPA2B1-mediated exosomal transfer of tumor-suppressive miR-184-3p from breast cancer cells to macrophages was an important mediator of TNBCs progression, providing new insights into TNBCs pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies.

The characterization of RNA-binding proteins and RNA metabolism-related proteins in fungal extracellular vesicles

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are essential for regulating RNA metabolism, stability, and translation within cells. Recent studies have shown that RBPs are not restricted to intracellular functions and can be found in extracellular vesicles (EVs) in different mammalian cells. EVs released by fungi contain a variety of proteins involved in RNA metabolism. These include RNA helicases, which play essential roles in RNA synthesis, folding, and degradation. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, responsible for acetylating tRNA molecules, are also enriched in EVs, suggesting a possible link between these enzymes and tRNA fragments detected in EVs. Proteins with canonical RNA-binding domains interact with proteins and RNA, such as the RNA Recognition Motif (RRM), Zinc finger, and hnRNP K-homology (KH) domains. Polyadenylate-binding protein (PABP) plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression by binding the poly(A) tail of messenger RNA (mRNA) and facilitating its translation, stability, and localization, making it a key factor in post-transcriptional control of gene expression. The presence of proteins related to the RNA life cycle in EVs from different fungal species suggests a conserved mechanism of EV cargo packing. Various models have been proposed for selecting RNA molecules for release into EVs. Still, the actual loading processes are unknown, and further molecular characterization of these proteins may provide insight into the mechanism of RNA sorting into EVs. This work reviews the current knowledge of RBPs and proteins related to RNA metabolism in EVs derived from distinct fungi species, and presents an analysis of proteomic datasets through GO term and orthology analysis, Our investigation identified orthologous proteins in fungal EVs on different fungal species.

The role of microvesicles containing microRNAs in vascular endothelial dysfunction

Many studies have shown that endothelial dysfunction is associated with a variety of cardiovascular diseases. The endothelium is one of the primary targets of circulating microvesicles. Besides, microRNAs emerge as important regulators of endothelial cell function. As a delivery system of microRNAs, microvesicles play an active and important role in regulating vascular endothelial function. In recent years, some studies have shown that microvesicles containing microRNAs regulate the pathophysiological changes in vascular endothelium, such as cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration and inflammation. These studies have provided some clues for the possible roles of microvesicles and microRNAs in vascular endothelial dysfunction‐associated diseases, and opened the door towards discovering potential novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we provide an overview of the main characteristics of microvesicles and microRNAs, summarizing their potential role and mechanism in endothelial dysfunction, and discussing the clinical application and existing problems of microvesicles for better translational applications.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia cells remodel the bone marrow niche via exosome-mediated transfer of miR-320

Rationale: Reciprocal interactions between leukemic cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMMSC) remodel the normal niche into a malignant niche, leading to leukemia progression. Exosomes have emerged as an essential mediator of cell-cell communication. Whether leukemic exosomes involved in bone marrow niche remodeling remains unknown. Methods: We investigated the role of leukemic exosomes in molecular and functional changes of BMMSC in vitro and in vivo. RNA sequencing and bioinformatics were employed to screen for miRNAs that are selectively sorted into leukemic exosomes and the corresponding RNA binding proteins. Results: We demonstrated that leukemia cells significantly inhibited osteogenesis by BMMSC both in vivo and in vitro. Some tumor suppressive miRNAs, especially miR-320, were enriched in exosomes and thus secreted by leukemic cells, resulting in increased proliferation of the donor cells. In turn, the secreted exosomes were significantly endocytosed by adjacent BMMSC and thus inhibited osteogenesis at least partially via β-catenin inhibition. Mechanistically, miR-320 and some other miRNAs were sorted out into the exosomes by RNA binding protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1), as these miRNAs harbor the recognition site for HNRNPA1. Conclusion: HNRNPA1-mediated exosomal transfer of miR-320 from leukemia cells to BMMSC is an important mediator of leukemia progression and is a potential therapeutic target for CML.