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Xie J, Wu S, Liao W, Ning J, Ding K. Src is a target molecule of mannose against pancreatic cancer cells growth in vitro & in vivo. Glycobiology 2023; 33:766-783. [PMID: 37658770 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly malignant cancer with limited treatment options. Mannose, a common monosaccharide taken up by cells through the same transporters as glucose, has been shown to induce growth retardation and enhance cell death in response to chemotherapy in several cancers, including PDAC. However, the molecular targets and mechanisms underlying mannose's action against PDAC are not well understood. In this study, we used an integrative approach of network pharmacology, bioinformatics analysis, and experimental verification to investigate the pharmacological targets and mechanisms of mannose against PDAC. Our results showed that the protein Src is a key target of mannose in PDAC. Additionally, computational analysis revealed that mannose is a highly soluble compound that meets Lipinski's rule of five and that the expression of its target molecules is correlated with survival rates and prognosis in PDAC patients. Finally, we validated our findings through in vitro and in vivo experiments. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that mannose plays a critical role in inhibiting PDAC growth by targeting Src, suggesting that it may be a promising therapeutic candidate for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Xie
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong New district, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengjie Wu
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong New district, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenfeng Liao
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong New district, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingru Ning
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong New district, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kan Ding
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong New district, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, SSIP Healthcare and Medicine Demonstration Zone, Zhongshan Tsuihang New District, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528400, China
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van Rijt A, Stefanek E, Valente K. Preclinical Testing Techniques: Paving the Way for New Oncology Screening Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4466. [PMID: 37760435 PMCID: PMC10526899 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior to clinical trials, preclinical testing of oncology drug candidates is performed by evaluating drug candidates with in vitro and in vivo platforms. For in vivo testing, animal models are used to evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of drug candidates. However, animal models often display poor translational results as many drugs that pass preclinical testing fail when tested with humans, with oncology drugs exhibiting especially poor acceptance rates. The FDA Modernization Act 2.0 promotes alternative preclinical testing techniques, presenting the opportunity to use higher complexity in vitro models as an alternative to in vivo testing, including three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models. Three-dimensional tissue cultures address many of the shortcomings of 2D cultures by more closely replicating the tumour microenvironment through a combination of physiologically relevant drug diffusion, paracrine signalling, cellular phenotype, and vascularization that can better mimic native human tissue. This review will discuss the common forms of 3D cell culture, including cell spheroids, organoids, organs-on-a-chip, and 3D bioprinted tissues. Their advantages and limitations will be presented, aiming to discuss the use of these 3D models to accurately represent human tissue and as an alternative to animal testing. The use of 3D culture platforms for preclinical drug development is expected to accelerate as these platforms continue to improve in complexity, reliability, and translational predictivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia van Rijt
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
| | - Evan Stefanek
- VoxCell BioInnovation Inc., Victoria, BC V8T 5L2, Canada;
| | - Karolina Valente
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
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Diego-González L, Fernández-Carrera A, Igea A, Martínez-Pérez A, Real Oliveira MECD, Gomes AC, Guerra C, Barbacid M, González-Fernández Á, Simón-Vázquez R. Combined Inhibition of FOSL-1 and YAP Using siRNA-Lipoplexes Reduces the Growth of Pancreatic Tumor. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133102. [PMID: 35804874 PMCID: PMC9265026 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Intercepting the molecular mechanisms implicated in pancreatic cancer progression can be an efficient therapeutic approach to treat this aggressive tumor. The Hippo pathway is a key mechanism driving tumor progression, even in the absence of KRAS activation. When this pathway is switched off, the transcriptional coactivator YAP is translocated into the nucleus and induces the activation of several genes implicated in tumor progression and apoptosis inhibition. FOSL-1 is a transcription factor that synergizes with YAP, forming a transcriptional complex. It has been shown to have a good therapeutic outcome when they are individually inhibited. In this work, we showed for the first time that the combined inhibition of YAP and FOSL-1 mRNA expression, using siRNA-lipoplexes, induces superior control over tumor growth in vitro and in vivo, compared to the individual treatments, and a reduction of the tumor stroma. The results offer a new therapeutic approach for pancreatic cancer treatment. Abstract Pancreatic cancer evades most of the current therapies and there is an urgent need for new treatments that could efficiently eliminate this aggressive tumor, such as the blocking of routes driving cell proliferation. In this work, we propose the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to inhibit the combined expression of FOSL-1 and YAP, two signaling proteins related with tumor cell proliferation and survival. To improve the efficacy of cell transfection, DODAB:MO (1:2) liposomes were used as siRNA nanocarriers, forming a complex denominated siRNA-lipoplexes. Liposomes and lipoplexes (carrying two siRNA for each targeted protein, or the combination of four siRNAs) were physico-chemically and biologically characterized. They showed very good biocompatibility and stability. The efficient targeting of FOSL-1 and YAP expression at both mRNA and protein levels was first proved in vitro using mouse pancreatic tumoral cell lines (KRASG12V and p53 knockout), followed by in vivo studies using subcutaneous allografts on mice. The peri-tumoral injection of lipoplexes lead to a significant decrease in the tumor growth in both Athymic Nude-Foxn1nu and C57BL/6 mice, mainly in those receiving the combination of four siRNAs, targeting both YAP and FOSL-1. These results open a new perspective to overcome the fast tumor progression in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Diego-González
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (L.D.-G.); (A.F.-C.); (A.I.); (A.M.-P.); (Á.G.-F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Andrea Fernández-Carrera
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (L.D.-G.); (A.F.-C.); (A.I.); (A.M.-P.); (Á.G.-F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana Igea
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (L.D.-G.); (A.F.-C.); (A.I.); (A.M.-P.); (Á.G.-F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Amparo Martínez-Pérez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (L.D.-G.); (A.F.-C.); (A.I.); (A.M.-P.); (Á.G.-F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Andreia C. Gomes
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Carmen Guerra
- CNIO (Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas), Experimental Oncology Group, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.); (M.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Barbacid
- CNIO (Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas), Experimental Oncology Group, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.); (M.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (L.D.-G.); (A.F.-C.); (A.I.); (A.M.-P.); (Á.G.-F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosana Simón-Vázquez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (L.D.-G.); (A.F.-C.); (A.I.); (A.M.-P.); (Á.G.-F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986130142
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Chen Z, Wang S, Li HL, Luo H, Wu X, Lu J, Wang HW, Chen Y, Chen D, Wu WT, Zhang S, He Q, Lu D, Liu N, You Y, Wu W, Wang H. FOSL1 promotes proneural-to-mesenchymal transition of glioblastoma stem cells via UBC9/CYLD/NF-κB axis. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2568-2583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Zhu S, Zhu Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Guo X. CHK Methylation Is Elevated in Colon Cancer Cells and Contributes to the Oncogenic Properties. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:708038. [PMID: 34268315 PMCID: PMC8276677 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.708038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Src is an important oncogene that plays key roles in multiple signal transduction pathways. Csk-homologous kinase (CHK) is a kinase whose molecular roles are largely uncharacterized. We previously reported expression of CHK in normal human colon cells, and decreased levels of CHK protein in colon cancer cells leads to the activation of Src (Zhu et al., 2008). However, how CHK protein expression is downregulated in colon cancer cells has been unknown. We report herein that CHK mRNA was decreased in colon cancer cells as compared to normal colon cells, and similarly in human tissues of normal colon and colon cancer. Increased levels of DNA methylation at promotor CpG islands of CHK gene were observed in colon cancer cells and human colon cancer tissues as compared to their normal healthy counterparts. Increased levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) were also observed in colon cancer cells and tissues. DNA methylation and decreased expression of CHK mRNA were inhibited by DNMT inhibitor 5-Aza-CdR. Cell proliferation, colony growth, wound healing, and Matrigel invasion were all decreased in the presence of 5-Aza-CdR. These results suggest that increased levels of DNA methylation, possibly induced by enhanced levels of DNMT, leads to decreased expression of CHK mRNA and CHK protein, promoting increased oncogenic properties in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Zhu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xuzhou Health Research Institute, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Xuzhou Health Research Institute, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qiuwen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Li ZY, Sun XY. Recent progress in SRC targeted therapy for pancreatic cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2021; 29:621-627. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v29.i12.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly lethal malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of only 10% and is extremely resistant to chemotherapy. Therefore, developing effective therapeutic drugs is urgently needed. SRC is a proto-oncogenic tyrosine protein kinase and highly expressed in more than 70% of PCs. SRC is involved in regulating the proliferation, infiltration, and metastasis of PC cells as well as tumor angiogenesis, thus representing one of the most promising molecular targets for developing novel drugs. Preclinical studies demonstrate that small-molecule SRC inhibitors display significant anti-cancer activities in vitro and in vivo, and have a synergistic effect with conventional chemotherapy drugs against PC. Some SRC inhibitors have been evaluated in clinical trials. This article analyzes the regulatory mechanism of SRC and the recent progress and problems in developing drugs targeting SRC for the treatment of PC. Unfortunately, up to date no SRC inhibitor or regiment containing SRC inhibitors has been approved for the clinical treatment of PC. In the authors' opinion, the introduction of precision medicine principles to carry out SRC inhibitor clinical trials, combination of immunotherapy and SRC inhibitors, seeking more selective and effective SRC inhibitors, and further exploration of the SRC regulatory network may be the future directions for developing SRC-targeted therapies against PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Li
- Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xue-Ying Sun
- Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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7
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Abula Y, Su Y, Tuniyazi D, Yi C. Desmoglein 3 contributes to tumorigenicity of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through activating Src-FAK signaling. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2021; 25:195-202. [PMID: 34262662 PMCID: PMC8253207 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2021.1943707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmogleins (DSGs), with the ability to link adjacent cells, have been shown to participate in the development of malignancy. DSG3 was up-regulated in various cancers, including lung, head and neck, and esophagus squamous cell carcinoma, which contributed to the tumor progression. The role of DSG3 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) still remains elusive. Here, the expression of DSG3 was found to be enhanced in pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro. Functional assays showed that shRNA-mediated knockdown of DSG3 decreased cell viability of pancreatic cancer cells and retarded the cell proliferation, migration and invasion. However, pcDNA-mediated over-expression of DSG3 exhibited reversed effect on pancreatic cancer cell progression. In addition, the in vivo assay demonstrated that transfection of shDSG3 lentiviruses into pancreatic cancer cells repressed the tumorigenicity of PDAC after the cancer cells were transplanted into mice subcutaneously. Elevated DSG3 expression promoted the phosphorylation of Src (p-Src), focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) and AKT (p-AKT) in vitro, while silence of DSG3 reduced the expression of p-Src, p-FAK and p-AKT both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, DSG3, as an oncogene, contributed to the tumorigenicity of PDAC through activating Src-FAK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimamumaimaitijiang Abula
- Department of Hepatological Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yating Su
- Department of Medical, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dilixiati Tuniyazi
- Department of Hepatological Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Yi
- Department of Hepatological Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
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Emerging Roles of 5-Lipoxygenase Phosphorylation in Inflammation and Cell Death. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2749173. [PMID: 31871543 PMCID: PMC6906800 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2749173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (ALOX5) is an iron-containing and nonheme dioxygenase that catalyzes the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid. ALOX5 is the rate-limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, a family of proinflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. ALOX5 also make great contributions to mediating lipid peroxidation. In recent years, it has been discovered that ALOX5 plays a central role in cell death including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, a newly discovered type of cell death. According to the previous studies, ALOX5 can regulate cell death in two ways: one is inflammation and the other is lipid peroxidation. Meanwhile, it has been shown that ALOX5 activity is regulated by several factors including protein phosphorylation, ALOX5-interactng protein, redox state, and metal ions such as iron and calcium. In this review, we aim to summarize the knowledge on the emerging roles of ALOX5 protein phosphorylation in the regulation of cell death and inflammation in order to explore a potential target for human diseases.
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Expression and function of FRA1 protein in tumors. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:737-752. [PMID: 31612408 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AP-1 is a dimeric complex that is composed of JUN, FOS, ATF and MAF protein families. FOS-related antigen 1 (FRA1) which encoded by FOSL1 gene, belongs to the FOS protein family, and mainly forms an AP-1 complex with the protein of the JUN family to exert an effect. Regulation of FRA1 occurs at levels of transcription and post-translational modification, and phosphorylation is the major post-translational modification. FRA1 is mainly regulated by the mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway and is degraded by ubiquitin-independent proteasomes. FRA1 can affect biological functions, such as tumor proliferation, differentiation, invasion and apoptosis. Studies have demonstrated that FRA1 is abnormally expressed in many tumors and plays a relevant role, but the specific condition varies from the target organs. FRA1 is overexpressed in breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, thyroid cancer and other tumors. However, the expression of FRA1 is decreased in cervical cancer, and the expression of FRA1 in ovarian cancer and oral squamous cell carcinoma is still controversial. In this review, we present a detailed description of the regulatory factors and functions of FRA1, also, the expression of FRA1 in various tumors and its function in relative tumor.
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Yang W, Meng L, Chen K, Tian C, Peng B, Zhong L, Zhang C, Yang X, Zou J, Yang S, Li L. Preclinical pharmacodynamic evaluation of a new Src/FOSL1 inhibitor, LY-1816, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1408-1419. [PMID: 30618127 PMCID: PMC6447837 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts, the clinical prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains disappointing. There is an urgent need to develop more effective treatment strategies to improve the prognosis of patients with PDAC. In this study, we evaluate the anti‐PDAC effects of LY‐1816, a new multikinase inhibitor developed by us. In in vitro assays, LY‐1816 showed significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human PDAC cells, and induced PDAC cell apoptosis. Western blot analysis revealed that LY‐1816 markedly suppressed the Src signaling, and downregulated the expression of FOSL1; FOSL1 is an oncogene vulnerability in KRAS‐driven pancreatic cancer. In in vivo models of PDAC xenografts (Aspc‐1 and Bxpc‐3), LY‐1816 showed more potent antitumor activity than dasatinib and gemcitabine. Moreover, mice treated with LY‐1816 showed a much more significant survival advantage in a metastatic model of PDAC compared with those treated with vehicle, dasatinib, or gemcitabine. These results provide effective support for the subsequent clinical evaluation of LY‐1816 in the treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linli Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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