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Non-Bovine Species and the Risk to Effective Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101263. [PMID: 34684212 PMCID: PMC8540666 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an economically important and highly prevalent virus of domestic cattle. Infections with BVDV may lead to both, reproductive and immunological effects that can result in widespread calf losses and increased susceptibility to diseases, such as mastitis and respiratory disease. While BVDV is generally considered to be host specific, it and other Pestivirus species, such as Border disease virus (BDV) in sheep, have been shown to be infecting species other than those from which they were originally isolated from. Recently BVDV was placed on the OIE’s list of notifiable disease and control and eradication programmes for BVDV have been developed throughout much of Europe, the United States, and the United Kingdom. While some countries, including Sweden and Ireland have successfully implemented eradication programmes, other countries such as New Zealand and Australia are still in the early stages of BVDV control. Despite effective control methods, incursions of BVDV into previously cleared herds still occur. While the cause of these incursions is often due to lapses in control methods, the ability of ruminant pestiviruses to infect species other than cattle poses the question as to whether non-bovine species could be impeding the success of BVDV eradication and control. As such, the aim of this review is to make mention of what is known about the cross-species transmission of BVDV, BDV and other pestiviruses between cattle and non-bovine ungulate species and draw conclusions as to the risk non-bovine species pose to the successful control and eradication of BVDV from cattle.
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Liu Q, Liu L, Meng YK, Wang C, Gao Y, Zheng FG, Ma HL. Serological evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus and peste des petits ruminants virus infection in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Shanxi Province, northern China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:299. [PMID: 33939008 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) are two important pathogens associated with a variety of disease syndromes that result in substantial financial losses in animal husbandry. This study was performed to assess the seroprevalence of antibodies to BVDV and PPRV among alpacas raised in Shanxi Province of northern China. Serum samples were obtained from 246 alpacas in Taiyuan (n=182), Xinzhou (n=31), and Jinzhong cities (n=33) of Shanxi Province, and serological testing was carried out using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overall seroprevalence to BVDV was 3.25% (95% CI 1.03-5.47), and seropositive alpacas were found only in Taiyuan City. The overall PPRV seroprevalence in alpacas was 28.86% (95% CI 23.20-34.52). While no PPRV-seropositive alpacas were found in Xinzhou City, the seroprevalence of PPRV was 90.91% (95% CI 81.10-100.72) in Jinzhong City and 22.53% (95% CI 16.46-28.60) in Taiyuan City, respectively, which showed a statistically significant difference. To our knowledge, the present work is the first report on seroprevalence of BVDV and PPRV in alpacas in China, which provides baseline information for the control of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Kai Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Guo Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Li Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China.
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Tellis AN, Rowe SM, Coilparampil R, Jenkins C, Dart A, Zadoks RN, Regnerus CD, Bosward KL. Evaluation of three immunological assays to mitigate the risk of transboundary spread of Coxiella burnetii by alpacas. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:793-804. [PMID: 33655708 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii causes coxiellosis in animals and Q fever in humans, a potentially debilitating zoonotic disease commonly transmitted through domestic ruminants. To prevent transboundary spread of C. burnetii, animals may be tested prior to export. In alpacas, this process is complicated by the lack of scientific evidence for C. burnetii infection in the species, and the unique composition of camelid antibodies, which may cause false-positive results in assays developed for ruminants. We evaluated a complement fixation test (CFT; currently recommended for alpacas in New Zealand), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Positive analytical control samples were generated through vaccination of alpacas with a human Q fever vaccine, whereas negative analytical control samples were sourced from New Zealand (deemed free of C. burnetii). Immunological assays were conducted on 131 alpaca sera submitted for export testing. Test characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values) for CFT, ELISA and IFA were determined using Bayesian latent class analysis. Due to anticomplementary activity, 37 (28.2%) of the CFT results were inconclusive, making CFT unsuitable for routine use. Of the remaining 94 samples, 10.6%, 0% and 7.4% were positive for C. burnetii antibodies based on CFT, ELISA and IFA, respectively, yielding estimated sensitivities of 58%, 26% and 78%, and estimated specificities of 95%, 98% and 95%, with the estimates for sensitivity being imprecise, as evidenced by wide 95% credible intervals. Positive predictive values were similar across assays, albeit very low at the estimated seroprevalence of 5%. Our results indicate that, of the tests available, IFA appears to be the most appropriate for use in alpacas. Higher sensitivity of antibody detection, use of antigen detection assays and availability of samples from individuals with evidence of infection could provide additional insight into the risk of transboundary spread of C. burnetii by alpacas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Tellis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sam M Rowe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronald Coilparampil
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Dart
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Katrina L Bosward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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Hou P, Zhao G, Wang H, He H. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy cattle herds in eastern China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:791-798. [PMID: 30456692 PMCID: PMC7089171 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a worldwide spreading pestivirus affecting cattle and other ruminants; however, there have been few reports on epidemiologic investigation of BVDV in eastern China. In this study, bulk tank milk from 36 herds of dairy cattle in eastern China was submitted to serological investigations, 77.8% of herds was BVDV antibody positive. Individual animal status in two herds was further investigated collecting blood samples, the positive ratio was 49.74% and 24.64%, and the average positive ratio of calves, heifers, and lactating cows was 15.94%, 40.16%, and 41.7%, respectively. Moreover, clinical survey was carried out among 8170 dairy cattle from 36 herds, for diarrhea syndrome, respiratory problems and reproductive failure, and pathogens of all clinical cattle were further investigated. The results showed that BVDV was one of the main pathogen, which infected animals combining with various other viruses. Then, nine BVDV strains were isolated; phylogenetic analysis showed that BVDV subtypes currently circulating in eastern China were BVDV 1a and BVDV 1c. In addition, out of 377 cows tested, the 1.86% detected positive to the BVDV antigen. This study provided the foundation of further study on vaccination and control strategies of BVDV in eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Hou
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guimin Zhao
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Hongbin He
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.
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Jackson AE. In this issue - July 2018: Recommendations on equine PPID · Prevalence of alphaviruses in horses in North Queensland · Endoscopic transection of uterine tube bands in mares · Radiography vs CT in osteomyelitis in foals · Transmission of BVDV to alpacas ·. Aust Vet J 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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