Transcription factor POU4F2 promotes colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion through hedgehog-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Quantitative trait loci mapping of circulating metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid to uncover biological mechanisms involved in brain-related phenotypes

Genomic studies of molecular traits have provided mechanistic insights into complex disease, though these lag behind for brain-related traits due to the inaccessibility of brain tissue. We leveraged cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to study neurobiological mechanisms in vivo, measuring 5543 CSF metabolites, the largest panel in CSF to date, in 977 individuals of European ancestry. Individuals originated from two separate cohorts including cognitively healthy subjects (n = 490) and a well-characterized memory clinic sample, the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort (ADC, n = 487). We performed metabolite quantitative trait loci (mQTL) mapping on CSF metabolomics and found 126 significant mQTLs, representing 65 unique CSF metabolites across 51 independent loci. To better understand the role of CSF mQTLs in brain-related disorders we integrated our CSF mQTL results with pre-existing summary statistics on brain traits, identifying 34 genetic associations between CSF metabolites and brain traits. Over 90% of significant mQTLs demonstrated colocalized associations with brain-specific gene expression, unveiling potential neurobiological pathways.

Intervention of epithelial mesenchymal transition against colon cancer cell growth and metastasis based on SOX21/POU4F2/Hedgehog signaling axis

AIMS

Colon cancer poses a major threat to human health and a heavy burden on the national economy. As a member of the SOX transcription factor family, SRY-box transcription factor 21 (SOX21) is associated with various cancers, but its mechanism of action in colon cancer remains unclear. This study focused on the molecular mechanisms of transcription factor SOX21 in proliferation and metastasis of colon cancer cells.

MAIN METHODS

We analyzed SOX21 expression level and its impact on survival in colon cancer patients by bioinformatics analysis. We used public databases for gene correlation, GSEA enrichment analysis. Cell function experiments (colony formation assay, wound healing assay, Transwell migration and invasion assay) were utilized to determine the impact of SOX21 silencing and over-expression on cell proliferation and metastasis. The luciferase reporter assay, CUT&RUN-qPCR assay and Methylation Specific PCR were used to explore SOX21-POU class 4 homeobox 2 (POU4F2) molecular interactions. The molecular mechanisms were verified by Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis.

KEY FINDINGS

SOX21 is highly expressed and affects the overall survival of colon cancer patients. SOX21 can attenuates POU4F2 methylation state by binding with it. In addition, this interaction facilitate its transcriptional activation of Hedgehog pathway, mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), consequently promoting the proliferation and metastasis of colon cancer cells.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our study reveals that SOX21 is an oncogenic molecule and suggests its regulatory role in colon carcinogenesis and progression, providing new insights into the treatment of this disease.

Resveratrol restrains colorectal cancer metastasis by regulating miR-125b-5p/TRAF6 signaling axis

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies with a high incidence, metastatic tendency and low 5-year survival rate. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound has been shown to inhibit colorectal cancer metastasis in recent studies. Its underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. Our findings demonstrated that miR-125b-5p, acting as a tumor suppressor, was conspicuously down-regulated in both colorectal cancer tissues and cell lines. The expression of miR-125b-5p negatively correlated with the expression of its direct target TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Both miR-125b-5p overexpression and TRAF6 knockdown inhibited metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. In addition, we uncovered that resveratrol up-regulated miR-125b-5p by increasing its stability and suppressed TRAF6-induced signal pathway in a dose/time-dependent manner. Resveratrol could significantly curtail the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells, which was counteracted by miR-125b-5p knockdown or TRAF6 overexpression. These results indicated that resveratrol could restrain colorectal cancer metastasis by promoting miR-125b-5p/TRAF6 signaling axis. Furthermore, lung metastasis models of colorectal cancer were constructed by tail vein injection. Down-regulation of miR-125b-5p could facilitate colorectal cancer metastasis in vivo, which could be impeded by resveratrol. In conclusion, our findings delineated the miR-125b-5p/TRAF6 signaling axis as a novel molecular mechanism underlying the metastatic process in colorectal cancer, as well as a prospective therapeutic target. Resveratrol disrupts colorectal cancer metastasis by activating miR-125b-5p/TRAF6 signal pathway and might improve the clinical outcome of colorectal cancer patients with low expression of miR-125b-5p.

Genetic variants in hypoxia-inducible factor pathway are associated with colorectal cancer risk and immune infiltration

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway genes influence tumorigenesis and immune status. However, the associations between genetic variants in hypoxia-related genes and colorectal cancer risk and the immune status of hypoxia-associated genes in colorectal cancer have not been systematically characterized. The associations between genetic variants and colorectal cancer risk were evaluated in Chinese, Japanese and European populations using logistic regression analysis. The relationships between target genes and tumour immune infiltration were predicted by Tumour Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER). We found that rs34533650 in EPAS1 was associated with colorectal cancer risk (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.20-1.70, P(FDR)  = 8.35 × 10-4 ), and this finding was validated in two independent populations (Japanese: OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01-1.15, p = 3.38 × 10-2 ; European: OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03-1.19, p = 6.04 × 10-3 ). EPAS1-associated genes were enriched in immune-related pathways. In addition, we found that EPAS1 copy number variation (CNV) was associated with the degree of infiltration of immune cells and observed correlations between EPAS1 expression and immune cell infiltration levels in colorectal cancer. These results highlight that genetic variants of hypoxia-related genes play roles in colorectal cancer risk and provide new insight that EPAS1 might be a promising predictor of colorectal cancer susceptibility and immune status.

Quantitative trait loci mapping of circulating metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid to uncover biological mechanisms involved in brain-related phenotypes

Genomic studies of molecular traits have provided mechanistic insights into complex disease, though these lag behind for brain-related traits due to the inaccessibility of brain tissue. We leveraged cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to study neurobiological mechanisms in vivo , measuring 5,543 CSF metabolites, the largest panel in CSF to date, in 977 individuals of European ancestry. Individuals originated from two separate cohorts including cognitively healthy subjects (n=490) and a well-characterized memory clinic sample, the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort (ADC, n=487). We performed metabolite quantitative trait loci (mQTL) mapping on CSF metabolomics and found 126 significant mQTLs, representing 65 unique CSF metabolites across 51 independent loci. To better understand the role of CSF mQTLs in brain-related disorders, we performed a metabolome-wide association study (MWAS), identifying 40 associations between CSF metabolites and brain traits. Similarly, over 90% of significant mQTLs demonstrated colocalized associations with brain-specific gene expression, unveiling potential neurobiological pathways.

Unraveling the function of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer: Metastasis, therapy response, and revisiting molecular pathways

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a dangerous form of cancer that affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is a major global health concern, and the aggressive behavior of tumor cells makes it difficult to treat, leading to poor survival rates for patients. One major challenge in treating CRC is the metastasis, or spread, of the cancer, which is a major cause of death. In order to improve the prognosis for patients with CRC, it is necessary to focus on ways to inhibit the cancer's ability to invade and spread. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that is linked to the spread of cancer cells, also known as metastasis. The process transforms epithelial cells into mesenchymal ones, increasing their mobility and ability to invade other tissues. This has been shown to be a key mechanism in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), a particularly aggressive form of gastrointestinal cancer. The activation of EMT leads to increases in the spread of CRC cells, and during this process, levels of the protein E-cadherin decrease while levels of N-cadherin and vimentin increase. EMT also contributes to the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy in CRC. Non-coding RNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play a role in regulating EMT in CRC, often through their ability to "sponge" microRNAs. Anti-cancer agents have been shown to suppress EMT and reduce the progression and spread of CRC cells. These findings suggest that targeting EMT or related mechanisms may be a promising approach for treating CRC patients in the clinic.

The role of Hedgehog and Notch signaling pathway in cancer

Notch and Hedgehog signaling are involved in cancer biology and pathology, including the maintenance of tumor cell proliferation, cancer stem-like cells, and the tumor microenvironment. Given the complexity of Notch signaling in tumors, its role as both a tumor promoter and suppressor, and the crosstalk between pathways, the goal of developing clinically safe, effective, tumor-specific Notch-targeted drugs has remained intractable. Drugs developed against the Hedgehog signaling pathway have affirmed definitive therapeutic effects in basal cell carcinoma; however, in some contexts, the challenges of tumor resistance and recurrence leap to the forefront. The efficacy is very limited for other tumor types. In recent years, we have witnessed an exponential increase in the investigation and recognition of the critical roles of the Notch and Hedgehog signaling pathways in cancers, and the crosstalk between these pathways has vast space and value to explore. A series of clinical trials targeting signaling have been launched continually. In this review, we introduce current advances in the understanding of Notch and Hedgehog signaling and the crosstalk between pathways in specific tumor cell populations and microenvironments. Moreover, we also discuss the potential of targeting Notch and Hedgehog for cancer therapy, intending to promote the leap from bench to bedside.

Curcuminoids as Modulators of EMT in Invasive Cancers: A Review of Molecular Targets With the Contribution of Malignant Mesothelioma Studies

Curcuminoids, which include natural acyclic diarylheptanoids and the synthetic analogs of curcumin, have considerable potential for fighting against all the characteristics of invasive cancers. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process for embryonic morphogenesis, however, the last decade has confirmed it orchestrates many features of cancer invasiveness, such as tumor cell stemness, metabolic rewiring, and drug resistance. A wealth of studies has revealed EMT in cancer is in fact driven by an increasing number of parameters, and thus understanding its complexity has now become a cornerstone for defining future therapeutic strategies dealing with cancer progression and metastasis. A specificity of curcuminoids is their ability to target multiple molecular targets, modulate several signaling pathways, modify tumor microenvironments and enhance the host’s immune response. Although the effects of curcumin on these various parameters have been the subject of many reviews, the role of curcuminoids against EMT in the context of cancer have never been reviewed so far. This review first provides an updated overview of all EMT drivers, including signaling pathways, transcription factors, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and tumor microenvironment components, with a special focus on the most recent findings. Secondly, for each of these drivers the effects of curcumin/curcuminoids on specific molecular targets are analyzed. Finally, we address some common findings observed between data reported in the literature and the results of investigations we conducted on experimental malignant mesothelioma, a model of invasive cancer representing a useful tool for studies on EMT and cancer.

Methamphetamine exposure increases cardiac microvascular permeability by activating the VEGF-PI3K-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway, reversed by Bevacizumab

Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit amphetamine-like psychostimulant that is commonly abused. However, the modulation of METH-induced cardiac microvascular permeability is still not completely known. Previously, we discovered that the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulated the cardiotoxicity produced by METH. In this work, we looked into the effect of METH exposure on cardiac microvascular permeability via the VEGF-PI3K-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway, as well as the efficacy of Bevacizumab treatment in reducing this effect. The findings revealed that METH exposure enhanced cardiac microvascular permeability while also activating the VEGF-PI3K-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway. Furthermore, treatment with Bevacizumab has been shown to be effective in reversing the METH-induced phenomena. Briefly stated, our research may provide fresh insight into the molecular underpinnings of METH-induced cardiac microvascular permeability, and it may also provide evidence for a relationship between METH misuse and Bevacizumab medication.