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Insects as Novel Ruminant Feed and a Potential Mitigation Strategy for Methane Emissions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092648. [PMID: 34573617 PMCID: PMC8471967 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the last decade, there has been a growing interest in using edible insects as animal feed due to their high nutritive value and environmental advantages over the conventional livestock feeds. Insects have been used in the diets of some animals (poultry, fish, and swine) however, their evaluation in ruminants is still limited. The current in vitro study evaluated the usage of four different kinds of edible insects to partially substitute soybean meal as an example to the conventional high-quality expensive protein sources in ruminants’ diets. This study showed that the evaluated insects had high protein and fat contents. Substitution of 25% of soybean meal with the tested insects in a ruminant diet had no adverse effect on rumen fermentation profile or nutrient digestibility. Moreover, the inclusion of some species in the diet led to a reduction of the methane production up to 16–18% which is an additional environmental benefit. The findings of this study are encouraging for further work in this promising area to improve the sustainability of livestock industry. Abstract This study is the first to evaluate the chemical composition and impacts of four different edible insects, Acheta domesticus (A.d), Brachytrupes portentosus (B.p), Gryllus bimaculatus (G.b), and Bombyx mori (B.m), on the digestibility, rumen fermentation, and methane production when used as a substitute for 25% of the soybean meal (SBM) in a ruminant diet through in vitro incubation. The dietary treatments were 100% grass hay, 60% grass hay + 40% SBM, 60% grass hay + 30% SBM + 10% A.d, 60% grass hay + 30% SBM + 10% B.p, 60% grass hay + 30% SBM + 10% G.b, and 60% grass hay + 30% SBM + 10% B.m. The experiment was conducted as a short-term batch culture for 24 h at 39 °C, and the incubation was repeated in 3 consecutive runs. Chemical analysis of the insects showed that they were rich in fat (14–26%) with a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (60–70%). Additionally, the insects were rich in protein (48–61%) containing all essential amino acids and the amino acid profiles of the insects were almost the same as that of SBM. The inclusion of insects did not affect nutrient digestibility or the production of volatile fatty acids but did increase the production of ammonia-nitrogen. The addition of G.b and B.m led to decrease in methane production by up to 18% and 16%, respectively. These results reveal that substitution of 25% SBM in the diet with the tested insects had no negative impacts, and their potential to reduce methane production is an environmental benefit.
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The Efficacy of Plant-Based Bioactives Supplementation to Different Proportion of Concentrate Diets on Methane Production and Rumen Fermentation Characteristics In Vitro. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041029. [PMID: 33916481 PMCID: PMC8067416 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Using natural feed additives to mitigate methane emissions from ruminants is a promising strategy. Many antimethanogenic compounds have been used to alter rumen fermentation, yet their potential to reduce methane production effectively is not consistent across different kinds of feeding styles (forage:concentrate ratios). Consequently, in the current study we investigated the efficacy of plant-bioactives extract (PE) (a novel phytogenic mixture of garlic and citrus extracts) on rumen fermentation characteristics and methane production in different kinds of feeding styles. The current In Vitro study showed that PE was effective in reducing methane production in all feeding styles without exhibiting any adverse effect on nutrient digestibility. Furthermore, PE supplementation was able to improve the rumen fermentation through increasing the production of total volatile fatty acids. Therefore, PE mixture could be used as a dietary supplement to reduce the methane production from ruminants. Abstract This In Vitro study was conducted to investigate the impact of plant-bioactives extract (PE), a combination of garlic powder and bitter orange extract, on methane production, rumen fermentation, and digestibility in different feeding models. The dietary treatments were 1000 g grass/kg ration + 0 g concentrate/kg ration (100:0), 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, and 20:80. The PE was supplemented at 200 g/kg of the feed. Each group consisted of 6 replicates. The experiment was performed as an In Vitro batch culture for 24 h at 39 °C. This procedure was repeated in three consecutive runs. The results of this experiment showed that supplementation with PE strongly reduced methane production in all kinds of feeding models (p < 0.001). Its efficacy in reducing methane/digestible dry matter was 44% in the 100:0 diet, and this reduction power increased up to a 69.2% with the inclusion of concentrate in the 20:80 diet. The PE application significantly increased gas and carbon dioxide production and the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen, but decreased the pH (p < 0.001). In contrast, it did not interfere with organic matter and fiber digestibility. Supplementation with PE was effective in altering rumen fermentation toward less acetate and more propionate and butyrate (p < 0.001). Additionally, it improved the production of total volatile fatty acids in all feeding models (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the PE combination showed effective methane reduction by improving rumen fermentation characteristics without exhibiting adverse effects on fiber digestibility. Thus, PE could be used with all kinds of feeding models to effectively mitigate methane emissions from ruminants.
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Ahmed E, Yano R, Fujimori M, Kand D, Hanada M, Nishida T, Fukuma N. Impacts of Mootral on Methane Production, Rumen Fermentation, and Microbial Community in an in vitro Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:623817. [PMID: 33553288 PMCID: PMC7863759 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.623817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Methane mitigation strategies have a two-sided benefit for both environment and efficient livestock production. This preliminary short-term in vitro trial using Mootral (garlic and citrus extracts), a novel natural feed supplement, was conducted to evaluate its efficacy on rumen fermentation characteristics, methane production, and the bacterial and archaeal community. The experiment was performed as a batch culture using rumen fluid collected from sheep, and Mootral was supplemented in three concentrations: 0% (Control), 10%, and 20% of the substrate (50% Grass:50% Concentrate). The rumen fermentation data and alpha diversity of microbial community were analyzed by ordinary one-way analysis of variance. The relative abundance and statistical significance of families and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) among the groups were compared by Kruskal–Wallis H test using Calypso software. After 24-h incubation at 39°C, Mootral in a dose-dependent manner improved the production of total volatile fatty acids and propionate while it reduced the acetate proportion and acetate/propionate ratio. The total produced gas was two times higher in the Mootral-supplemented groups than control (P < 0.01), while the proportion of methane in the produced gas was reduced by 22% (P < 0.05) and 54% (P < 0.01) for 10 and 20% Mootral, respectively. Mootral did not change pH, digestibility, and ammonia-nitrogen. Microbial community analyses showed that Mootral effectively changed the ruminal microbiome. The bacterial community showed an increase of the relative abundance of the propionate-producing family such as Prevotellaceae (P = 0.014) and Veillonellaceae (P = 0.030), while there was a decrease in the relative abundance of some hydrogen-producing bacteria by Mootral supplementation. In the archaeal community, Methanobacteriaceae was decreased by Mootral supplementation compared with control (P = 0.032), while the Methanomassiliicoccaceae family increased in a dose-dependent effect (P = 0.038). The results of the study showed the efficacy of the new mixture to alter the ruminal microbial community, produce more propionate, and reduce microbial groups associated with methane production, thus suggesting that Mootral is a promising natural mixture for methane reduction from ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam Ahmed
- Graduate School of Animal Husbandry, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Department of Animal Behavior and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Rintaro Yano
- Graduate School of Animal Husbandry, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Miho Fujimori
- Graduate School of Animal Husbandry, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | | | - Masaaki Hanada
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Takehiro Nishida
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Naoki Fukuma
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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Kawasaki K, Ohya K, Omatsu T, Katayama Y, Takashima Y, Kinoshita T, Odoi JO, Sawai K, Fukushi H, Ogawa H, Inoue-Murayama M, Mizutani T, Adenyo C, Matsumoto Y, Kayang B. Comparative Analysis of Fecal Microbiota in Grasscutter ( Thryonomys swinderianus) and Other Herbivorous Livestock in Ghana. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020265. [PMID: 32075341 PMCID: PMC7074823 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The grasscutter (also known as the greater cane rat; Thryonomys swinderianus) is a large rodent native to West Africa that is currently under domestication process for meat production. However, little is known about the physiology of this species. In the present study, aiming to provide information about gut microbiota of the grasscutter and better understand its physiology, we investigated the intestinal microbiota of grasscutters and compared it with that of other livestock (cattle, goat, rabbit, and sheep) using 16S rRNA metagenomics analysis. Similar to the other herbivorous animals, bacteria classified as Bacteroidales, Clostridiales, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae were abundant in the microbiome of grasscutters. However, Prevotella and Treponema bacteria, which have fiber fermentation ability, were especially abundant in grasscutters, where the relative abundance of these genera was higher than that in the other animals. The presence of these genera might confer grasscutters the ability to easily breakdown dietary fibers. Diets for grasscutters should be made from ingredients not consumed by humans to avoid competition for resources and the ability to digest fibers may allow the use of fiber-rich feed materials not used by humans. Our findings serve as reference and support future studies on changes in the gut microbiota of the grasscutter as domestication progresses in order to establish appropriate feeding methods and captivity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Ohya
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University (G-CHAIN), Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | | | - Justice Opare Odoi
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sawai
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
| | - Hideto Fukushi
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
| | - Hirohito Ogawa
- Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0914, Japan
| | - Miho Inoue-Murayama
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
- Wildlife Genome Collaborative Research Group, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Faculty of Agriculture, Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan
| | - Christopher Adenyo
- Livestock and Poultry Research Centre, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 38, Ghana
| | - Yoshiki Matsumoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (B.K.); Tel.: +81-87-891-3057 (Y.M.)
| | - Boniface Kayang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 226, Ghana
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (B.K.); Tel.: +81-87-891-3057 (Y.M.)
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Kawasaki K, Min X, Sakaguchi E. Effect of fructo-oligosaccharides on nutrient digestibility and digesta retention time in adult guinea pigs. Anim Sci J 2017; 89:547-551. [PMID: 29243362 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A previous study suggested that addition of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) to the diet improved nitrogen (N) utilization and decreased acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility in guinea pigs. The present study was conducted to clarify the relationship between ADF digestibility and gastrointestinal mean retention time (MRT) in guinea pigs under FOS supplementation. Adult male guinea pigs were fed a commercial diet (50 g/day) with either 5% glucose (glucose group) or 5% FOS (FOS group) for 12 days in individual metabolism cages. Unlike the glucose group, N utilization improved, but ADF digestibility significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the FOS group. MRT of solid digesta also significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the FOS group compared with that in the glucose group. We concluded that reduction of MRT of solid digesta containing FOS decreased ADF digestibility in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyonori Kawasaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xiao Min
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,College of Life Sciences and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ei Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Safety evaluation of α-galacto-oligosaccharides for use in infant formulas investigated in neonatal piglets. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847317722828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS), comprising galactoses with a glucose or sucrose, is a family of nondigestible oligosaccharides. The present study evaluates the safety of an α-GOS product (P-GOS® P) in a neonatal piglet model for 3 weeks. Three days after birth, neonatal piglets were divided into control and treated groups and provided with swine milk replacers in the absence and presence of 8 mg/mL—of the α-GOS product, respectively. An increase in the weight of the large intestines in treated males was noted, which is a common finding in studies of animals fed nondigestible oligosaccharides. There were no α-GOS product-related adverse effects in the piglets in terms of clinical signs, body weights, feed consumption, clinical chemistry, hematology, organ weights, or histopathology. The study demonstrated that formula supplemented with 8 mg/mL of P-GOS P is safe and well tolerated in neonatal piglets and supports the safe use of P-GOS P in infant formulas.
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Xiao J, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zebeli Q. Gut Function-Enhancing Properties and Metabolic Effects of Dietary Indigestible Sugars in Rodents and Rabbits. Nutrients 2015; 7:8348-65. [PMID: 26426045 PMCID: PMC4632417 DOI: 10.3390/nu7105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Indigestible sugars (iS) have received particular interest in food and nutrition research due to their prebiotic properties and other health benefits in humans and animals. The main aim of this review article is to summarize the current knowledge regarding digestive and health-enhancing properties of iS such as sugar alcohols, oligosacharides, and polysaccharides, in rodents and rabbits. Besides ameliorating gut health, iS ingestion also elicits laxative effects and stimulate intestinal permeability and fluid secretions, thereby shortening digesta transit time and increasing stool mass and quality. In rodents and rabbits, as hindgut fermenters, consumption of iS leads to an improved nutrient digestibility, too. Cecal fermentation of iS reduces luminal pH and extends wall tissue facilitating absorption of key dietary minerals across hindgut. The microbial fermentation of iS also enhances excessive blood nitrogen (N) flowing into the cecum to be used as N source for bacterial growth, enhancing N retention in cecotrophic animals. This review also highlights the impact of iS on improving lipid metabolism, mainly by lowering cholesterol and triglycerides levels in the blood. The paper serves as an index of the current knowledge of iS effects in rodents and rabbits and also identifies gaps of knowledge that need to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
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