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Murad H, Rafeeq M. Cheminformatics approach for identification of N-HyMenatPimeMelly as a novel potential ligand against RAS and renal chloride channel. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37882351 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2273439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Some angiotensin receptor (AR) blockers interfere with the renal chloride channel (ClC-K), which plays an important role in urine concentration. Identifying ligands targeting this channel, whether activating or blocking, is highly desirable because it could open the way for interventions that modulate their activity. In this study, the Asinex (BioDesign) complete library was screened to identify a compound with favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, which have both AR blocking and ClC-Ka-modulating activities to present it as a novel potential oral candidate which could be useful for treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension without major ClC-K affection. A compound, N-{[4-Hydroxy-1-(2-methyl-1,6-naphthyridin-4-yl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-N-methyl-L-lysinamide (N-HyMenatPimeMelly) (Chem Spider ID 68416221), was identified as a potent potential oral ligand of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and ClC-Ka with docking scores ranging from -10.978 to -7.324 with the four selected proteins (4YAY: AR type 1, 2PFI: Cytoplasmic domain of ClC-Ka, 6JOD: AR type 2 and 6M0J: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). The protein-ligand complex was used to perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for 100 ns. The QikProp and SwissADME tools' results showed that the compound has ADME/T and drug-likeness properties, which are within the permissible ranges for 95% of known drugs. The density functional theory (DFT) analysis and MD simulation extended the study toward computational validation. Throughout the study, N-HyMenatPimeMelly has shown good interactions and stable performance in MD simulation and DFT analysis. The whole analysis has produced promising results, and N-HyMenatPimeMelly can be treated as a novel potential RAS and ClC-K oral ligand, however, experimental validation is needed before human use.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Murad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Misbahudin Rafeeq
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Coppola MA, Pusch M, Imbrici P, Liantonio A. Small Molecules Targeting Kidney ClC-K Chloride Channels: Applications in Rare Tubulopathies and Common Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040710. [PMID: 37189456 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the key role played by ClC-K chloride channels in kidney and inner ear physiology and pathology, they can be considered important targets for drug discovery. Indeed, ClC-Ka and ClC-Kb inhibition would interfere with the urine countercurrent concentration mechanism in Henle's loop, which is responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes from the collecting duct, producing a diuretic and antihypertensive effect. On the other hand, ClC-K/barttin channel dysfunctions in Bartter Syndrome with or without deafness will require the pharmacological recovery of channel expression and/or activity. In these cases, a channel activator or chaperone would be appealing. Starting from a brief description of the physio-pathological role of ClC-K channels in renal function, this review aims to provide an overview of the recent progress in the discovery of ClC-K channel modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Pusch
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Liantonio
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
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Sahbani D, Strumbo B, Tedeschi S, Conte E, Camerino GM, Benetti E, Montini G, Aceto G, Procino G, Imbrici P, Liantonio A. Functional Study of Novel Bartter's Syndrome Mutations in ClC-Kb and Rescue by the Accessory Subunit Barttin Toward Personalized Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:327. [PMID: 32256370 PMCID: PMC7092721 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III and IV Bartter syndromes (BS) are rare kidney tubulopathies caused by loss-of-function mutations in the CLCNKB and BSND genes coding respectively for the ClC-Kb chloride channels and accessory subunit barttin. ClC-K channels are expressed in the Henle's loop, distal convoluted tubule, and cortical collecting ducts of the kidney and contribute to chloride absorption and urine concentration. In our Italian cohort, we identified two new mutations in CLCNKB, G167V and G289R, in children affected by BS and previously reported genetic variants, A242E, a chimeric gene and the deletion of the whole CLCNKB. All the patients had hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis, increased serum renin and aldosterone levels and were treated with a symptomatic therapy. In order to define the molecular mechanisms responsible for BS, we co-expressed ClC-Kb wild type and channels with point mutations with barttin in HEK 293 cells and characterized chloride currents through the patch-clamp technique. In addition, we attempted to revert the functional defect caused by BS mutations through barttin overexpression. G167V and A242E channels showed a drastic current reduction compared to wild type, likely suggesting compromised expression of mutant channels at the plasma membrane. Conversely, G289R channel was similar to wild type raising the doubt that an additional mutation in another gene or other mechanisms could account for the clinical phenotype. Interestingly, increasing ClC-K/barttin ratio augmented G167V and A242E mutants' chloride current amplitudes towards wild type levels. These results confirm a genotype-phenotype correlation in BS and represent a preliminary proof of concept that molecules functioning as molecular chaperones can restore channel function in expression-defective ClC-Kb mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Sahbani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Bice Strumbo
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Tedeschi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Conte
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Benetti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Montini
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Procino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Liantonio
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Murthy M, O’Shaughnessy KM. Modified HEK cells simulate DCT cells in their sensitivity and response to changes in extracellular K. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14280. [PMID: 31762176 PMCID: PMC6875656 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A potassium (K+ ) rich diet is known to have an antihypertensive effect that has been embodied by the NHLBI in the DASH diet. However, the molecular basis for this blood pressure-lowering effect has been unclear, until a recent study proposed a model in which the DCT cells of the kidney regulate their salt transport in response to variations in intracellular chloride ([Cl- ]i ), which are directly regulated by serum K+ . With the knowledge that WNK proteins are Cl- sensors, and are a part of the WNK/SPAK/NCC signaling cascade which regulates the NCC, the main salt transporter in the distal nephron, we examined the effect of serum K+ on the ([Cl- ]i ) and, in turn its effect on the WNK4 signaling pathway in a "modified HEK 293T" cell line. Using a fluorescence-based approach in this cell line, we have shown that the membrane potential of the cell membrane is sensitive to the small changes in external KCl within the physiological range (2-5 mM), thus functioning as a K+ electrode. When the extracellular K+ was progressively increased (2-5 mM), the membrane depolarization lead to a subsequent increase in [Cl- ]i measured by fluorescence quenching of an intracellular chloride sensor. Increase in extracellular [K] resulted in a decrease in the phosphorylation of the WNK4 protein and its downstream targets, SPAK and NCC. This confirms that small changes in serum K can affect WNK4/SPAK/NCC signaling and transcellular Na+ flux through the DCT and provide a possible mechanism by which a K-rich DASH diet could reduce blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Murthy
- Division of Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Kevin M. O’Shaughnessy
- Division of Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Teulon J, Planelles G, Sepúlveda FV, Andrini O, Lourdel S, Paulais M. Renal Chloride Channels in Relation to Sodium Chloride Transport. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:301-342. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Jentsch TJ, Pusch M. CLC Chloride Channels and Transporters: Structure, Function, Physiology, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1493-1590. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CLC anion transporters are found in all phyla and form a gene family of eight members in mammals. Two CLC proteins, each of which completely contains an ion translocation parthway, assemble to homo- or heteromeric dimers that sometimes require accessory β-subunits for function. CLC proteins come in two flavors: anion channels and anion/proton exchangers. Structures of these two CLC protein classes are surprisingly similar. Extensive structure-function analysis identified residues involved in ion permeation, anion-proton coupling and gating and led to attractive biophysical models. In mammals, ClC-1, -2, -Ka/-Kb are plasma membrane Cl−channels, whereas ClC-3 through ClC-7 are 2Cl−/H+-exchangers in endolysosomal membranes. Biological roles of CLCs were mostly studied in mammals, but also in plants and model organisms like yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans. CLC Cl−channels have roles in the control of electrical excitability, extra- and intracellular ion homeostasis, and transepithelial transport, whereas anion/proton exchangers influence vesicular ion composition and impinge on endocytosis and lysosomal function. The surprisingly diverse roles of CLCs are highlighted by human and mouse disorders elicited by mutations in their genes. These pathologies include neurodegeneration, leukodystrophy, mental retardation, deafness, blindness, myotonia, hyperaldosteronism, renal salt loss, proteinuria, kidney stones, male infertility, and osteopetrosis. In this review, emphasis is laid on biophysical structure-function analysis and on the cell biological and organismal roles of mammalian CLCs and their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
| | - Michael Pusch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
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Altamura C, Mangiatordi GF, Nicolotti O, Sahbani D, Farinato A, Leonetti F, Carratù MR, Conte D, Desaphy JF, Imbrici P. Mapping ligand binding pockets in chloride ClC-1 channels through an integrated in silico and experimental approach using anthracene-9-carboxylic acid and niflumic acid. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:1770-1780. [PMID: 29500929 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although chloride channels are involved in several physiological processes and acquired diseases, the availability of compounds selectively targeting CLC proteins is limited. ClC-1 channels are responsible for sarcolemma repolarization after an action potential in skeletal muscle and have been associated with myotonia congenita and myotonic dystrophy as well as with other muscular physiopathological conditions. To date only a few ClC-1 blockers have been discovered, such as anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (9-AC) and niflumic acid (NFA), whereas no activator exists. The absence of a ClC-1 structure and the limited information regarding the binding pockets in CLC channels hamper the identification of improved modulators. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Here we provide an in-depth characterization of drug binding pockets in ClC-1 through an integrated in silico and experimental approach. We first searched putative cavities in a homology model of ClC-1 built upon an eukaryotic CLC crystal structure, and then validated in silico data by measuring the blocking ability of 9-AC and NFA on mutant ClC-1 channels expressed in HEK 293 cells. KEY RESULTS We identified four putative binding cavities in ClC-1. 9-AC appears to interact with residues K231, R421 and F484 within the channel pore. We also identified one preferential binding cavity for NFA and propose R421 and F484 as critical residues. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study represents the first effort to delineate the binding sites of ClC-1. This information is fundamental to discover compounds useful in the treatment of ClC-1-associated dysfunctions and might represent a starting point for specifically targeting other CLC proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Altamura
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - G F Mangiatordi
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - O Nicolotti
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - D Sahbani
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - A Farinato
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - F Leonetti
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - M R Carratù
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - D Conte
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - J-F Desaphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - P Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
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Imbrici P, Nicolotti O, Leonetti F, Conte D, Liantonio A. Ion Channels in Drug Discovery and Safety Pharmacology. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1800:313-326. [PMID: 29934900 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7899-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels are membrane proteins involved in almost all physiological processes, including neurotransmission, muscle contraction, pace-making activity, secretion, electrolyte and water balance, immune response, and cell proliferation. Due to their broad distribution in human body and physiological roles, ion channels are attractive targets for drug discovery and safety pharmacology. Over the years ion channels have been associated to many genetic diseases ("channelopathies"). For most of these diseases the therapy is mainly empirical and symptomatic, often limited by lack of efficacy and tolerability for a number of patients. The search for the development of new and more specific therapeutic approaches is therefore strongly pursued. At the same time acquired channelopathies or dangerous side effects (such as proarrhythmic risk) can develop as a consequence of drugs unexpectedly targeting ion channels. Several noncardiovascular drugs are known to block cardiac ion channels, leading to potentially fatal delayed ventricular repolarization. Thus, the search of reliable preclinical cardiac safety testing in early stage of drug discovery is mandatory. To fulfill these needs, both ion channels drug discovery and toxicology strategies are evolving toward comprehensive research approaches integrating ad hoc designed in silico predictions and experimental studies for a more reliable and quick translation of results to the clinic side.Here we discuss two examples of how the combination of in silico methods and patch clamp experiments can help addressing drug discovery and safety issues regarding ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Diana Conte
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Liantonio
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Ontology-based systematical representation and drug class effect analysis of package insert-reported adverse events associated with cardiovascular drugs used in China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13819. [PMID: 29061976 PMCID: PMC5653862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
With increased usage of cardiovascular drugs (CVDs) for treating cardiovascular diseases, it is important to analyze CVD-associated adverse events (AEs). In this study, we systematically collected package insert-reported AEs associated with CVDs used in China, and developed and analyzed an Ontology of Cardiovascular Drug AEs (OCVDAE). Extending the Ontology of AEs (OAE) and NDF-RT, OCVDAE includes 194 CVDs, CVD ingredients, mechanisms of actions (MoAs), and CVD-associated 736 AEs. An AE-specific drug class effect is defined to exist when all the drugs (drug chemical ingredients or drug products) in a drug class are associated with an AE, which is formulated as a new proportional class level ratio (“PCR”) = 1. Our PCR-based heatmap analysis identified many class level drug effects on different AE classes such as behavioral and neurological AE and digestive system AE. Additional drug-AE correlation tests (i.e., class-level PRR, Chi-squared, and minimal case reports) were also modified and applied to further detect statistically significant drug class effects. Two drug ingredient classes and three CVD MoA classes were found to have statistically significant class effects on 13 AEs. For example, the CVD Active Transporter Interactions class (including reserpine, indapamide, digoxin, and deslanoside) has statistically significant class effect on anorexia and diarrhea AEs.
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Imbrici P, Conte D, Liantonio A. Paving the way for Bartter syndrome type 3 drug discovery: a hope from basic research. J Physiol 2017; 595:5403-5404. [PMID: 28598505 DOI: 10.1113/jp274645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Diana Conte
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Imbrici P, Tricarico D, Mangiatordi GF, Nicolotti O, Lograno MD, Conte D, Liantonio A. Pharmacovigilance database search discloses ClC-K channels as a novel target of the AT 1 receptor blockers valsartan and olmesartan. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1972-1983. [PMID: 28334417 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Human ClC-K chloride channels are highly attractive targets for drug discovery as they have a variety of important physiological functions and are associated with genetic disorders. These channels are crucial in the kidney as they control chloride reabsorption and water diuresis. In addition, loss-of-function mutations of CLCNKB and BSND genes cause Bartter's syndrome (BS), whereas CLCNKA and CLCNKB gain-of-function polymorphisms predispose to a rare form of salt sensitive hypertension. Both disorders lack a personalized therapy that is in most cases only symptomatic. The aim of this study was to identify novel ClC-K ligands from drugs already on the market, by exploiting the pharmacological side activity of drug molecules available from the FDA Adverse Effects Reporting System database. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We searched for drugs having a Bartter-like syndrome as a reported side effect, with the assumption that BS could be causatively related to the block of ClC-K channels. The ability of the selected BS-causing drugs to bind and block ClC-K channels was then validated through an integrated experimental and computational approach based on patch clamp electrophysiology in HEK293 cells and molecular docking simulations. KEY RESULTS Valsartan and olmesartan were able to block ClC-Ka channels and the molecular requirements for effective inhibition of these channels have been identified. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest additional mechanisms of action for these sartans further to their primary AT1 receptor antagonism and propose these compounds as leads for designing new potent ClC-K ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Tricarico
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | | | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | | | - Diana Conte
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Liantonio
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
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