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Dziadosz M, Rosenberger W, Bolte K, Klintschar M, Teske J. Phenibut screening and quantification with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to driving cases. J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:725-729. [PMID: 38146811 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
An analytical strategy for identification by an LC-MS/MS multitarget screening method and a suitable LC-MS/MS based quantification were developed for the psychotropic drug phenibut. The samples analyzed were collected during traffic control and were associated with driving under the influence of drugs. A positive sample for phenibut was identified in a single case of driving under the influence. The quantification revealed a drug concentration of 1.9 μg/mL. An interaction with blood alcohol (BAC = 0.10%) was discussed as the explanation of the way of driving and deficit manifestations observed (swaying, nystagmus, quivering of the eyelid, and reddened eyes). According to the available information, the quantified phenibut concentration could be explained by an intake of four tablets (self-reported) during the day containing 250 mg of the drug. Chromatography was performed with a Luna 5 μm C18 (2) 100 A, 150 mm × 2 mm analytical column, and a buffer system consisted of 10 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% acetic acid (v/v) included in mobile phases marked as A (H2 O/methanol = 95/5, v/v) and B (H2 O/methanol = 3/97, v/v). An effective limit of detection (LOD = 0.002 μg/mL) could be achieved for the multitarget screening method. The quantification of phenibut was performed on a second LC-MS/MS system with LOD/LOQ values of 0.22/0.40 μg/mL. Since phenibut quantification data are rare, the presented information can be used with caution for evaluation of positive cases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Dziadosz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Katarina Bolte
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Klintschar
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Teske
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
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2
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Developments in high-resolution mass spectrometric analyses of new psychoactive substances. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:949-967. [PMID: 35141767 PMCID: PMC8921034 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has necessitated the development and improvement of current practices for the detection and identification of known NPS and newly emerging derivatives. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is quickly becoming the industry standard for these analyses due to its ability to be operated in data-independent acquisition (DIA) modes, allowing for the collection of large amounts of data and enabling retrospective data interrogation as new information becomes available. The increasing popularity of HRMS has also prompted the exploration of new ways to screen for NPS, including broad-spectrum wastewater analysis to identify usage trends in the community and metabolomic-based approaches to examine the effects of drugs of abuse on endogenous compounds. In this paper, the novel applications of HRMS techniques to the analysis of NPS is reviewed. In particular, the development of innovative data analysis and interpretation approaches is discussed, including the application of machine learning and molecular networking to toxicological analyses.
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3
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Pérez-Alcaraz A, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Cathinones in urine samples: A review of recent advances for their determination by chromatographic and related techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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4
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New psychoactive and classic substances in pooled urine samples collected at the Ultra Europe festival in Split, Croatia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 72:198-204. [PMID: 34587666 PMCID: PMC8576749 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We believe that analysing pooled urine samples for recreational drugs used at mass events can provide useful information about trends in drug use. An opportunity arose with the Ultra Europe music festival, which is attended by more than 150,000 people from over 150 countries every year. We analysed 30 pooled urine samples collected from portable chemical toilets located at or close to the Ultra Europe music festival venue in Split, Croatia in 2016–2018 to detect the presence of classic and new psychoactive substances (NPS). Four urine samples collected in 2016 were from a toilet without added chemicals (otherwise used to kill the smell) while the remaining samples were collected from toilets with added chemicals. Samples were qualitatively analysed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using the full-scan mode. Data were compared with the Wiley mass spectral library of designer drugs and our in-house library containing about 1000 compounds and metabolites. We identified forty-six different substances and metabolites, 26 of which were classic substances/metabolites, mostly from the stimulants group, while 20 were NPS. In the NPS group, most of them were phenethylamines and cathinones. The variety of substances was the highest on the first day of the festival regardless of the year, but 2018 showed a significant drop compared to the previous two years. The results of our study revealed a stable trend of classic drug consumption, while NPS trend changed from one year to another.
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Niebel A, Westendorf L, Krumbiegel F, Hartwig S, Parr MK, Tsokos M. Prevalence and concentrations of new designer stimulants, synthetic opioids, benzodiazepines, and hallucinogens in postmortem hair samples: A 13-year retrospective study. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:110-121. [PMID: 34435749 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hair samples are frequently analyzed in order to characterize consumption patterns of drugs. However, the interpretation of new psychoactive substance (NPS) findings in hair remains difficult because of lacking data for comparison. In this study, selected postmortem hair samples (n = 1203) from 2008 to 2020 were reanalyzed for synthetic cathinones, piperazines, phenethylamines, hallucinogens, benzodiazepines and opioids to evaluate prevalence data and concentration ranges. Hair samples were extracted using a two-step extraction procedure and analyzed using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Overall NPSs were detected in 381 cases (31.6%). Many cases were tested positive for more than one NPS in the same time span. A variety of NPS with a large range of concentrations was observed. For better comparability and interpretation of positive cases in routine work, quantitation data for 13 NPS were calculated as percentiles. The most frequently detected NPS in this study were N-ethylamphetamine, α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone, mephedrone, benzedrone, metamfepramone, and 4-fluoroamphetamine. In conclusion, a high prevalence of these drugs was observed from postmortem hair samples. The results show a growing use of many different NPSs by mainly young drug-using adults. Consequently, NPS screening procedures should be included in forensic toxicology. Our quantitative data may support other toxicologists in their assessment of NPS hair concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Niebel
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Westendorf
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Krumbiegel
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Hartwig
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Tsokos
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Qin S, Xin G, Wei J, He G, Yuan Z, Liu H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang WF, Lu J. Metabolic Profiles of 5F-MDMB-PICA in Human Urine, Serum, and Hair Samples Using LC-Q Exactive HF MS. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:408-420. [PMID: 33860792 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, 5F-MDMB-PICA (5F-MDMB-2201) was one of the most common synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) identified in drugs seized by the Beijing Drug Control Agency and it was categorized as Schedule II by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in March 2020. It is difficult to detect 5F-MDMB-PICA in biological matrices due to its fast metabolic rate in vivo. In this work, 5F-MDMB-PICA metabolic profiles were investigated by liquid chromatography-Q Exactive HF Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-QE-HF-MS), with accurate mass measurements in human urine, serum, and pubic hair. To obtain intact metabolites, solid-phase extraction (SPE) for urine and serum and direct ultrasonic extraction for pubic hair were applied to clean the samples without enzymatic hydrolysis. The differences in 5F-MDMB-PICA metabolism in the three different matrices were compared for the first time to determine the best detection biomarkers for monitoring 5F-MDMB-PICA misuse. Urine samples were determined to be the preferred biological material for identifying 5F-MDMB-PICA abuse. Forty-seven intact metabolites were detected in human urine, the ester-hydrolyzed with glucuronidated metabolite in urine samples can be used as the primary biomarker to identify drug misuse. Fifteen metabolites were found in serum samples. Ester hydrolysis was considered to be the major metabolic pathway, and a large number of metabolites were involved with it. Zero metabolites apart from the parent drug were detected in pubic hair samples. Twenty-eight new metabolites and their metabolic pathways were characterized and tentatively identified by LC-QE-HF-MS, and a new potential biomarker (M5 Ester hydrolysis + propionic acid) was also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Qin
- The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, 1st Longgang Road, Haidian District Beijing 100085, China (Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security)
| | - Guobin Xin
- The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, 1st Longgang Road, Haidian District Beijing 100085, China (Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security)
| | - Juanna Wei
- The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, 1st Longgang Road, Haidian District Beijing 100085, China (Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security)
| | - Genye He
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zengping Yuan
- The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, 1st Longgang Road, Haidian District Beijing 100085, China (Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security)
| | - Hua Liu
- The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, 1st Longgang Road, Haidian District Beijing 100085, China (Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security)
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, 1st Longgang Road, Haidian District Beijing 100085, China (Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security)
| | - Yuanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, No 26 Houtun South Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100025, China.,China Collaborative Innivation Center of Judical Civilization, No 26 Houtun South Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100025, China
| | - Wen Fang Zhang
- The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, 1st Longgang Road, Haidian District Beijing 100085, China (Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security)
| | - Jianghai Lu
- Drug and Food Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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7
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Bade R, White JM, Chen J, Baz-Lomba JA, Been F, Bijlsma L, Burgard DA, Castiglioni S, Salgueiro-Gonzalez N, Celma A, Chappell A, Emke E, Steenbeek R, Wang D, Zuccato E, Gerber C. International snapshot of new psychoactive substance use: Case study of eight countries over the 2019/2020 new year period. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 193:116891. [PMID: 33582495 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable concern around the use of new psychoactive substances (NPS), but still little is known about how much they are really consumed. Analysis by forensics laboratories of seized drugs and post-mortem samples as well as hospital emergency rooms are the first line of identifying both 'new' NPS and those that are most dangerous to the community. However, NPS are not necessarily all seized by law enforcement agencies and only substances that contribute to fatalities or serious afflictions are recorded in post-mortem and emergency room samples. To gain a better insight into which NPS are most prevalent within a community, complementary data sources are required. In this work, influent wastewater was analysed from 14 sites in eight countries for a variety of NPS. All samples were collected over the 2019/2020 New Year period, a time which is characterized by celebrations and parties and therefore a time when more NPS may be consumed. Samples were extracted in the country of origin following a validated protocol and shipped to Australia for final analysis using two different mass spectrometric strategies. In total, more than 200 were monitored of which 16 substances were found, with geographical differences seen. This case study is the most comprehensive wastewater analysis study ever carried out for the identification of NPS and provides a starting point for future, ongoing monitoring of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Frederic Been
- KWR Water Research Institute, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Daniel A Burgard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, United States
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan Italy
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-Gonzalez
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan Italy
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Andrew Chappell
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Christchurch Science Centre: 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR Water Research Institute, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud Steenbeek
- KWR Water Research Institute, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Degao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, P. R. China, 116026
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan Italy
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia.
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Psychoactive Substances of Natural Origin: Toxicological Aspects, Therapeutic Properties and Analysis in Biological Samples. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051397. [PMID: 33807728 PMCID: PMC7961374 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) has been increasing, and this problem affects several countries worldwide. There is a class of NPSs of natural origin, consisting of plants and fungi, which have a wide range of alkaloids, responsible for causing relaxing, stimulating or hallucinogenic effects. The consumption of some of these substances is prompted by religious beliefs and cultural reasons, making the legislation very variable or even ambiguous. However, the abusive consumption of these substances can present an enormous risk to the health of the individuals, since their metabolism and effects are not yet fully known. Additionally, NPSs are widely spread over the internet, and their appearance is very fast, which requires the development of sophisticated analytical methodologies, capable of detecting these compounds. Thus, the objective of this work is to review the toxicological aspects, traditional use/therapeutic potential and the analytical methods developed in biological matrices in twelve plant specimens (Areca catechu, Argyreia nervosa, Ayahuasca, Catha edulis, Datura stramonium, Lophophora williamsii, Mandragora officinarum, Mitragyna speciosa, Piper methysticum Forst, Psilocybe, Salvia divinorum and Tabernanthe iboga).
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Bijlsma L, Bade R, Been F, Celma A, Castiglioni S. Perspectives and challenges associated with the determination of new psychoactive substances in urine and wastewater - A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1145:132-147. [PMID: 33453874 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS), often designed as (legal) substitutes to conventional illicit drugs, are constantly emerging in the drug market and being commercialized in different ways and forms. Their use continues to cause public health problems and is therefore of major concern in many countries. Monitoring NPS use, however, is arduous and different sources of information are required to get more insight of the prevalence and diffusion of NPS use. The determination of NPS in pooled urine and wastewater has shown great potential, adding a different and complementary light on this issue. However, it also presents analytical challenges and limitations that must be taken into account such as the complexity of the matrices, the high sensitivity and selectivity required in the analytical methods as a consequence of the low analyte concentrations as well as the rapid transience of NPS on the drug market creating a scenario with constantly moving analytical targets. Analytical investigation of NPS in pooled urine and wastewater is based on liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry and can follow different strategies: target, suspect and non-target analysis. This work aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different data acquisition workflows and data exploration approaches in mass spectrometry, but also pays attention to new developments such as ion mobility and the use of in-silico prediction tools to improve the identification capabilities in high-complex samples. This tutorial gives an insight into this emerging topic of current concern, and describes the experience gathered within different collaborations and projects supported by key research articles and illustrative practical examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - R Bade
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
| | - F Been
- KWR Water Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - A Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - S Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 20156, Milan, Italy
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Archer JRH, Mendes F, Hudson S, Layne K, Dargan PI, Wood DM. Evaluation of long-term detection trends of new psychoactive substances in pooled urine from city street portable urinals (London, UK). Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:517-527. [PMID: 32050035 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the long-term trends of new psychoactive substance (NPS) detection in pooled urine samples collected across a city centre. METHODS Pooled urine samples from portable stand-alone urinals were collected on a monthly basis over 5.5 years (July 2013-December 2018) across a city centre. These were analysed using a high-performance liquid chromatography system, interfaced to a high-resolution accurate mass spectrometer. Data were processed against a database containing over 2000 drugs/metabolites including over 800 NPS. RESULTS In total, 44 NPS were detected with variation over time including cathinones (15, 34.1%), synthetic cannabinoids (8, 18.2%) and 21 (47.7%) other NPS. Since the introduction of the UK Psychoactive Substances Act (May 2016) cathinone detection has decreased with minimal detection over the last 4 months of the study. Synthetic cannabinoids were not detected on a regular basis until July 2016 with a subsequent variable detection frequency. There was a consistent, low level detection frequency of all other NPS throughout the study, but which appears to have increased alongside the decrease in cathinone detection. CONCLUSION Pooled urine analysis of samples taken from portable urinals in a city centre can be used as an effective monitoring tool to determine long-term trends in the use of NPS. The results of this study demonstrate the impact of the Psychoactive Substances Act and reflect the findings of population surveys and clinical studies. Triangulation of these data with other data sources will enable greater insight into the NPS phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R H Archer
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fiona Mendes
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Simon Hudson
- Laboratory and Managed Services, LGC, Fordham, UK
| | - Kerry Layne
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Paul I Dargan
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David M Wood
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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11
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Wood DM, Dargan PI. The challenge of the novel psychoactive substances: How have we responded and what are the implications of this response? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:407-409. [PMID: 32144815 PMCID: PMC7080627 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David M Wood
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK
- Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul I Dargan
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK
- Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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