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Proto MC, Fiore D, Piscopo C, Laezza C, Bifulco M, Gazzerro P. Modified Adenosines Sensitize Glioblastoma Cells to Temozolomide by Affecting DNA Methyltransferases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:815646. [PMID: 35559231 PMCID: PMC9086827 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.815646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor, and due to its unique features, its management is certainly one of the most challenging ones among all cancers. N6-isopentenyladenosine (IPA) and its analog N6-benzyladenosine (N6-BA) are modified nucleosides endowed with potent antitumor activity on different types of human cancers, including GBM. Corroborating our previous finding, we demonstrated that IPA and N6-BA affect GBM cell line proliferation by modulating the expression of the F-box WD repeat domain-containing-7 (FBXW7), a tumor suppressor with a crucial role in the turnover of many proteins, such as SREBPs and Mcl1, involved in malignant progression and chemoresistance. Luciferase assay revealed that IPA-mediated upregulation of FBXW7 translates in transcriptional inactivation of its oncogenic substrates (Myc, NFkB, or HIF-1α). Moreover, downregulating MGMT expression, IPA strongly enhances the killing effect of temozolomide (TMZ), producing a favorable sensitizing effect starting from a concentration range much lower than TMZ EC50. Through DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity assay, analysis of the global DNA methylation, and the histone modification profiles, we demonstrated that the modified adenosines behave similar to 5-AZA-dC, known DNMT inhibitor. Overall, our results provide new perspectives for the first time, suggesting the modified adenosines as epigenetic tools able to improve chemo- and radiotherapy efficacy in glioblastoma and potentially other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donatella Fiore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Chiara Piscopo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, IEOS CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Abate M, Pagano C, Masullo M, Citro M, Pisanti S, Piacente S, Bifulco M. Mangostanin, a Xanthone Derived from Garcinia mangostana Fruit, Exerts Protective and Reparative Effects on Oxidative Damage in Human Keratinocytes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010084. [PMID: 35056141 PMCID: PMC8780152 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) is known in ancient traditional Asian medicine for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer activities. These effects are mainly due to the action of polyphenols known as xanthones, which are contained in the pericarp of the fruit. In recent years, there has been a growing interest from pharmaceutical companies in formulating new topicals based on mangosteen full extracts to prevent skin aging. However, the molecules responsible for these effects and the mechanisms involved have not been investigated so far. Here, the arils and shells of Garcinia mangostana were extracted with chloroform and methanol, and the extracts were further purified to yield 12 xanthone derivatives. Their effects were evaluated using in vitro cultures of human epidermal keratinocytes. After confirming the absence of cytotoxicity, we evaluated the antioxidant potential of these compounds, identifying mangostanin as capable of both protecting and restoring oxidative damage induced by H2O2. We showed how mangostanin, by reducing the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), prevents the activation of AKT (protein kinase B), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), p53, and other cellular pathways underlying cell damage and apoptosis activation. In conclusion, our study is the first to demonstrate that mangostanin is effective in protecting the skin from the action of free radicals, thus preventing skin aging, confirming a potential toward its development in the nutraceutical and cosmeceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Abate
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Cristina Pagano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Milena Masullo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Marianna Citro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.A.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (M.B.); Tel.: +39-081-7462200 (M.B.); Fax: +39-081-7460000 (M.B.)
| | - Sonia Piacente
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (M.B.); Tel.: +39-081-7462200 (M.B.); Fax: +39-081-7460000 (M.B.)
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3
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Towards an Improvement of Anticancer Activity of Benzyl Adenosine Analogs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237146. [PMID: 34885721 PMCID: PMC8658949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-Isopentenyladenosine (i6A) is a naturally occurring modified nucleoside displaying in vitro and in vivo antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic properties. In our previous studies, including an in silico inverse virtual screening, NMR experiments and in vitro enzymatic assays, we demonstrated that i6A targeted farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), a key enzyme involved in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and prenylation of downstream proteins, which are aberrant in several cancers. Following our interest in the anticancer effects of FPPS inhibition, we developed a panel of i6A derivatives bearing bulky aromatic moieties in the N6 position of adenosine. With the aim of clarifying molecular action of N6-benzyladenosine analogs on the FPPS enzyme inhibition and cellular toxicity and proliferation, herein we report the evaluation of the N6-benzyladenosine derivatives’ (compounds 2a–m) effects on cell viability and proliferation on HCT116, DLD-1 (human) and MC38 (murine) colorectal cancer cells (CRC). We found that compounds 2, 2a and 2c showed a persistent antiproliferative effect on human CRC lines and compound 2f exerted a significant effect in impairing the prenylation of RAS and Rap-1A proteins, confirming that the antitumor activity of 2f was related to the ability to inhibit FPPS activity.
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4
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Manera C. Meet Our Editorial Board Member. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/138955752106210215090504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abate M, Citro M, Pisanti S, Caputo M, Martinelli R. Keratinocytes Migration Promotion, Proliferation Induction, and Free Radical Injury Prevention by 3-Hydroxytirosol. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052438. [PMID: 33670966 PMCID: PMC7957601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
3-hydroxytyrosol (HT) is the main phenolic compound found in olive oil with known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties in several dermatological conditions, both when taken in the form of olive oil or pure in cosmeceutical formulations. To date, its direct effect on the wound healing process and the molecular mechanisms involved have not yet been elucidated. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to explore its effects in vitro in epidermal keratinocyte cultures focusing on the molecular mechanism implied. HT was able to induce keratinocyte proliferation in the low micromolar range, increasing the expression of cyclin dependent kinases fundamental for cell cycle progression such as CDK2 and CDK6. Furthermore, it increased cell migration through the activation of tissue remodeling factors such as matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) protein. Then, we evaluated whether HT also showed antioxidant activity at this concentration range, protecting from H2O2-induced cytotoxicity. The HT prevented the activation of ATM serine/threonine kinase (ATM), Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), and p53, reducing the number of apoptotic cells. Our study highlighted novel pharmacological properties of HT, providing the first evidence of its capability to induce keratinocyte migration and proliferation required for healing processes and re-epithelialization.
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Bollu A, Sharma NK. Biased photo cleavage of N-/N-nitrobenzyl from 2’-hydroxyethyl-adenosine and their DNA/RNA Caged-analogues. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Identification of New Genetic Clusters in Glioblastoma Multiforme: EGFR Status and ADD3 Losses Influence Prognosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112429. [PMID: 33172155 PMCID: PMC7694764 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GB) is one of the most aggressive tumors. Despite continuous efforts to improve its clinical management, there is still no strategy to avoid a rapid and fatal outcome. EGFR amplification is the most characteristic alteration of these tumors. Although effective therapy against it has not yet been found in GB, it may be central to classifying patients. We investigated somatic-copy number alterations (SCNA) by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in a series of 137 GB, together with the detection of EGFRvIII and FISH analysis for EGFR amplification. Publicly available data from 604 patients were used as a validation cohort. We found statistical associations between EGFR amplification and/or EGFRvIII, and SCNA in CDKN2A, MSH6, MTAP and ADD3. Interestingly, we found that both EGFRvIII and losses on ADD3 were independent markers of bad prognosis (p = 0.028 and 0.014, respectively). Finally, we got an unsupervised hierarchical classification that differentiated three clusters of patients based on their genetic alterations. It offered a landscape of EGFR co-alterations that may improve the comprehension of the mechanisms underlying GB aggressiveness. Our findings can help in defining different genetic profiles, which is necessary to develop new and different approaches in the management of our patients.
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Manaswiyoungkul P, de Araujo ED, Gunning PT. Targeting prenylation inhibition through the mevalonate pathway. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:51-71. [PMID: 33479604 PMCID: PMC7485146 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00442d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein prenylation is a critical mediator in several diseases including cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Therapeutic intervention has focused primarily on directly targeting the prenyltransferase enzymes, FTase and GGTase I and II. To date, several drugs have advanced to clinical trials and while promising, they have yet to gain approval in a medical setting due to off-target effects and compensatory mechanisms activated by the body which results in drug resistance. While the development of dual inhibitors has mitigated undesirable side effects, potency remains sub-optimal for clinical development. An alternative approach involves antagonizing the upstream mevalonate pathway enzymes, FPPS and GGPPS, which mediate prenylation as well as cholesterol synthesis. The development of these inhibitors presents novel opportunities for dual inhibition of cancer-driven prenylation as well as cholesterol accumulation. Herein, we highlight progress towards the development of inhibitors against the prenylation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimyupa Manaswiyoungkul
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Elvin D de Araujo
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , University of Toronto Mississauga , 3359 Mississauga Rd N. , Mississauga , Ontario L5L 1C6 , Canada .
| | - Patrick T Gunning
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , University of Toronto Mississauga , 3359 Mississauga Rd N. , Mississauga , Ontario L5L 1C6 , Canada .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
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Grimaldi M, Randino R, Ciaglia E, Scrima M, Buonocore M, Stillitano I, Abate M, Covelli V, Tosco A, Gazzerro P, Bifulco M, Rodriquez M, D'Ursi AM. NMR for screening and a biochemical assay: Identification of new FPPS inhibitors exerting anticancer activity. Bioorg Chem 2019; 98:103449. [PMID: 32057422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) is a crucial enzyme for the synthesis of isoprenoids and the key target of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs). N-BPs are potent and selective FPPS inhibitors that are used in the treatment of bone-related diseases, but have poor pharmacokinetic properties. Given the key role played by FPPS in many cancer-related pathways and the pharmacokinetic limits of N-BPs, hundreds of molecules have been screened to identify new FPPS inhibitors characterized by improved drug-like properties that are useful for broader therapeutic applications in solid, non-skeletal tumours. We have previously shown that N6-isopentenyladenosine (i6A) and its related compound N6-benzyladenosine (2) exert anti-glioma activity by interfering with the mevalonate pathway and inhibiting FPPS. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a panel of N6-benzyladenosine derivatives (compounds 2a-m) incorporating different chemical moieties on the benzyl ring. Compounds 2a-m show in vitro antiproliferative activity in U87MG glioma cells and, analogous to the bisphosphonate FPPS inhibitors, exhibit immunogenic properties in ex vivo γδ T cells from stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Using saturation transfer difference (STD) and quantitative 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, we found that 2f, the N6-benzyladenosine analogue that includes a tertbutyl moiety in the para position of the benzyl ring, is endowed with increased FPPS binding and inhibition compared to the parent compounds i6A and 2. N6-benzyladenosine derivatives, characterized by structural features that are significantly different from those of N-BPs, have been confirmed to be promising chemical scaffolds for the development of non N-BP FPPS inhibitors, exerting combined cytotoxic and immunostimulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Grimaldi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54 - Pad. 20 Mostra d'Oltremare, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Randino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Scrima
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Michela Buonocore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ilaria Stillitano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Abate
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Verdiana Covelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tosco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Manuela Rodriquez
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Ursi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
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Ahmad F, Sun Q, Patel D, Stommel JM. Cholesterol Metabolism: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020146. [PMID: 30691162 PMCID: PMC6406281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly lethal adult brain tumor with no effective treatments. In this review, we discuss the potential to target cholesterol metabolism as a new strategy for treating glioblastomas. Twenty percent of cholesterol in the body is in the brain, yet the brain is unique among organs in that it has no access to dietary cholesterol and must synthesize it de novo. This suggests that therapies targeting cholesterol synthesis in brain tumors might render their effects without compromising cell viability in other organs. We will describe cholesterol synthesis and homeostatic feedback pathways in normal brain and brain tumors, as well as various strategies for targeting these pathways for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Ahmad
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Radiation Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Qian Sun
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Radiation Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Deven Patel
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Radiation Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jayne M Stommel
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Radiation Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Castiglioni S, Romeo V, Casati S, Ottria R, Perrotta C, Ciuffreda P, Maier JAM. N6-isopentenyladenosine a new potential anti-angiogenic compound that targets human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 37:533-545. [PMID: 30465624 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1503673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
N6-isopentenyladenosine is an anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic atypical nucleoside for normal and tumor cells. Considering the role of angiogenesis in various diseases, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of N6-isopentenyladenosine on human microvascular endothelial cells, protagonists in angiogenesis. Our results show that N6-isopentenyladenosine induced a significant reduction of cell viability, upregulated p21 and promoted caspase-3 cleavage in a dose dependent manner leading to apoptotic cell death as detected by FACS analysis. To understand structure-function relationship of N6-isopentenyladenosine, we investigated the effect of some N6-isopentenyladenosine analogs. Our results suggest that N6-isopentenyladenosine and some of its derivatives are potentially novel angiostatic agents and might be associated with other anti-angiogenic compounds for a better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Castiglioni
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Valentina Romeo
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Silvana Casati
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Roberta Ottria
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Cristiana Perrotta
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Pierangela Ciuffreda
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Jeanette A M Maier
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
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12
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Cai WY, Zhuang Y, Yan F, Li T, Song WT, Sun JH. Effect of survivin downregulation by simvastatin on the growth and invasion of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1939-1946. [PMID: 29956779 PMCID: PMC6072162 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, is been used in the clinic due to its pleiotropic effects, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer. Simvastatin has recently been demonstrated to serve a potential role in the prophylaxis and therapeutics of a number of human cancers. The majority of reports concerning simvastatin treatment in the majority of human cancers have demonstrated that survivin is significantly decreased as a result and has been implicated in tumorigenesis. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated the use of simvastatin for the treatment of salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). Therefore, this agent is a candidate for further investigation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of simvastatin on the proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of the human salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cell line, SACC-83, as well as survivin expression in the cells. The Cell Counting kit-8 assay results revealed that simvastatin inhibited the proliferation of SACC-83 cells in a dose-dependent (10 to 50 µM) and time-dependent (24 to 48 h) manner when compared with the untreated cells. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that simvastatin increased the percentage of cells in early and late apoptosis. Invasion assays revealed that simvastatin treatment inhibited the invasiveness of SACC-83 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, simvastatin downregulated survivin expression in SACC-83 cells. In conclusion, simvastatin significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of SACC-83 cells, induced apoptosis, and reduced the expression of survivin, which suggests that simvastatin may be a novel target for SACC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhuang
- School of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ting Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Hu Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
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13
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Abate M, Laezza C, Pisanti S, Torelli G, Seneca V, Catapano G, Montella F, Ranieri R, Notarnicola M, Gazzerro P, Bifulco M, Ciaglia E. Deregulated expression and activity of Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase (FDPS) in Glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14123. [PMID: 29075041 PMCID: PMC5658376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive brain cancer, is highly dependent on the mevalonate (MVA) pathway for the synthesis of lipid moieties critical for cell proliferation but the function and regulation of key intermediate enzymes like farnesyl-diphosphate synthase (FDPS), up to now, remained unknown. A deregulated expression and activity of FDPS was the central research idea of the present study. FDPS mRNA, protein and enzyme activity were analyzed in a cohort of stage III-IV glioma patients (N = 49) and primary derived cells. FDPS silencing helped to clarify its function in the maintenance of malignant phenotype. Interestingly, compared to tumor-free peripheral (TFB) brain and normal human astrocytes (NHA), FDPS protein expression and enzyme activity were detected at high degree in tumor mass where a correlation with canonical oncogenic signaling pathways such as STAT3, ERK and AKT was also documented. Further, FDPS knockdown in U87 and GBM primary cells but not in NHA, enhanced apoptosis. With the effort to develop a more refined map of the connectivity between signal transduction pathways and metabolic networks in cancer FDPS as a new candidate metabolic oncogene in glioblastoma, might suggest to further target MVA pathway as valid therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Abate
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081, Baronissi Salerno, Italy
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, IEOS CNR, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081, Baronissi Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanni Torelli
- Neurosurgery Unit A.O. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d' Aragona - Salerno's School of Medicine Largo Città di Ippocrate, 84131, Salerno, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Seneca
- "G.Rummo" Medical Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Benevento, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Catapano
- "G.Rummo" Medical Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Benevento, Italy
| | - Francesco Montella
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081, Baronissi Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberta Ranieri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081, Baronissi Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Notarnicola
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, 70013, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano Salerno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081, Baronissi Salerno, Italy. .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081, Baronissi Salerno, Italy.
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14
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Ciaglia E, Laezza C, Abate M, Pisanti S, Ranieri R, D'alessandro A, Picardi P, Gazzerro P, Bifulco M. Recognition by natural killer cells of N6-isopentenyladenosine-treated human glioma cell lines. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:176-190. [PMID: 28884474 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell stress induced by cytotoxic agents promotes antitumor immune response. Here, we observed that N6-isopentenyladenosine (iPA), an isoprenoid modified adenosine with a well established anticancer activity, was able to induce a significant upregulation of cell surface expression of natural killer (NK) cell activating receptor NK Group 2 member D (NKG2D) ligands on glioma cells in vitro and xenografted in vivo. Specifically suboptimal doses of iPA (0.1 and 1 µM) control the selective upregulation of UL16-binding protein 2 on p53wt-expressing U343MG and that of MICA/B on p53mut-expressing U251MG cells. This event made the glioblastoma cells a potent target for NK cell-mediated recognition through a NKG2D restricted mechanism. p53 siRNA-mediated knock-down and pharmacological inhibition (pifithrin-α), profoundly prevented the iPA action in restoring the immunogenicity of U343MG cells through a mechanism that is dependent upon p53 status of malignancy. Furthermore, accordingly to the preferential recognition of senescent cells by NK cells, we found that iPA treatment was critical for glioma cells entry in premature senescence through the induction of S and G2/M phase arrest. Collectively, our results indicate that behind the well established cytotoxic and antiangiogenic effects, iPA can also display an immune-mediated antitumor activity. The indirect engagement of the innate immune system and its additional activity in primary derived patient's glioma cell model (GBM17 and GBM37), fully increase its translational relevance and led to the exploitation of the isoprenoid pathway for a valid therapeutic intervention in antiglioma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, Baronissi Salerno, Italy
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, IEOS CNR, Via Pansini 5, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Abate
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, Baronissi Salerno, Italy
| | - Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, Baronissi Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberta Ranieri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, Baronissi Salerno, Italy
| | - Alba D'alessandro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano Salerno, Italy
| | - Paola Picardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano Salerno, Italy.,Axxam Spa OpenZone - via A. Meucci, Bresso, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano Salerno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, Baronissi Salerno, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, Naples, Italy
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15
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Ciaglia E, Grimaldi M, Abate M, Scrima M, Rodriquez M, Laezza C, Ranieri R, Pisanti S, Ciuffreda P, Manera C, Gazzerro P, D'Ursi AM, Bifulco M. The isoprenoid derivative N 6 -benzyladenosine CM223 exerts antitumor effects in glioma patient-derived primary cells through the mevalonate pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2287-2301. [PMID: 28419419 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE N6 -Isopentenyladenosine (i6A) is a modified nucleoside exerting in vitro and in vivo antiproliferative effects. We previously demonstrated that the actions of i6A correlate with the expression and activity of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), a key enzyme involved in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, which is aberrant in brain cancer. To develop new anti-glioma strategies, we tested related compounds exhibiting greater activity than i6A. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We designed and synthesized i6A derivatives characterized by the introduction of diverse chemical moieties in the N6 position of adenosine and tested for their efficacy in U87 cells and in primary glioma cultures, derived from patients. NMR-based structural analysis, molecular docking calculations and siRNA mediated knockdown were used to clarify the molecular basis of their action, targeting FPPS protein. KEY RESULTS CM223, the i6A derivative including a benzyl moiety in N6 position of adenine, showed marked activity in selectively targeting glioma cells, but not normal human astrocytes. This was due to induction of intrinsic pathways of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation, along with blockade of FPPS-dependent protein prenylation, which counteracted oncogenic signalling mediated by EGF receptors. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The biological effects together with structural data on interaction of CM223 with FPPS, provided additional evidence for the correlation of the i6A/CM223 antitumor activity with FPPS modulation. Because the MVA pathway is an important promising target, CM223 and its derivatives should be considered interesting active molecules in antiglioma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Manuela Grimaldi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Abate
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Scrima
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Manuela Rodriquez
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Department of Biology and Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Ranieri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Pierangela Ciuffreda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Ursi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.,CORPOREA-Fondazione Idis-Città della Scienza, Naples, Italy
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