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Michelerio A, Greco A, Tomasini D, Tomasini C. Galli-Galli Disease: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2024; 11:79-100. [PMID: 38390850 PMCID: PMC10885078 DOI: 10.3390/dermatopathology11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Galli-Galli disease (GGD) is a rare genodermatosis that exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance. GGD typically manifests with erythematous macules, papules, and reticulate hyperpigmentation in flexural areas. A distinct atypical variant exists, which features brown macules predominantly on the trunk, lower limbs, and extremities, with a notable absence of the hallmark reticulated hyperpigmentation in flexural areas. This review includes a detailed literature search and examines cases since GGD's first description in 1982. It aims to synthesize the current knowledge on GGD, covering its etiology, clinical presentation, histopathology, diagnosis, and treatment. A significant aspect of this review is the exploration of the genetic, histopathological, and clinical parallels between GGD and Dowling-Degos disease (DDD), which is another rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis, particularly focusing on their shared mutations in the KRT5 and POGLUT1 genes. This supports the hypothesis that GGD and DDD may be different phenotypic expressions of the same pathological condition, although they have traditionally been recognized as separate entities, with suprabasal acantholysis being a distinctive feature of GGD. Lastly, this review discusses the existing treatment approaches, underscoring the absence of established guidelines and the limited effectiveness of various treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Michelerio
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Dermatology Unit, Ospedale Cardinal Massaia, 14100 Asti, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Dario Tomasini
- Dermatology Unit, ASST Valle Olona, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Carlo Tomasini
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Dermatology Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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2
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Joshi TP, Shaver S, Tschen J. Exacerbation of Galli-Galli Disease Following Dialysis Treatment: A Case Report and Review of Aggravating Factors. Cureus 2021; 13:e15401. [PMID: 34249550 PMCID: PMC8253496 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Galli-Galli disease (GGD) is a rare genodermatosis that is an acantholytic variant of Dowling-Degos disease that presents as lentigo-like macules/papules with progressive reticulated hyperpigmentation. Heat, sweat, ultraviolet light exposure, and topical retinoids have been reported to exacerbate the lesions associated with GGD. Here, we present a 77-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease and GGD who reported a worsening of lesions during the summer months and following hemodialysis treatment. Despite the severity of her lesions following dialysis, she refused treatment with isotretinoin out of concern for its side effect profile. In this case report, we discuss some available treatment options for GGD and review the exacerbating factors for GGD currently reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas P Joshi
- Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Sally Shaver
- Dermatology, Conroe Dermatology Associates, Conroe, USA
| | - Jaime Tschen
- Dermatology, St. Joseph Dermatopathology, Houston, USA
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3
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Del Mar M, González M, Sayed C, Phadke P. Hidradenitis Suppurativa Associated with Galli-Galli Disease: Extending the Link with Dowling-Degos Disease. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2020; 13:38-40. [PMID: 33488918 PMCID: PMC7819595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Galli-Galli disease (GGD) is a rare genodermatosis that is distinguished from Dowling-Degos disease (DDD) by the histologic finding of acantholysis. We present a case of a female patient with pruritic intertriginous plaques and history of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). While reports exist associating DDD with HS, to our knowledge, GGD in association with HS has not been reported in recent literature. HS in association with DDD has been found to have causal mutations, involving the gamma-secretase complex and POFUT1 genes. DDD also has shared causal mutations with GGD in the POGLUT1 and KRT5 genes. These three skin diseases have been linked to different gene mutations, which are all associated with the Notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar
- Ms. Meléndez González is with the Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine in Bayamon, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Sayed is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Dr. Phadke is with Dermpath Diagnostics South Florida in Pompano Beach, Florida
| | - Meléndez González
- Ms. Meléndez González is with the Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine in Bayamon, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Sayed is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Dr. Phadke is with Dermpath Diagnostics South Florida in Pompano Beach, Florida
| | - Christopher Sayed
- Ms. Meléndez González is with the Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine in Bayamon, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Sayed is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Dr. Phadke is with Dermpath Diagnostics South Florida in Pompano Beach, Florida
| | - Pushkar Phadke
- Ms. Meléndez González is with the Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine in Bayamon, Puerto Rico
- Dr. Sayed is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Dr. Phadke is with Dermpath Diagnostics South Florida in Pompano Beach, Florida
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4
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Cario M, Pain C, Kaulanjan-Checkmodine P, Masia D, Delia G, Casoli V, Costet P, Goussot JF, Guyonnet-Duperat V, Bibeyran A, Ezzedine K, Reymermier C, Andre-Frei V, Taieb A. Epidermal keratin 5 expression and distribution is under dermal influence. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 33:435-445. [PMID: 31692218 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human skin melanin pigmentation is regulated by systemic and local factors. According to the type of melanin produced by melanocytes, the transfer and degradation of melanosomes differ, thus accounting for most variations between ethnicities. We made the surprising observation that in a drastically changed environment, white and black phenotypes are reversible since Caucasian skin grafted onto nude mice can become black with all black phenotypic characteristics. Black xenografts differed essentially from other grafts by the levels of epidermal FGF-2 and keratin 5. In vitro analysis confirmed that FGF-2 directly regulates keratin 5. Interestingly, this phenomenon may be involved in human pathology. Keratin 5 mutations in Dowling-Degos Disease (DDD) have already been associated with the pheomelanosome-eumelanosome transition. In a DDD patient, keratin 5 was expressed in the basal and spinous layers, as observed in black xenografts. Furthermore, in a common age-related hyperpigmentation disorder like senile lentigo (SL), keratin 5 distribution is also altered. In conclusion, modulation of keratin 5 expression and distribution either due to mutations or factors may account for the development of pigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Cario
- INSERM U1035, Bordeaux, France.,BMGIC, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,National Reference Center for Rare skin Diseases, Bordeaux University Hospitals, Bordeaux, France.,AquiDerm, Bordeaux, France
| | - Catherine Pain
- INSERM U1035, Bordeaux, France.,BMGIC, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Daniela Masia
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Aurelia Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Delia
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincent Casoli
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Bordeaux University Hospitals, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Costet
- Animalerie Spécialisée, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Alice Bibeyran
- Plateforme de Vectorologie VectUb, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Khaled Ezzedine
- EA EpiDermE (Epidémiologie en Dermatologie et Evaluation des Thérapeutiques), Service de Dermatologie, UPE-Université Paris-Est, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | | | | | - Alain Taieb
- INSERM U1035, Bordeaux, France.,BMGIC, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,National Reference Center for Rare skin Diseases, Bordeaux University Hospitals, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Dermatology, Bordeaux University Hospitals, Bordeaux, France
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5
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Abstract
Galli-Galli disease (GGD) is a rare genodermatoses within the group of reticulated pigmentary disorders of the skin. Traditionally, its clinical presentation is identical to that of Dowling-Degos disease (DDD), with the additional feature of acantholysis on histopathological examination. We have reviewed the published cases of GGD to provide further support for the hypothesis that in fact, 2 phenotypes of GGD exist: the characteristic flexural GGD associated with KRT5 mutations and a disseminated variant with no mutation identified to date. A review of the literature revealed 53 reported cases of GGD. Fifteen atypical phenotype cases are described, and no KRT5 mutation has yet been identified. There is growing evidence that acantholysis is an underreported feature of DDD and that GGD and DDD are variations of the same disease, or in fact the same entity. This theory is supported by the identification of the c.418dupA missense mutation in both GGD and DDD. This review highlights that there is growing evidence that there are likely 2 clinical phenotypes of GGD with an associated genotypic correlation.
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Lőrincz K, Medvecz M, Kiss N, Glász-Bóna A, Hársing J, Lepesi-Benkő R, Hatvani Z, Mazán M, Kárpáti S, Wikonkál N. Confirmation of the role of a KRT5 mutation and successful management of skin lesions in a patient with Galli-Galli disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 43:972-974. [PMID: 29882260 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Lőrincz
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Medvecz
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - N Kiss
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Glász-Bóna
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Hársing
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - R Lepesi-Benkő
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Hatvani
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Mazán
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - S Kárpáti
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - N Wikonkál
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Zhang J, Li M, Yao Z. Updated review of genetic reticulate pigmentary disorders. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:945-959. [PMID: 28407215 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reticulate pigmentary disorders are a group of disorders characterized by hyper- and/or hypopigmented macules with varying sizes and amounts of pigment. Some of the disorders are heritable, such as Dowling-Degos disease, dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria, dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria, reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura and X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder. Although each condition possesses unique phenotypic characteristics and the prognosis for each is somewhat different, there is a large degree of overlap between the disorders and therefore they are difficult to differentiate in the clinical setting. This updated review provides a clinical and molecular delineation of these genetic reticulate pigmentary disorders and aims to establish a concise diagnostic strategy to allow clinical dermatologists to make an accurate diagnosis, as well as to provide useful information for clinical and genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - M Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wilson NJ, Cole C, Kroboth K, Hunter WN, Mann JA, McLean WHI, Kernland Lang K, Beltraminelli H, Sabroe RA, Tiffin N, Sobey GJ, Borradori L, Simpson E, Smith FJD. Mutations in POGLUT1 in Galli-Galli/Dowling-Degos disease. Br J Dermatol 2016; 176:270-274. [PMID: 27479915 PMCID: PMC5324688 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Wilson
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - C Cole
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K.,Division of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - K Kroboth
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - W N Hunter
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - J A Mann
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, U.S.A.,Division of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, U.S.A
| | - W H I McLean
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - K Kernland Lang
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital-Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - H Beltraminelli
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital-Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R A Sabroe
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, U.K
| | - N Tiffin
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, U.K
| | - G J Sobey
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, U.K
| | - L Borradori
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital-Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - E Simpson
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, U.S.A
| | - F J D Smith
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K.,Pachyonychia Congenita Project, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A
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9
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Li M, Wang J, Zhang J, Ni C, Li X, Liang J, Cheng R, Li Z, Yao Z. Genome-wide linkage and exome sequencing analyses identify an initiation codon mutation ofKRT5in a unique Chinese family with generalized Dowling-Degos disease. Br J Dermatol 2015; 174:663-6. [PMID: 26440693 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Li
- Department of Dermatology; Xinhua Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; 1665 Kongjiang Road Shanghai 200092 China
| | - J. Wang
- Department of Dermatology; Henan Provincial People's Hospital; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - J. Zhang
- Department of Dermatology; Xinhua Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; 1665 Kongjiang Road Shanghai 200092 China
| | - C. Ni
- Department of Dermatology; Xinhua Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; 1665 Kongjiang Road Shanghai 200092 China
| | - X. Li
- Department of Dermatology; Henan Provincial People's Hospital; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - J. Liang
- Department of Dermatology; Xinhua Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; 1665 Kongjiang Road Shanghai 200092 China
| | - R. Cheng
- Department of Dermatology; Xinhua Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; 1665 Kongjiang Road Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Z. Li
- Department of Dermatology; Henan Provincial People's Hospital; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Z. Yao
- Department of Dermatology; Xinhua Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; 1665 Kongjiang Road Shanghai 200092 China
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