1
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Turgambayeva A, Duisekova S, Tashenova G, Tulebayeva A, Kapanova G, Akhenbekova A, Farooqi AA. Role of TRP channels in carcinogenesis and metastasis: Pathophysiology and regulation by non-coding RNAs. Noncoding RNA Res 2024; 9:359-366. [PMID: 38511066 PMCID: PMC10950581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2021, David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian received Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their ground-breaking discoveries in the functional characterization of receptors for temperature and touch. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have captivated tremendous appreciation as promising drug targets over the past few years because of central involvement in different cancers. Based on the insights gleaned from decades of high-quality research, basic and clinical scientists have unveiled how Transient receptor potential channels regulated cancer onset and progression. Pioneering studies have sparked renewed interest and researchers have started to scratch the surface of mechanistic role of these channels in wide variety of cancers. In this review we have attempted to provide a summary of most recent updates and advancements made in the biology of these channels in context of cancers. We have partitioned this review into different subsections on the basis of emerging evidence about characteristically distinct role of TRPV (TRPV1, TRPV5), TRPM (TRPM3, TRPM7) and TRPC in cancers. Regulation of TRP channels by non-coding RNAs is also a very exciting area of research which will be helpful in developing a sharper understanding of the multi-step aspects of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assiya Turgambayeva
- Department Public Health and Management, NJSC, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Samal Duisekova
- Department Public Health and Management, NJSC, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulnara Tashenova
- Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aigul Tulebayeva
- Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulnara Kapanova
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Scientific Center of Anti-Infectious Drugs, 75 Al-Farabi Ave, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Aida Akhenbekova
- Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
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2
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Rubaiy HN. ORAI Calcium Channels: Regulation, Function, Pharmacology, and Therapeutic Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:162. [PMID: 37259313 PMCID: PMC9967976 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The changes in intracellular free calcium (Ca2+) levels are one of the most widely regulators of cell function; therefore, calcium as a universal intracellular mediator is involved in very important human diseases and disorders. In many cells, Ca2+ inflow is mediated by store-operated calcium channels, and it is recognized that the store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is mediated by the two partners: the pore-forming proteins Orai (Orai1-3) and the calcium store sensor, stromal interaction molecule (STIM1-2). Importantly, the Orai/STIM channels are involved in crucial cell signalling processes such as growth factors, neurotransmitters, and cytokines via interaction with protein tyrosine kinase coupled receptors and G protein-coupled receptors. Therefore, in recent years, the issue of Orai/STIM channels as a drug target in human diseases has received considerable attention. This review summarizes and highlights our current knowledge of the Orai/STIM channels in human diseases and disorders, including immunodeficiency, myopathy, tubular aggregate, Stormorken syndrome, York platelet syndrome, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, and cancers, as well as suggesting these channels as drug targets for pharmacological therapeutic intervention. Moreover, this work will also focus on the pharmacological modulators of Orai/STIM channel complexes. Together, our thoughtful of the biology and physiology of the Orai/STIM channels have grown remarkably during the past three decades, and the next important milestone in the field of store-operated calcium entry will be to identify potent and selective small molecules as a therapeutic agent with the purpose to target human diseases and disorders for patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein N Rubaiy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, C1:68, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Seenadera SD, Long SA, Akee R, Bermudez G, Parsonage G, Strope J, Peer C, Figg WD, Parker KA, Beech DJ, Beutler JA. Biological Effects of Modifications of the Englerin A Glycolate. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1472-1476. [PMID: 36105325 PMCID: PMC9465829 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifications at the glycolate moiety of englerin A were made to explore variations at the most sensitive site on the molecule for activity in the NCI 60 screen, wherein englerin A is highly potent and selective for renal cancer cells. Replacement of the glycolate by other functionalities as well as esterification of the glycolate hydroxyl yielded compounds which displayed excellent selectivity and potency compared with the natural product. TRPC4/5 ion channel experiments with five compounds showed delayed or reduced agonism with TRPC5, at much higher concentrations than englerin A. With TRPC4, these compounds all had no effect at 10 μM. The same compounds were not detectable in mouse serum after a single oral dose of 12.5 mg/kg. At 100 mg/kg p.o., no toxicity was observed, and blood levels were barely detectable. Intravenous administration led to toxicity but at substantially lower doses than for englerin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarath
P. D. Seenadera
- Molecular
Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702 United States
| | - Sarah A. Long
- Molecular
Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702 United States
| | - Rhone Akee
- Leidos
Biomedical, FNLCR, Frederick, Maryland 21702 United States
| | - Gabriela Bermudez
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11790 United States
| | | | - Jonathan Strope
- Genitourinary
Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 United States
| | - Cody Peer
- Genitourinary
Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 United States
| | - W. Douglas Figg
- Genitourinary
Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 United States
| | - Kathlyn A. Parker
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11790 United States
| | - David J. Beech
- School
of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT U.K.
| | - John A. Beutler
- Molecular
Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702 United States
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4
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Heckman CA, Ademuyiwa OM, Cayer ML. How filopodia respond to calcium in the absence of a calcium-binding structural protein: non-channel functions of TRP. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:130. [PMID: 36028898 PMCID: PMC9414478 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For many cell types, directional locomotion depends on their maintaining filopodia at the leading edge. Filopodia lack any Ca2+-binding structural protein but respond to store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Methods SOCE was induced by first replacing the medium with Ca2+-free salt solution with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). This lowers Ca2+ in the ER and causes stromal interacting molecule (STIM) to be translocated to the cell surface. After this priming step, CPA was washed out, and Ca2+ influx restored by addition of extracellular Ca2+. Intracellular Ca2+ levels were measured by calcium orange fluorescence. Regulatory mechanisms were identified by pharmacological treatments. Proteins mediating SOCE were localized by immunofluorescence and analyzed after image processing. Results Depletion of the ER Ca2+ increased filopodia prevalence briefly, followed by a spontaneous decline that was blocked by inhibitors of endocytosis. Intracellular Ca2+ increased continuously for ~ 50 min. STIM and a transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) protein were found in separate compartments, but an aquaporin unrelated to SOCE was present in both. STIM1- and TRPC1-bearing vesicles were trafficked on microtubules. During depletion, STIM1 migrated to the surface where it coincided with Orai in punctae, as expected. TRPC1 was partially colocalized with Vamp2, a rapidly releasable pool marker, and with phospholipases (PLCs). TRPC1 retreated to internal compartments during ER depletion. Replenishment of extracellular Ca2+ altered the STIM1 distribution, which came to resemble that of untreated cells. Vamp2 and TRPC1 underwent exocytosis and became homogeneously distributed on the cell surface. This was accompanied by an increased prevalence of filopodia, which was blocked by inhibitors of TRPC1/4/5 and endocytosis. Conclusions Because the media were devoid of ligands that activate receptors during depletion and Ca2+ replenishment, we could attribute filopodia extension to SOCE. We propose that the Orai current stimulates exocytosis of TRPC-bearing vesicles, and that Ca2+ influx through TRPC inhibits PLC activity. This allows regeneration of the substrate, phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2), a platform for assembling proteins, e. g. Enabled and IRSp53. TRPC contact with PLC is required but is broken by TRPC dissemination. This explains how STIM1 regulates the cell’s ability to orient itself in response to attractive or repulsive cues. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00927-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Heckman
- Department of Biological Sciences, 217 Life Science Building, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403-0001, USA.
| | - O M Ademuyiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, 217 Life Science Building, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403-0001, USA
| | - M L Cayer
- Center for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
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5
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Angiotensin-II-Evoked Ca 2+ Entry in Murine Cardiac Fibroblasts Does Not Depend on TRPC Channels. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020322. [PMID: 32013125 PMCID: PMC7072683 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPC proteins form cation conducting channels regulated by different stimuli and are regulators of the cellular calcium homeostasis. TRPC are expressed in cardiac cells including cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and have been implicated in the development of pathological cardiac remodeling including fibrosis. Using Ca2+ imaging and several compound TRPC knockout mouse lines we analyzed the involvement of TRPC proteins for the angiotensin II (AngII)-induced changes in Ca2+ homeostasis in CFs isolated from adult mice. Using qPCR we detected transcripts of all Trpc genes in CFs; Trpc1, Trpc3 and Trpc4 being the most abundant ones. We show that the AngII-induced Ca2+ entry but also Ca2+ release from intracellular stores are critically dependent on the density of CFs in culture and are inversely correlated with the expression of the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin. Our Ca2+ measurements depict that the AngII- and thrombin-induced Ca2+ transients, and the AngII-induced Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ release are not affected in CFs isolated from mice lacking all seven TRPC proteins (TRPC-hepta KO) compared to control cells. However, pre-incubation with GSK7975A (10 µM), which sufficiently inhibits CRAC channels in other cells, abolished AngII-induced Ca2+ entry. Consequently, we conclude the dispensability of the TRPC channels for the acute neurohumoral Ca2+ signaling evoked by AngII in isolated CFs and suggest the contribution of members of the Orai channel family as molecular constituents responsible for this pathophysiologically important Ca2+ entry pathway.
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6
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Wang H, Cheng X, Tian J, Xiao Y, Tian T, Xu F, Hong X, Zhu MX. TRPC channels: Structure, function, regulation and recent advances in small molecular probes. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107497. [PMID: 32004513 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels constitute a group of receptor-operated calcium-permeable nonselective cation channels of the TRP superfamily. The seven mammalian TRPC members, which can be further divided into four subgroups (TRPC1, TRPC2, TRPC4/5, and TRPC3/6/7) based on their amino acid sequences and functional similarities, contribute to a broad spectrum of cellular functions and physiological roles. Studies have revealed complexity of their regulation involving several components of the phospholipase C pathway, Gi and Go proteins, and internal Ca2+ stores. Recent advances in cryogenic electron microscopy have provided several high-resolution structures of TRPC channels. Growing evidence demonstrates the involvement of TRPC channels in diseases, particularly the link between genetic mutations of TRPC6 and familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Because TRPCs were discovered by the molecular identity first, their pharmacology had lagged behind. This is rapidly changing in recent years owning to great efforts from both academia and industry. A number of potent tool compounds from both synthetic and natural products that selective target different subtypes of TRPC channels have been discovered, including some preclinical drug candidates. This review will cover recent advancements in the understanding of TRPC channel regulation, structure, and discovery of novel TRPC small molecular probes over the past few years, with the goal of facilitating drug discovery for the study of TRPCs and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Xiaoding Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jinbin Tian
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuling Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Innovation Center for Traditional Tibetan Medicine Modernization and Quality Control, Medical College, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Fuchun Xu
- Innovation Center for Traditional Tibetan Medicine Modernization and Quality Control, Medical College, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Xuechuan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Innovation Center for Traditional Tibetan Medicine Modernization and Quality Control, Medical College, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China.
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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7
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Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channels in Cancer Therapy. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7120108. [PMID: 31801263 PMCID: PMC6950741 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7120108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels family consists of six different families, namely TRPC (canonical), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPM (melastatin), TRPML (mucolipin), TRPP (polycystin), and TRPA (ankyrin), that are strictly connected with cancer cell proliferation, differentiation, cell death, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion. Changes in TRP channels' expression and function have been found to regulate cell proliferation and resistance or sensitivity of cancer cells to apoptotic-induced cell death, resulting in cancer-promoting effects or resistance to chemotherapy treatments. This review summarizes the data reported so far on the effect of targeting TRP channels in different types of cancer by using multiple TRP-specific agonists, antagonists alone, or in combination with classic chemotherapeutic agents, microRNA specifically targeting the TRP channels, and so forth, and the in vitro and in vivo feasibility evaluated in experimental models and in cancer patients. Considerable efforts have been made to fight cancer cells, and therapies targeting TRP channels seem to be the most promising strategy. However, more in-depth investigations are required to completely understand the role of TRP channels in cancer in order to design new, more specific, and valuable pharmacological tools.
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8
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Jeong S, Ko J, Kim M, Park KC, Park EYJ, Kim J, Baik Y, Wie J, Cho AE, Jeon JH, So I. Englerin A-sensing charged residues for transient receptor potential canonical 5 channel activation. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 23:191-201. [PMID: 31080350 PMCID: PMC6488704 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2019.23.3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) 5 channel, known as a nonselective cation channel, has a crucial role in calcium influx. TRPC5 has been reported to be activated by muscarinic receptor activation and extracellular pH change and inhibited by the protein kinase C pathway. Recent studies have also suggested that TRPC5 is extracellularly activated by englerin A (EA), but the mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to identify the EA-interaction sites in TRPC5 and thereby clarify the mechanism of TRPC5 activation. TRPC5 channels are over-expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. TRPC5 mutants were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. The whole-cell patch-clamp configuration was used to record TRPC5 currents. Western analysis was also performed to observe the expression of TRPC5 mutants. To identify the EA-interaction site in TRPC5, we first generated pore mutants. When screening the mutants with EA, we observed the EA-induced current increases of TRPC5 abolished in K554N, H594N, and E598Q mutants. The current increases of other mutants were reduced in different levels. We also examined the functional intactness of the mutants that had no effect by EA with TRPC5 agonists, such as carbachol or GTPγS. Our results suggest that the three residues, Lys-554, His-594, and Glu-598, in TRPC5 might be responsible for direct interaction with EA, inducing the channel activation. We also suggest that although other pore residues are not critical, they could partly contribute to the EA-induced channel activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeungJoo Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Juyeon Ko
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Ki Chul Park
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Eunice Yon June Park
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jinsung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Youngjoo Baik
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jinhong Wie
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Art E Cho
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Jeon
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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9
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Sharma S, Hopkins CR. Review of Transient Receptor Potential Canonical (TRPC5) Channel Modulators and Diseases. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7589-7602. [PMID: 30943030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels are highly homologous, nonselective cation channels that form many homo- and heterotetrameric channels. These channels are highly abundant in the brain and kidney and have been implicated in numerous diseases, such as depression, addiction, and chronic kidney disease, among others. Historically, there have been very few selective modulators of the TRPC family in order to fully understand their role in disease despite their physiological significance. However, that has changed recently and there has been a significant increase in interest in this family of channels which has led to the emergence of selective tool compounds, and even preclinical drug candidates, over the past few years. This review will cover these new advancements in the discovery of TRPC modulators and the emergence of newly reported structural information which will undoubtedly lead to even greater advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagat Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198-6125 , United States
| | - Corey R Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198-6125 , United States
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10
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Dryer SE, Roshanravan H, Kim EY. TRPC channels: Regulation, dysregulation and contributions to chronic kidney disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1041-1066. [PMID: 30953689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding canonical transient receptor potential-6 (TRPC6) channels result in severe nephrotic syndromes that typically lead to end-stage renal disease. Many but not all of these mutations result in a gain in the function of the resulting channel protein. Since those observations were first made, substantial work has supported the hypothesis that TRPC6 channels can also contribute to progression of acquired (non-genetic) glomerular diseases, including primary and secondary FSGS, glomerulosclerosis during autoimmune glomerulonephritis, and possibly in type-1 diabetes. Their regulation has been extensively studied, especially in podocytes, but also in mesangial cells and other cell types present in the kidney. More recent evidence has implicated TRPC6 in renal fibrosis and tubulointerstitial disease caused by urinary obstruction. Consequently TRPC6 is being extensively investigated as a target for drug discovery. Other TRPC family members are present in kidney. TRPC6 can form a functional heteromultimer with TRPC3, and it has been suggested that TRPC5 may also play a role in glomerular disease progression, although the evidence on this is contradictory. Here we review literature on the expression and regulation of TRPC6, TRPC3 and TRPC5 in various cell types of the vertebrate kidney, the evidence that these channels are dysregulated in disease models, and research showing that knock-out or pharmacological inhibition of these channels can reduce the severity of kidney disease. We also summarize several areas that remain controversial, and some of the large gaps of knowledge concerning the fundamental role of these proteins in regulation of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart E Dryer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Hila Roshanravan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Rubaiy HN. Treasure troves of pharmacological tools to study transient receptor potential canonical 1/4/5 channels. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:832-846. [PMID: 30656647 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical or classical transient receptor potential 4 and 5 proteins (TRPC4 and TRPC5) assemble as homomers or heteromerize with TRPC1 protein to form functional nonselective cationic channels with high calcium permeability. These channel complexes, TRPC1/4/5, are widely expressed in nervous and cardiovascular systems, also in other human tissues and cell types. It is debatable that TRPC1 protein is able to form a functional ion channel on its own. A recent explosion of molecular information about TRPC1/4/5 has emerged including knowledge of their distribution, function, and regulation suggesting these three members of the TRPC subfamily of TRP channels play crucial roles in human physiology and pathology. Therefore, these ion channels represent potential drug targets for cancer, epilepsy, anxiety, pain, and cardiac remodelling. In recent years, a number of highly selective small-molecule modulators of TRPC1/4/5 channels have been identified as being potent with improved pharmacological properties. This review will focus on recent remarkable small-molecule agonists: (-)-englerin A and tonantzitlolone and antagonists: Pico145 and HC7090, of TPRC1/4/5 channels. In addition, this work highlights other recently identified modulators of these channels such as the benzothiadiazine derivative, riluzole, ML204, clemizole, and AC1903. Together, these treasure troves of agonists and antagonists of TRPC1/4/5 channels provide valuable hints to comprehend the functional importance of these ion channels in native cells and in vivo animal models. Importantly, human diseases and disorders mediated by these proteins can be studied using these compounds to perhaps initiate drug discovery efforts to develop novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein N Rubaiy
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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12
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TRPC-mediated Ca 2+ signaling and control of cellular functions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:28-39. [PMID: 30738858 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Canonical members of the TRP superfamily of ion channels have long been recognized as key elements of Ca2+ handling in a plethora of cell types. The emerging role of TRPC channels in human physiopathology has generated considerable interest in their pharmacological targeting, which requires detailed understanding of their molecular function. Although consent has been reached that receptor-phospholipase C (PLC) pathways and generation of lipid mediators constitute the prominent upstream signaling process that governs channel activity, multimodal sensing features of TRPC complexes have been demonstrated repeatedly. Downstream signaling by TRPC channels is similarly complex and involves the generation of local and global cellular Ca2+ rises, which are well-defined in space and time to govern specific cellular functions. These TRPC-mediated Ca2+ signals rely in part on Ca2+ permeation through the channels, but are essentially complemented by secondary mechanisms such as Ca2+ mobilization from storage sites and Na+/Ca2+ exchange, which involve coordinated interaction with signaling partners. Consequently, the control of cell functions by TRPC molecules is critically determined by dynamic assembly and subcellular targeting of the TRPC complexes. The very recent availability of high-resolution structure information on TRPC channel complexes has paved the way towards a comprehensive understanding of signal transduction by TRPC channels. Here, we summarize current concepts of cation permeation in TRPC complexes, TRPC-mediated shaping of cellular Ca2+ signals and the associated control of specific cell functions.
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13
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Rubaiy HN, Ludlow MJ, Siems K, Norman K, Foster R, Wolf D, Beutler JA, Beech DJ. Tonantzitlolone is a nanomolar potency activator of transient receptor potential canonical 1/4/5 channels. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3361-3368. [PMID: 29859013 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The diterpene ester tonantzitlolone (TZL) is a natural product, which displays cytotoxicity towards certain types of cancer cell such as renal cell carcinoma cells. The effect is similar to that of (-)-englerin A, and so, although it is chemically distinct, we investigated whether TZL also targets transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels of the 1, 4 and 5 type (TRPC1/4/5 channels). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of TZL on renal cell carcinoma A498 cells natively expressing TRPC1 and TRPC4, modified HEK293 cells overexpressing TRPC4, TRPC5, TRPC4-TRPC1 or TRPC5-TRPC1 concatemer, TRPC3 or TRPM2, or CHO cells overexpressing TRPV4 were studied by determining changes in intracellular Ca2+ , or whole-cell or excised membrane patch-clamp electrophysiology. KEY RESULTS TZL induced an elevation of intracellular Ca2+ in A498 cells, similar to that evoked by englerin A. TZL activated overexpressed channels with EC50 values of 123 nM (TRPC4), 83 nM (TRPC5), 140 nM (TRPC4-TRPC1) and 61 nM (TRPC5-TRPC1). These effects of TZL were reversible on wash-out and potently inhibited by the TRPC1/4/5 inhibitor Pico145. TZL activated TRPC5 channels when bath-applied to excised outside-out but not inside-out patches. TZL failed to activate endogenous store-operated Ca2+ entry or overexpressed TRPC3, TRPV4 or TRPM2 channels in HEK 293 cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TZL is a novel potent agonist for TRPC1/4/5 channels, which should be useful for testing the functionality of this type of ion channel and understanding how TRPC1/4/5 agonists achieve selective cytotoxicity against certain types of cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John A Beutler
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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14
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Minard A, Bauer CC, Wright DJ, Rubaiy HN, Muraki K, Beech DJ, Bon RS. Remarkable Progress with Small-Molecule Modulation of TRPC1/4/5 Channels: Implications for Understanding the Channels in Health and Disease. Cells 2018; 7:E52. [PMID: 29865154 PMCID: PMC6025525 DOI: 10.3390/cells7060052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the TRPC family can form many homo- and heterotetrameric cation channels permeable to Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca2+. In this review, we focus on channels formed by the isoforms TRPC1, TRPC4 and TRPC5. We review evidence for the formation of different TRPC1/4/5 tetramers, give an overview of recently developed small-molecule TRPC1/4/5 activators and inhibitors, highlight examples of biological roles of TRPC1/4/5 channels in different tissues and pathologies, and discuss how high-quality chemical probes of TRPC1/4/5 modulators can be used to understand the involvement of TRPC1/4/5 channels in physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Minard
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Claudia C Bauer
- Department of Discovery and Translational Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - David J Wright
- Department of Discovery and Translational Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Hussein N Rubaiy
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Katsuhiko Muraki
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan.
| | - David J Beech
- Department of Discovery and Translational Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Robin S Bon
- Department of Discovery and Translational Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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15
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Rubaiy HN, Seitz T, Hahn S, Choidas A, Habenberger P, Klebl B, Dinkel K, Nussbaumer P, Waldmann H, Christmann M, Beech DJ. Identification of an (-)-englerin A analogue, which antagonizes (-)-englerin A at TRPC1/4/5 channels. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:830-839. [PMID: 29247460 PMCID: PMC5811624 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE (-)-Englerin A (EA) is a potent cytotoxic agent against renal carcinoma cells. It achieves its effects by activation of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)4/TRPC1 heteromeric channels. It is also an agonist at channels formed by the related protein, TRPC5. Here, we sought an EA analogue, which might enable a better understanding of these effects of EA. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH An EA analogue, A54, was synthesized by chemical elaboration of EA. The effects of EA and A54 on the activity of human TRPC4 or TRPC5 channels overexpressed on A498 and HEK 293 cells were investigated, firstly, by measuring intracellular Ca2+ and, secondly, current using whole-cell patch clamp recordings. KEY RESULTS A54 had weak or no agonist activity at endogenous TRPC4/TRPC1 channels in A498 cells or TRPC4 or TRPC5 homomeric channels overexpressed in HEK 293 cells. A54 strongly inhibited EA-mediated activation of TRPC4/TRPC1 or TRPC5 and weakly inhibited activation of TRPC4. Studies of TRPC5 showed that A54 shifted the EA concentration-response curve to the right without changing its slope, consistent with competitive antagonism. In contrast, Gd3+ -activated TRPC5 or sphingosine-1-phosphate-activated TRPC4 channels were not inhibited but potentiated by A54. A54 did not activate TRPC3 channels or affect the activation of these channels by the agonist 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study has revealed a new tool compound for EA and TRPC1/4/5 channel research, which could be useful for characterizing endogenous TRPC1/4/5 channels and understanding EA-binding sites and their physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Seitz
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Sven Hahn
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | | | - Bert Klebl
- Lead Discovery Center GmbHDortmundGermany
| | | | | | | | - Mathias Christmann
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
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