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Ma J, Peng Z, Ma L, Diao L, Shao X, Zhao Z, Liu L, Zhang L, Huang C, Liu M. A Multiple-Target Simultaneous Detection Method for Immunosorbent Assay and Immunospot Assay. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8704-8714. [PMID: 35649130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is one of the most common methods in biological studies, and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) is a method to measure specific cell numbers by detecting protein secretion at a single-cell level. However, these two current methods can only detect one signal at one time and the sensitivity is not high enough to test low-concentration samples, which are major shortcomings in systematically analyzing the samples of interest. Herein, we demonstrated fluorescence-based oligo-linked immunosorbent assay (FOLISA) and fluorescence-based oligo-linked immunospot (FOLISPOT), which utilized DNA-barcoded antibodies to provide a highly multiplexed method with signal amplification. Signal amplification and simultaneous multiple-target detection were achieved by DNA complementary pairing and modular orthogonal DNA concatemers. By comparing FOLISA with traditional ELISA and comparing FOLISPOT with traditional ELISPOT, we found that the detection sensitivities of FOLISA and FOLISPOT are much higher than those of traditional ELISA and ELISPOT. The detection limit of ELISA is around 3 pg/mL, and the detection limit of FOLISA is below 0.06 pg/mL. FOLISPOT can detect more spots than ELISPOT and can detect targets that are undetectable for ELISPOT. Furthermore, FOLISA and FOLISPOT allowed sequential detection of multiple targets by using a single dye or multiple dyes in one round and sequential detection in multiple rounds. Thus, FOLISA and FOLISPOT enabled simultaneous detection of a large number of targets, significantly improved the detection sensitivity, and overcame the shortcomings of ELISA and ELISPOT. Overall, FOLISA and FOLISPOT presented effective and general platforms for rapid and multiplexed detection of antigens or antibodies with high sensitivity, either in laboratory tests or potentially in clinic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Ma
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Kunshan 215300, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuofu Peng
- AlphaX (Beijing) Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Diao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Shao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Liu
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Kunshan 215300, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenrong Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Liu
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Kunshan 215300, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Yang J, Lv Y, Zhu Y, Li S, Tao J, Chang L, Zhu M, Zhao J, Wang Y, Wu C, Zhao W. Baseline T-lymphocyte and cytokine indices in sheep peripheral blood. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:165. [PMID: 35513847 PMCID: PMC9074339 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sheep are an important livestock species worldwide and an essential large-animal model for animal husbandry and veterinary research. Understanding fundamental immune indicators, especially T-lymphocyte parameters, is necessary for research on sheep diseases and vaccines, to better understand the immune response to bacteria and viruses for reducing the use of antibiotics and improving the welfare of sheep. We randomly selected 36 sheep of similar ages to analyze cell-related immune indicators in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PBMCs were detected by flow cytometry. We used Concanavalin A (Con A) and Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)/Ionomycin to stimulate PBMCs, and measured the expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot). Simultaneously, PMA/Ionomycin/brefeldin A (BFA) was added to PBMCs, then the expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A was detected by flow cytometry after 4 h of culturing. In addition, we observed the proliferation of PBMCs stimulated with Con A for 3, 4, and 5 days. Results The proportions of CD4+ T lymphocytes (18.70 ± 4.21%) and CD8+ T lymphocytes (8.70 ± 3.65%) were generally consistent among individuals, with a CD4/CD8 ratio of 2.40 ± 0.79. PBMCs produced high levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A after stimulation with PMA/Ionomycin and Con A. Furthermore, PMA/Ionomycin stimulation of PBMC yielded significantly higher cytokine levels than Con A stimulation. Flow cytometry showed that the level of IFN-γ (51.49 ± 11.54%) in CD8+ T lymphocytes was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that in CD4+ T lymphocytes (14.29 ± 3.26%); IL-4 (16.13 ± 6.81%) in CD4+ T lymphocytes was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that in CD8+ T lymphocytes (1.84 ± 1.33%), There was no difference in IL-17A between CD4+ (2.83 ± 0.98%) and CD8+ T lymphocytes (1.34 ± 0.67%). The proliferation of total lymphocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and CD8+ T lymphocytes continued to increase between days 3 and 5; however, there were no significant differences in proliferation between the cell types during the stimulation period. Conclusions Evaluating primary sheep immune indicators, especially T lymphocytes, is significant for studying cellular immunity. This study provided valuable data and theoretical support for assessing the immune response of sheep to pathogens and improving sheep welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Yang
- Center of Scientifc Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yongxue Lv
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yazhou Zhu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jia Tao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Liangliang Chang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mingxing Zhu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiaqing Zhao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yana Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
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