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Ren L, Li Y, Feng Y, Zhang Z, Yang H, Li M. CLCN3 in mediating the proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells. Transl Cancer Res 2024; 13:1443-1457. [PMID: 38617512 PMCID: PMC11009797 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Chloride channel-3 (CLCN3), a crucial component of the voltage-gated chloride channel family, is implicated in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of CLCN3 in pancancer and its influence on the immune response through the use of a range of databases. Concurrently, we assessed the impact of CLCN3 on the proliferation of ovarian cancer (OC) cells and explored its potential mechanisms. Methods We employed the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) 2.0 and Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) databases to examine the messenger RNA (mRNA) and the protein expression of CLCN3 across various cancers. The prognostic significance of CLCN3 was evaluated using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2.0 (GEPIA 2.0) database. The University of Alabama at Birmingham Cancer Data Analysis Portal (UALCAN) facilitated the analysis of CLCN3 promoter methylation levels. The association between CLCN3 expression and tumor-infiltrating immune cells was investigated using various algorithms. The cBioportal database facilitated the analysis of CLCN3 mutations and mutation sites across various cancers. The Tumor-Immune System Interactions Database (TISIDB) database was employed to explore the correlation between CLCN3 expression and immune or molecular subtypes across a variety of cancer types. We collected ovarian tissue samples, encompassing both normal ovarian and OC tissues. The human OC cell lines, SKOV3 cells and OVCAR433 cells, were cultured. CLCN3 expression was determined via reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), while phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt kinase (PI3K/AKT) expression was detected using Western blot. We utilized small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology to suppress CLCN3 expression. The proliferative capacity of SKOV3 and OVCAR433 cells was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) assay. Results CLCN3 demonstrated an aberrant expression in a number of cancer types and was markedly reduced in OC tissues. Poor prognosis in cervical squamous cell cancer and myeloid leukemia was linked to excessive expression of CLCN3. The examination of immune cell infiltration, which included CD8+ T cells, B cells, T regulatory cells, and cancer-associated fibroblast cells, showed a strong association with aberrant CLCN3 expression. Following the use of siRNA technology, the ability of the ovarian carcinoma cell line SKOV3 and OVCAR433 to proliferate as well as the expression of PI3K/AKT both increased. Conclusions CLCN3 is a possible biomarker for immune-related processes and the prognosis of cancer, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway may affect OC cells' ability to proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufei Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yifan Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huijun Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Hefei, China
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2
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Hwang SY, Park S, Jo H, Hee Seo S, Jeon KH, Kim S, Jung AR, Song C, Ahn M, Yeon Kwak S, Lee HJ, Uesugi M, Na Y, Kwon Y. Interrupting specific hydrogen bonds between ELF3 and MED23 as an alternative drug resistance-free strategy for HER2-overexpressing cancers. J Adv Res 2022; 47:173-187. [PMID: 35963541 PMCID: PMC10173165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HER2 overexpression induces cancer aggression and frequent recurrences in many solid tumors. Because HER2 overproduction is generally followed by gene amplification, inhibition of protein-protein interaction (PPI) between transcriptional factor ELF3 and its coactivator MED23 has been considered an effective but challenging strategy. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the hotspot of ELF3-MED23 PPI and further specify the essential residues and their key interactions in the hotspot which are controllable by small molecules with significant anticancer activity. METHODS Intensive biological evaluation methods including SEAP, fluorescence polarization, LC-MS/MS-based quantitative, biosensor, GST-pull down assays, and in silico structural analysis were performed to determine hotspot of ELF3-MED23 PPI and to elicit YK1, a novel small molecule PPI inhibitor. The effects of YK1 on possible PPIs of MED23 and the efficacy of trastuzumab were assessed using cell culture and tumor xenograft mouse models. RESULTS ELF3-MED23 PPI was found to be specifically dependent on H-bondings between D400, H449 of MED23 and W138, I140 of ELF3 for upregulating HER2 gene transcription. Employing YK1, we confirmed that interruption on these H-bondings significantly attenuated the HER2-mediated oncogenic signaling cascades and exhibited significant in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity against HER2-overexpressing breast and gastric cancers even in their trastuzumab refractory clones. CONCLUSION Our approach to develop specific ELF3-MED23 PPI inhibitor without interfering other PPIs of MED23 can finally lead to successful development of a drug resistance-free compound to interrogate HER2 biology in diverse conditions of cancers overexpressing HER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Seojeong Park
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Hyunji Jo
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Seung Hee Seo
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Jeon
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Seojeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Jung
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Chanju Song
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Misun Ahn
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kwak
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Korea
| | - Hwa-Jong Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Younghwa Na
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Korea.
| | - Youngjoo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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3
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Guo S, Zhang L, Li N. ANO1: More Than Just Calcium-Activated Chloride Channel in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:922838. [PMID: 35734591 PMCID: PMC9207239 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.922838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ANO1, a calcium-activated chloride channel (CACC), is also known as transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A). It plays a vital role in the occurrence, development, metastasis, proliferation, and apoptosis of various malignant tumors. This article reviews the mechanism of ANO1 involved in the replication, proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of various malignant tumors. Various molecules and Stimuli control the expression of ANO1, and the regulatory mechanism of ANO1 is different in tumor cells. To explore the mechanism of ANO1 overexpression and activation of tumor cells by studying the different effects of ANO1. Current studies have shown that ANO1 expression is controlled by 11q13 gene amplification and may also exert cell-specific effects through its interconnected protein network, phosphorylation of different kinases, and signaling pathways. At the same time, ANO1 also resists tumor apoptosis and promotes tumor immune escape. ANO1 can be used as a promising biomarker for detecting certain malignant tumors. Further studies on the channels and the mechanism of protein activity of ANO1 are needed. Finally, the latest inhibitors of ANO1 are summarized, which provides the research direction for the tumor-promoting mechanism of ANO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Guo
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Linna Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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4
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Li H, Yu Z, Wang H, Wang N, Sun X, Yang S, Hua X, Liu Z. Role of ANO1 in tumors and tumor immunity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:2045-2068. [PMID: 35471604 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of gene amplification, cell-signaling-pathway transduction, epigenetic and transcriptional regulation, and protein interactions drives tumor-cell proliferation and invasion, while ion channels also play an important role in the generation and development of tumor cells. Overexpression of Ca2+-activated Cl- channel anoctamin 1 (ANO1) is shown in numerous cancer types and correlates with poor prognosis. However, the mechanisms involved in ANO1-mediated malignant cellular transformation and the role of ANO1 in tumor immunity remain unknown. In this review, we discuss recent studies to determine the role of ANO1 in tumorigenesis and provide novel insights into the role of ANO1 in the context of tumor immunity. Furthermore, we analyze the roles and potential mechanisms of ANO1 in different types of cancers, and provide novel notions for the role of ANO1 in the tumor microenvironment and for potential use of ANO1 in clinical applications. Our review shows that ANO1 is involved in tumor immunity and microenvironment, and may, therefore, be an effective biomarker and therapeutic drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haini Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Sixth People's Hospital, Qingdao, 266001, China
| | - Zongxue Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Qingdao Third People's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266001, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Qingdao Third People's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Qingdao Third People's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Xueguo Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao, 266001, China
| | - Shengmei Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao, 266001, China
| | - Xu Hua
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Qingdao Third People's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Zongtao Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Qingdao Third People's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
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5
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Han Y, Zhou Y, Zhou L, Jia X, Yu X, An X, Shi Z. Blockade of ClC-3 enhances cisplatin-sensitivity of cholangiocarcinoma cells though inhibiting autophagy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:584-593. [PMID: 35413227 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the most important strategies in the treatment of cancer, however, chemo-resistance restricts the effect of chemotherapy. Growing reports suggest that chloride channel-3 (ClC-3) is involved in regulating the sensitivity of multiple chemotherapeutic agents in the chemotherapy of various tumors, while its role in the chemotherapy of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is still poorly understood. Herein, we observed that ClC-3 was highly expressed in CCA chemo-resistant tissues and CCA cisplatin-resistant cells QBC939/DDP, and, the sensitivities of QBC939 and QBC939/DDP cells to cisplatin were all increased after inhibition of ClC-3. Further mechanism exploration revealed that ClC-3 knockdown reduced the level of autophagy. Furthermore, in both QBC939 and QBC939/DDP cells, the autophagy agonist rapamycin eliminated the increased cisplatin sensitivity of ClC-3 knockdown without affecting ClC-3 expression. Collectively, all the findings demonstrate that ClC-3 knockdown increases cisplatin-induced cell death in CCA cells though inhibiting autophagy, regardless of the occurrence of cisplatin resistance. In addition, our results also suggest that targeted inhibition of ClC-3 may be a potential strategy for chemosensitization in CCA chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Han
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Department of General Surgery, Handan, China;
| | - Yan Zhou
- Hebei University of Engineering, 117798, Department of Nursing, Handan, China;
| | - Liyuan Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Department of Gynaecology, Handan, China;
| | - Xiaoyan Jia
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Department of General Surgery, Handan, China;
| | - Xiangjun Yu
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Department of General Surgery, Handan, China;
| | - Xiaohong An
- Jize County People's Hospital, Department of Hospital Infection-Control, Jize, China;
| | - Zhe Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Department of General Surgery, Handan, China;
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6
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Manore SG, Doheny DL, Wong GL, Lo HW. IL-6/JAK/STAT3 Signaling in Breast Cancer Metastasis: Biology and Treatment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:866014. [PMID: 35371975 PMCID: PMC8964978 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.866014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. Metastasis is the primary cause of mortality for breast cancer patients. Multiple mechanisms underlie breast cancer metastatic dissemination, including the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-mediated signaling pathway. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in multiple physiological processes including cell proliferation, immune surveillance, acute inflammation, metabolism, and bone remodeling. IL-6 binds to the IL-6 receptor (IL-6Rα) which subsequently binds to the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) receptor creating a signal transducing hexameric receptor complex. Janus kinases (JAKs) are recruited and activated; activated JAKs, in turn, phosphorylate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) for activation, leading to gene regulation. Constitutively active IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling drives cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness while suppressing apoptosis, and STAT3 enhances IL-6 signaling to promote a vicious inflammatory loop. Aberrant expression of IL-6 occurs in multiple cancer types and is associated with poor clinical prognosis and metastasis. In breast cancer, the IL-6 pathway is frequently activated, which can promote breast cancer metastasis while simultaneously suppressing the anti-tumor immune response. Given these important roles in human cancers, multiple components of the IL-6 pathway are promising targets for cancer therapeutics and are currently being evaluated preclinically and clinically for breast cancer. This review covers the current biological understanding of the IL-6 signaling pathway and its impact on breast cancer metastasis, as well as, therapeutic interventions that target components of the IL-6 pathway including: IL-6, IL-6Rα, gp130 receptor, JAKs, and STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Manore
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Daniel L Doheny
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Grace L Wong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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7
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Zhou Z, Zhang C, Ma Z, Wang H, Tuo B, Cheng X, Liu X, Li T. Pathophysiological role of ion channels and transporters in HER2-positive breast cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1097-1104. [PMID: 34997219 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer (BC) has been increasing each year, and BC is now the most common malignant tumor in women. Among the numerous BC subtypes, HER2-positive BC can be treated with a variety of strategies based on targeting HER2. Although there has been great progress in the treatment of HER2-positive BC, recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance remain considerable challenges. The dysfunction of ion channels and transporters can affect the development and progression of HER2-positive BC, so these entities are expected to be new therapeutic targets. This review summarizes various ion channels and transporters associated with HER2-positive BC and suggests potential targets for the development of new and effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxing Zhou
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Chengmin Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province, China.
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Abstract
Chloride channel 3 (ClC-3), a Cl-/H+ antiporter, has been well established as a member of volume-regulated chloride channels (VRCCs). ClC-3 may be a crucial mediator for activating inflammation-associated signaling pathways by regulating protein phosphorylation. A growing number of studies have indicated that ClC-3 overexpression plays a crucial role in mediating increased plasma low-density lipoprotein levels, vascular endothelium dysfunction, pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages, hyper-proliferation and hyper-migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), as well as oxidative stress and foam cell formation, which are the main factors responsible for atherosclerotic plaque formation in the arterial wall. In the present review, we summarize the molecular structures and classical functions of ClC-3. We further discuss its emerging role in the atherosclerotic process. In conclusion, we explore the potential role of ClC-3 as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Niu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Wang K. The Ca 2+-activated chloride channel ANO1/TMEM16A: An emerging therapeutic target for epithelium-originated diseases? Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1412-1433. [PMID: 34221860 PMCID: PMC8245819 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anoctamin 1 (ANO1) or TMEM16A gene encodes a member of Ca2+ activated Cl– channels (CaCCs) that are critical for physiological functions, such as epithelial secretion, smooth muscle contraction and sensory signal transduction. The attraction and interest in ANO1/TMEM16A arise from a decade long investigations that abnormal expression or dysfunction of ANO1 is involved in many pathological phenotypes and diseases, including asthma, neuropathic pain, hypertension and cancer. However, the lack of specific modulators of ANO1 has impeded the efforts to validate ANO1 as a therapeutic target. This review focuses on the recent progress made in understanding of the pathophysiological functions of CaCC ANO1 and the current modulators used as pharmacological tools, hopefully illustrating a broad spectrum of ANO1 channelopathy and a path forward for this target validation.
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Key Words
- ANO1
- ANO1, anoctamin-1
- ASM, airway smooth muscle
- Ang II, angiotensin II
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- CAMK, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
- CF, cystic fibrosis
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- Ca2+-activated Cl– channels (CaCCs)
- CaCCinh-A01
- CaCCs, Ca2+ activated chloride channels
- Cancer
- Cystic fibrosis
- DRG, dorsal root ganglion
- Drug target
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ENaC, epithelial sodium channels
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- FRT, fisher rat thyroid
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GIST, gastrointestinal stromal tumor
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- HTS, high-throughput screening
- ICC, interstitial cells of Cajal
- IPAH, idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension
- PAR2, protease activated receptor 2
- PASMC, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells
- PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
- PKD, polycystic kidney disease
- T16Ainh-A01
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TMEM16A
- VGCC, voltage gated calcium channel
- VRAC, volume regulated anion channel
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cells
- YFP, yellow fluorescent protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266073, China
- Institute of Innovative Drugs, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Zongtao Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Third People's Hospital, Qingdao 266041, China
| | - KeWei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266073, China
- Institute of Innovative Drugs, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Feng J, Peng Z, Gao L, Yang X, Sun Z, Hou X, Li E, Zhu L, Yang H. ClC-3 promotes paclitaxel resistance via modulating tubulins polymerization in ovarian cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111407. [PMID: 33765585 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) present as malignant tumors with high mortality in the female reproductive system diseases. Acquired resistance to paclitaxel (PTX), one of the first-line treatment of EOC, remains a therapeutic challenge. ClC-3, a member of the voltage-gated Cl- channels, plays an essential role in a variety of cellular activities, including chemotherapeutic resistance. Here, we demonstrated that the protein expression and channel function of ClC-3 was upregulated in PTX resistance A2780/PTX cells compared with its parental A2780 cells. The silence of ClC-3 expression by siRNA in A2780/PTX cells partly recovered the PTX sensitivity through restored the G2/M arrest and resumed the chloride channel blocked. ClC-3 siRNA both inhibited the expression of ClC-3 and β-tubulin, whereas the β-tubulin siRNA reduced the expression of itself only, without affecting the expression of ClC-3. Moreover, treatment of ClC-3 siRNA in A2780/PTX cells increased the polymerization ratio of β-tubulin, and the possibility of proteins interaction between ClC-3 and β-tubulin was existing. Take together, the over-expression of ClC-3 protein in PTX-resistance ovarian cancer cells promotes the combination of ClC-3 and β-tubulin, which in turn increase the ration of free form and decrease the quota of the polymeric form of β-tubulin, and finally reduce the sensitivity to PTX. Our findings elucidated a novel function of ClC-3 in regulating PTX resistance and ClC-3 could serve as a potential target to overcome the PTX resistance ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhu Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zihan Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lvfen Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiurou Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zele Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiuying Hou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Enze Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Linyan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou 510120, China.
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Grigoriev VV. [Calcium-activated chloride channels: structure, properties, role in physiological and pathological processes]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2021; 67:17-33. [PMID: 33645519 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216701017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+-activated chloride channels (CaCC) are a class of intracellular calcium activated chloride channels that mediate numerous physiological functions. In 2008, the molecular structure of CaCC was determined. CaCC are formed by the protein known as anoctamine 1 (ANO1 or TMEM16A). CaCC mediates the secretion of Cl- in secretory epithelia, such as the airways, salivary glands, intestines, renal tubules, and sweat glands. The presence of CaCC has also been recognized in the vascular muscles, smooth muscles of the respiratory tract, which control vascular tone and hypersensitivity of the respiratory tract. TMEM16A is activated in many cancers; it is believed that TMEM16A is involved in carcinogenesis. TMEM16A is also involved in cancer cells proliferation. The role of TMEM16A in the mechanisms of hypertension, asthma, cystic fibrosis, nociception, and dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract has been determined. In addition to TMEM16A, its isoforms are involved in other physiological and pathophysiological processes. TMEM16B (or ANO2) is involved in the sense of smell, while ANO6 works like scramblase, and its mutation causes a rare bleeding disorder, known as Scott syndrome. ANO5 is associated with muscle and bone diseases. TMEM16A interacts with various cellular signaling pathways including: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), calmodulin (CaM) kinases, transforming growth factor TGF-β. The review summarizes existing information on known natural and synthetic compounds that can block/modulate CaCC currents and their effect on some pathologies in which CaCC is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Grigoriev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Chen W, Gu M, Gao C, Chen B, Yang J, Xie X, Wang X, Sun J, Wang J. The Prognostic Value and Mechanisms of TMEM16A in Human Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:542156. [PMID: 33681289 PMCID: PMC7930745 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.542156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a calcium ion-dependent chloride channel transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A) locates on the cell membrane. Numerous research results have shown that TMEM16A is abnormally expressed in many cancers. Mechanically, TMEM16A participates in cancer proliferation and migration by affecting the MAPK and CAMK signaling pathways. Additionally, it is well documented that TMEM16A exerts a regulative impact on the hyperplasia of cancer cells by interacting with EGFR in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), an epithelial growth factor receptor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma respectively. Meanwhile, as an EGFR activator, TMEM16A is considered as an oncogene or a tumor-promoting factor. More and more experimental data showed that down-regulation of TMEM16A or gene targeted therapy may be an effective treatment for cancer. This review summarized its role in various cancers and research advances related to its clinical application included treatment and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Chen
- Anhui Province Children's Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chaobing Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of AnHui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bangjie Chen
- First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junfa Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Anhui Medicine Centralized Procurement Service Center, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Anhui Province Children's Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Crottès D, Jan LY. The multifaceted role of TMEM16A in cancer. Cell Calcium 2019; 82:102050. [PMID: 31279157 PMCID: PMC6711484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A is intimately linked to cancers. Over decades, TMEM16A over-expression and contribution to prognosis have been widely studied for multiple cancers strengthening the idea that TMEM16A could be a valuable biomarker and a promising therapeutic target. Surprisingly, from the survey of the literature, it appears that TMEM16A has been involved in multiple cancer-related functions and a large number of molecular targets of TMEM16A have been proposed. Thus, TMEM16A appears to be an ion channel with a multifaceted role in cancers. In this review, we summarize the latest development regarding TMEM16A contribution to cancers. We will survey TMEM16A contribution in cancer prognosis, the origins of its over-expression in cancer cells, the multiple biological functions and molecular pathways regulated by TMEM16A. Then, we will consider the question regarding the molecular mechanism of TMEM16A in cancers and the possible basis for the multifaceted role of TMEM16A in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Crottès
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Guan Y, Luan Y, Xie Y, Zhou H, Li W, Zhang X, Shen X, Chen Y, Xu L, Lin Z, Wang G. Chloride channel-3 is required for efficient tumour cell migration and invasion in human cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 153:661-669. [PMID: 30905432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chloride channel-3 (ClC-3) plays significant roles in various physiological and physiopathological activities, including cell migration and invasion ability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether ClC-3 influences the migration and invasion of cervical squamous cell carcinoma cells and its possible mechanisms. METHODS Paraffin-embedded cervical tissues, including normal cervical tissues, cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and homologous paracancerous tissues, were collected. The cervical squamous cell carcinoma and matched paracarcinoma fresh tissues specimens were collected from 49 patients with SCC, and the normal cervical tissues were collected from 45 non-cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients. The human cervical squamous carcinoma cell line SiHa was cultured. ClC-3 expression was assessed by real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot, and the expression of phospho-PI3K/Akt/mTOR and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was detected by Western blot. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was used to knockdown ClC-3 expression. SiHa cell migration and invasion ability were measured using Transwell assays with or without Matrigel-coated membranes. RESULTS ClC-3 mRNA and protein expression in SCC tissues from cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients was significantly upregulated, and no significant difference was noted between the matched paracarcinoma fresh tissue from the same patients and non-cervical cancer patients. SiHa cell migration and invasion and phospho-PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MMP-9 expression were attenuated by knocking down ClC-3 expression using ClC-3 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS ClC-3 participates in the processes of SCC cell migration and invasion and regulates MMP-9 expression via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Guan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yi Luan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Ximing Shen
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Lijiang Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Zhongqiu Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.
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Contribution of Anoctamins to Cell Survival and Cell Death. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030382. [PMID: 30893776 PMCID: PMC6468699 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Before anoctamins (TMEM16 proteins) were identified as a family of Ca2+-activated chloride channels and phospholipid scramblases, the founding member anoctamin 1 (ANO1, TMEM16A) was known as DOG1, a marker protein for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Meanwhile, ANO1 has been examined in more detail, and the role of ANO1 in cell proliferation and the development of different types of malignomas is now well established. While ANO5, ANO7, and ANO9 may also be relevant for growth of cancers, evidence has been provided for a role of ANO6 (TMEM16F) in regulated cell death. The cellular mechanisms by which anoctamins control cell proliferation and cell death, respectively, are just emerging; however, the pronounced effects of anoctamins on intracellular Ca2+ levels are likely to play a significant role. Recent results suggest that some anoctamins control membrane exocytosis by setting Ca2+i levels near the plasma membrane, and/or by controlling the intracellular Cl- concentration. Exocytosis and increased membrane trafficking induced by ANO1 and ANO6 may enhance membrane expression of other chloride channels, such as CFTR and volume activated chloride channels (VRAC). Notably, ANO6-induced phospholipid scrambling with exposure of phosphatidylserine is pivotal for the sheddase function of disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM). This may support cell death and tumorigenic activity of IL-6 by inducing IL-6 trans-signaling. The reported anticancer effects of the anthelminthic drug niclosamide are probably related to the potent inhibitory effect on ANO1, apart from inducing cell cycle arrest through the Let-7d/CDC34 axis. On the contrary, pronounced activation of ANO6 due to a large increase in intracellular calcium, activation of phospholipase A2 or lipid peroxidation, can lead to ferroptotic death of cancer cells. It therefore appears reasonable to search for both inhibitors and potent activators of TMEM16 in order to interfere with cancer growth and metastasis.
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Ion Channels: New Actors Playing in Chemotherapeutic Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030376. [PMID: 30884858 PMCID: PMC6468599 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the battle against cancer cells, therapeutic modalities are drastically limited by intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. Resistance to therapy is not only common, but expected: if systemic agents used for cancer treatment are usually active at the beginning of therapy (i.e., 90% of primary breast cancers and 50% of metastases), about 30% of patients with early-stage breast cancer will have recurrent disease. Altered expression of ion channels is now considered as one of the hallmarks of cancer, and several ion channels have been linked to cancer cell resistance. While ion channels have been associated with cell death, apoptosis and even chemoresistance since the late 80s, the molecular mechanisms linking ion channel expression and/or function with chemotherapy have mostly emerged in the last ten years. In this review, we will highlight the relationships between ion channels and resistance to chemotherapy, with a special emphasis on the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Fujimoto M, Kito H, Kajikuri J, Ohya S. Transcriptional repression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 by ClC-3 Cl - /H + transporter inhibition in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2781-2791. [PMID: 29949674 PMCID: PMC6125433 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that the intracellular concentration of chloride ions (Cl−) regulates gene expression in several types of cells and that Cl− modulators positively or negatively regulate the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 signaling pathways. We previously reported that the Ca2+‐activated Cl− channel anoctamine (ANO)1 regulated human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) transcription in breast cancer YMB‐1 cells. However, the mechanisms underlying ANO1‐regulated HER2 gene expression have not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we showed the involvement of intracellular organelle ClC‐3 Cl−/H+ transporter in HER2 transcription in breast cancer MDA‐MB‐453 cells. The siRNA‐mediated inhibition of ClC‐3, but not ANO1, markedly repressed HER2 transcription in MDA‐MB‐453 cells. Subsequently, treatments with the AKT inhibitor AZD 5363 and mTOR inhibitor everolimus significantly enhanced HER2 transcription in MDA‐MB‐453 cells, whereas that with the STAT3 inhibitor 5,15‐diphenylporphyrin (5,15‐DPP) inhibited it. AKT and mTOR inhibitors also significantly enhanced HER2 transcription in YMB‐1 cells. The siRNA‐mediated inhibition of ClC‐3 and ANO1 resulted in increased AKT phosphorylation and decreased STAT3 phosphorylation in MDA‐MB‐453 and YMB‐1 cells, respectively. The intracellular Cl− channel protein CLIC1 was expressed in both cells; however, its siRNA‐mediated inhibition did not elicit the transcriptional repression of HER2. Collectively, our results demonstrate that intracellular Cl− regulation by ANO1/ClC‐3 participates in HER2 transcription, mediating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and/or STAT3 signaling pathway(s) in HER2‐positive breast cancer cells, and support the potential of ANO1/ClC‐3 blockers as therapeutic options for patients with resistance to anti‐HER2 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Fujimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kito
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junko Kajikuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Susumu Ohya
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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