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Martin-Grace J, Tomkins M, O'Reilly MW, Sherlock M. Iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency in adults. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:209-227. [PMID: 38272995 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency (IAI) is the most common form of adrenal insufficiency in adult patients, although its overall exact prevalence remains unclear. IAI is associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including adrenal crisis, impaired quality of life and increased mortality; therefore, it is imperative that clinicians maintain a high index of suspicion in patients at risk of IAI to facilitate timely diagnosis and appropriate management. Herein, we review the major causes, clinical consequences, diagnosis and care of patients with IAI. The management of IAI, particularly glucocorticoid-induced (or tertiary) adrenal insufficiency, can be particularly challenging, and the provision of adequate glucocorticoid replacement must be balanced against minimizing the cardiometabolic effects of excess glucocorticoid exposure and optimizing recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We review current treatment strategies and their limitations and discuss developments in optimizing treatment of IAI. This comprehensive Review aims to aid clinicians in identifying who is at risk of IAI, how to approach screening of at-risk populations and how to treat patients with IAI, with a focus on emergency management and prevention of an adrenal crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Martin-Grace
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Tomkins
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael W O'Reilly
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Sherlock
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
- Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Tucci L, Fanelli F, Improta I, Bissi V, Lena C, Galante G, Mezzullo M, Magagnoli M, Lalumera AB, Colombin G, Coscia K, Rotolo L, Vicennati V, Pagotto U, Di Dalmazi G. Monitoring adrenal insufficiency through salivary steroids: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:327-337. [PMID: 38571387 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various glucocorticoid replacement therapies (GRTs) are available for adrenal insufficiency (AI). However, their effectiveness in restoring glucocorticoid rhythm and exposure lacks adequate biochemical markers. We described the diurnal salivary cortisol (SalF) and cortisone (SalE) rhythm among different GRTs and analysed the associations between saliva-derived parameters and life quality questionnaires. METHODS Control subjects (CSs, n = 28) and AI patients receiving hydrocortisone (HC, n = 9), cortisone acetate (CA, n = 23), and dual-release hydrocortisone once (DRHC-od, n = 10) and twice a day (DRHC-td, n = 6) collected 9 saliva samples from 07:00 to 23:00. Patients compiled Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Addison disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaires. SalE and SalF were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Exposure was monitored using SalE for HC and DRHC and SalF for CA. Area under the curve (AUC) was computed. Different GRTs were compared by Z-scores calculated from saliva-derived parameters. Questionnaire results predictors were evaluated with multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Compared with controls, all GRTs resulted in glucocorticoid overexposure in the morning. Hydrocortisone, CA, and DRHC-td caused overexposure also in afternoon and evening. Compared with other treatments, CA determined increased Z-score-07:00 (P < .001), DRHC-td determined increased Z-score-AUC07:00→14:00 (P = .007), and DRHC-od induced lower Z-score-AUC14:00→23:00 (P = .015). Z-scores-AUC14:00→16:00 ≥ .619 best predicted questionnaire scores. CONCLUSIONS None of the GRTs mimics normal glucocorticoid rhythmicity and exposure. SalE, SalF, and Z-score may be useful markers for monitoring and comparing different GRTs. Excess glucocorticoid in early afternoon best associated with depressive symptoms and worse life and sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Tucci
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Improta
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Bissi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Lena
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Greta Galante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Mezzullo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Magagnoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Bianca Lalumera
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Colombin
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Kimberly Coscia
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Rotolo
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Vicennati
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Di Dalmazi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Chifu I, Quinkler M, Altieri B, Hannemann A, Völzke H, Lang K, Reisch N, Pamporaki C, Willenberg HS, Beuschlein F, Burger-Stritt S, Hahner S. Morbidity in Patients with Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency - Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Hospitalization Rate Compared to Population Based Controls. Horm Metab Res 2024; 56:20-29. [PMID: 37827510 DOI: 10.1055/a-2190-3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI) have been found to have increased cardiovascular morbidity, partly associated with nonphysiologic glucocorticoid replacement. We included two separate cohorts (cohort 1 n=384 patients, cohort 2 n=180 patients) of patients with chronic primary and secondary AI under standard replacement therapy and compared them to two age- and sex-matched population-based studies (SHIP-TREND/DEGS). Odds ratios with 95% CI for hypertension, hyperlipidemia/HLP, type 2 diabetes/T2DM, obesity, and hospitalization with adjustment for confounders were evaluated by logistic regression. Patient cohort 1 had significantly lower ORs for obesity [0.4 (0.3-0.6), p<0.001] and hypertension [0.5 (0.3-0.6), p<0.001] compared to SHIP-TREND and for obesity [0.7 (0.5-0.9), p=0.01], hypertension [0.4 (0.3-0.5), p<0.001] and HLP [0.4 (0.3-0.6), p<0.001] compared to DEGS. In cohort 2, ORs were significantly lower for HLP compared to both SHIP-TREND [0.4 (0.2-0.7), p=0.001] and DEGS [0.3 (0.2-0.5), p<0.001] and for hypertension [0.7 (0.4-0.9), p=0.04] compared to SHIP-TREND. In patients with SAI from cohort 2, ORs for DM2 [2.5 (1.3-4.9) p=0.009], hypertension [2.5 (1.4-4.5), p=0.002] and obesity [1.9 (1.1-3.1), p=0.02] were significantly higher compared to DEGS, whereas ORs for HLP were significantly lower compared to both SHIP [0.3 (0.1-0.6), p=0.002] and DEGS [0.3 (0.1-0.6), p<0.001]. In most of our AI patients treated with conventional glucocorticoid doses, the risk for T2DM, obesity, hypertension, and HLP was not increased. The number of hospitalizations was significantly higher in AI patients compared to controls, which might reflect increased susceptibility but also a more proactive management of concomitant diseases by physicians and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Chifu
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine I, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Altieri
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine I, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anke Hannemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Lang
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine I, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Endocrinology in Charlottenburg/Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Reisch
- Department of Endocrine Research, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Pamporaki
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Felix Beuschlein
- Department of Endocrine Research, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), and University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- LOOP Zurich - Medical Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Burger-Stritt
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine I, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hahner
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine I, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Chifu I, Burger-Stritt S, Schrader A, Herterich S, Freytag J, Kurlbaum M, Vogg N, Werner J, Quinkler M, Hahner S. Predisposing factors for adrenal crisis in chronic adrenal insufficiency: a case-control study. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 189:537-545. [PMID: 38006230 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify susceptibility markers for adrenal crises (AC) in educated patients with chronic adrenal insufficiency (AI). DESIGN A case-control study involving 66 patients with AI analyzing the impact of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid exposure, adrenomedullary function, inflammatory parameters, and educational status on AC frequency. Patients were categorized into low (n = 32) and high (n = 34) AC frequency groups based on AC occurrence (below or 2 times above the average of the reported AC frequency of 8.3 AC/100 patient-years in a previous prospective study). METHODS Parameters, including cortisol plasma profile and urinary steroid excretion after administration of the morning glucocorticoid dose, 24-h urinary steroid profiling, salivary cortisol profiling, and hair cortisol, estimated cortisol exposure. Polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP]) of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) and mineralocorticoid receptor (NR3C2) associated with individual steroid sensitivity were assessed together with SNPs for 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1) and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2). Mineralocorticoid replacement was evaluated by serum and urinary electrolytes and osmolality, plasma-renin concentration, and ambulatory blood pressure levels. We additionally measured plasma and urinary catecholamines, serum levels of IL6 and hsCRP, and SNPs of IL6 and TNF-alpha. Patient knowledge of AC prevention was assessed by questionnaires. RESULTS Frequent AC patients had higher daily glucocorticoid doses and hair cortisol levels, with no significant differences in other parameters investigated. AC frequency is inversely correlated with the frequency of self-reported adjustments of the glucocorticoid replacement. CONCLUSION Higher glucocorticoid dosages in high-risk patients, despite unaffected cortisol metabolism, may be linked to decreased cortisol sensitivity or impaired glucocorticoid absorption. Proactive dose adjustments show a protective effect against AC, regardless of biological vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Chifu
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Burger-Stritt
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Schrader
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Herterich
- Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Janik Freytag
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Max Kurlbaum
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nora Vogg
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Werner
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Hahner
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Åkerman AK, Sævik ÅB, Thorsby PM, Methlie P, Quinkler M, Jørgensen AP, Höybye C, Debowska AJ, Nedrebø BG, Dahle AL, Carlsen S, Tomkowicz A, Sollid ST, Nermoen I, Grønning K, Dahlqvist P, Grimnes G, Skov J, Finnes T, Wahlberg J, Holte SE, Simunkova K, Kämpe O, Husebye ES, Øksnes M, Bensing S. Plasma-Metanephrines in Patients with Autoimmune Addison's Disease with and without Residual Adrenocortical Function. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103602. [PMID: 37240708 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Residual adrenocortical function, RAF, has recently been demonstrated in one-third of patients with autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD). Here, we set out to explore any influence of RAF on the levels of plasma metanephrines and any changes following stimulation with cosyntropin. METHODS We included 50 patients with verified RAF and 20 patients without RAF who served as controls upon cosyntropin stimulation testing. The patients had abstained from glucocorticoid and fludrocortisone replacement > 18 and 24 h, respectively, prior to morning blood sampling. The samples were obtained before and 30 and 60 min after cosyntropin stimulation and analyzed for serum cortisol, plasma metanephrine (MN), and normetanephrine (NMN) by liquid-chromatography tandem-mass pectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Among the 70 patients with AAD, MN was detectable in 33%, 25%, and 26% at baseline, 30 min, and 60 min after cosyntropin stimulation, respectively. Patients with RAF were more likely to have detectable MN at baseline (p = 0.035) and at the time of 60 min (p = 0.048) compared to patients without RAF. There was a positive correlation between detectable MN and the level of cortisol at all time points (p = 0.02, p = 0.04, p < 0.001). No difference was noted for NMN levels, which remained within the normal reference ranges. CONCLUSION Even very small amounts of endogenous cortisol production affect MN levels in patients with AAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin Åkerman
- Department of Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, 701 85 Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åse Bjorvatn Sævik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, 7804 Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Medbøe Thorsby
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biochemical Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Paal Methlie
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, 7804 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Charlotte Höybye
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Bjørn Gunnar Nedrebø
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haugesund Hospital, 5528 Haugesund, Norway
| | - Anne Lise Dahle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haugesund Hospital, 5528 Haugesund, Norway
| | - Siri Carlsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Aneta Tomkowicz
- Department of Medicine, Sørlandet Hospital, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Stina Therese Sollid
- Department of Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Health Trust, 3004 Drammen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Nermoen
- Department of Endocrinology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Kaja Grønning
- Department of Endocrinology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Per Dahlqvist
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Guri Grimnes
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jakob Skov
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trine Finnes
- Section of Endocrinology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, 2381 Hamar, Norway
| | - Jeanette Wahlberg
- Department of Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, 701 85 Örebro, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Katerina Simunkova
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Olle Kämpe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eystein Sverre Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, 7804 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Øksnes
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, 7804 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Bensing
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Graves LE, Torpy DJ, Coates PT, Alexander IE, Bornstein SR, Clarke B. Future directions for adrenal insufficiency: cellular transplantation and genetic therapies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:1273-1289. [PMID: 36611246 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Primary adrenal insufficiency occurs in 1 in 5-7000 adults. Leading aetiologies are autoimmune adrenalitis in adults and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in children. Oral replacement of cortisol is lifesaving, but poor quality of life, repeated adrenal crises and dosing uncertainty related to lack of a validated biomarker for glucocorticoid sufficiency, persists. Adrenocortical cell therapy and gene therapy may obviate many of the shortcomings of adrenal hormone replacement. Physiological cortisol secretion regulated by pituitary adrenocorticotropin, could be achieved through allogeneic adrenocortical cell transplantation, production of adrenal-like steroidogenic cells from either stem cells or lineage conversion of differentiated cells, or for CAH, gene therapy to replace or repair a defective gene. The adrenal cortex is a high turnover organ and thus failure to incorporate progenitor cells within a transplant will ultimately result in graft exhaustion. Identification of adrenocortical progenitor cells is equally important in gene therapy where new genetic material must be specifically integrated into the genome of progenitors to ensure a durable effect. Delivery of gene editing machinery and a donor template, allowing targeted correction of the 21-hydroxylase gene, has the potential to achieve this. This review describes advances in adrenal cell transplants and gene therapy that may allow physiological cortisol production for children and adults with primary adrenal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E Graves
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - David J Torpy
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - P Toby Coates
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigette Clarke
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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7
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Howarth S, Giovanelli L, Napier C, Pearce SH. Heterogeneous natural history of Addison's disease: mineralocorticoid deficiency may predominate. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:e220305. [PMID: 36398876 PMCID: PMC9782445 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) is defined as primary adrenal insufficiency due to immune-mediated destruction of the adrenal cortex. This destruction of steroid-producing cells has historically been thought of as an irreversible process, with linear progression from an ACTH-driven compensated phase to overt adrenal insufficiency requiring lifelong glucocorticoid replacement. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that this process may be more heterogeneous than previously thought, with potential for complete or partial recovery of glucocorticoid secretion. Although patients with persistent mineralocorticoid deficiency despite preserved or recovered glucocorticoid function are anecdotally mentioned, few well-documented cases have been reported to date. We present three patients in the United Kingdom who further challenge the long-standing hypothesis that AAD is a progressive, irreversible disease process. We describe one patient with a 4-year history of mineralocorticoid-only Addison's disease, a patient with spontaneous recovery of adrenal function and one patient with clinical features of adrenal insufficiency despite significant residual cortisol function. All three patients show varying degrees of mineralocorticoid deficiency, suggesting that recovery of zona fasciculata function in the adrenal cortex may occur independently to that of the zona glomerulosa. We outline the current evidence for heterogeneity in the natural history of AAD and discuss possible mechanisms for the recovery of adrenal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Howarth
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Luca Giovanelli
- Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine Napier
- Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon H Pearce
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Ceccato F, Torchio M, Tizianel I, Peleg Falb M, Barbot M, Sabbadin C, Betterle C, Scaroni C. Renin and electrolytes indicate the mineralocorticoid activity of fludrocortisone: a 6 year study in primary adrenal insufficiency. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:111-122. [PMID: 35947299 PMCID: PMC9829625 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fludrocortisone (FC) is the mineralocorticoid (MC) replacement treatment for patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI). OBJECTIVE To explore the dose of FC treatment and its relationship with glucocorticoid therapy, sodium, potassium, renin and clinical parameters. SETTING Monocentric cohort. PATIENTS Data of 193 patients with PAI (130 autoimmune) were collected during baseline (T0), intermediate (T1) and last follow-up visit (T2, respectively, after a mean of 38 and 72 months). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Utility of endocrine and clinical parameters to titrate FC dose. RESULTS FC dose (50-75 μg/daily) was stable in the follow-up in half patients. The MC activity of FC was dose-dependent: we observed a reduced but significant positive linear correlation between FC dose and sodium (r = 0.132) and negative linear correlation between FC and potassium (r = - 0.162) or renin (r = - 0.131, all p < 0.01). An overall reduction in the FC dose was observed at T2 in the group with longer follow-up (> 60 months, p < 0.05). Higher doses of FC were observed in patients with low-normal renin, especially in autoimmune PAI (86 vs 65 μg/daily, p < 0.05). On the contrary, reduced sodium and increased potassium levels were observed in patients with high renin at T2. The number of cardiovascular events (15 in the whole cohort) was similar in patients sorted by renin levels or FC dose. CONCLUSIONS Renin and electrolytes can indicate the MC activity of FC treatment: they should be routinely evaluated and used to titrate its dose that can be reduced in the long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ceccato
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale Civile, 105, 35128, Padua, Italy.
- Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - M Torchio
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale Civile, 105, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - I Tizianel
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale Civile, 105, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - M Peleg Falb
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale Civile, 105, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - M Barbot
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale Civile, 105, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - C Sabbadin
- Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - C Betterle
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale Civile, 105, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - C Scaroni
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale Civile, 105, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
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9
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Verzijl CRC, Oldoni F, Loaiza N, Wolters JC, Rimbert A, Tian E, Yang W, Struik D, Smit M, Kloosterhuis NJ, Fernandez AJ, Samara NL, Ten Hagen KG, Dalal K, Chernish A, McCluggage P, Tabak LA, Jonker JW, Kuivenhoven JA. A novel role for GalNAc-T2 dependent glycosylation in energy homeostasis. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101472. [PMID: 35304331 PMCID: PMC9019398 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE GALNT2, encoding polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (GalNAc-T2), was initially discovered as a regulator of high-density lipoprotein metabolism. GalNAc-T2 is known to exert these effects through post-translational modification, i.e., O-linked glycosylation of secreted proteins with established roles in plasma lipid metabolism. It has recently become clear that loss of GALNT2 in rodents, cattle, nonhuman primates, and humans should be regarded as a novel congenital disorder of glycosylation that affects development and body weight. The role of GALNT2 in metabolic abnormalities other than plasma lipids, including insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis, is poorly understood. METHODS GWAS data from the UK Biobank was used to study variation in the GALNT2 locus beyond changes in high-density lipoprotein metabolism. Experimental data were obtained through studies in Galnt2-/- mice and wild-type littermates on both control and high-fat diet. RESULTS First, we uncovered associations between GALNT2 gene variation, adiposity, and body mass index in humans. In mice, we identify the insulin receptor as a novel substrate of GalNAc-T2 and demonstrate that Galnt2-/- mice exhibit decreased adiposity, alterations in insulin signaling and a shift in energy substrate utilization in the inactive phase. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies a novel role for GALNT2 in energy homeostasis, and our findings suggest that the local effects of GalNAc-T2 are mediated through posttranslational modification of the insulin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy R C Verzijl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Federico Oldoni
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Natalia Loaiza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - E Tian
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Weiming Yang
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dicky Struik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels J Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Amy J Fernandez
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nadine L Samara
- Structural Biochemistry Unit, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kruti Dalal
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aliona Chernish
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peggy McCluggage
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lawrence A Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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10
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Rozenveld E, Punt N, van Faassen M, van Beek AP, Touw DJ. Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Hydrocortisone by Including Protein Binding to Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061161. [PMID: 35745734 PMCID: PMC9231005 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with adrenal insufficiency are treated with oral hydrocortisone (HC) to compensate for the loss of endogenous cortisol production. Intrinsic imperfections of cortisol replacement strategies in mimicking normal cortisol secretion are the underlying cause of the increased morbidity and mortality of patients suffering from secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI). To improve oral hydrocortisone substitution therapy, a better understanding of its pharmacokinetics (PK) is necessary. The previous PK model did not include protein binding. It is known that protein binding can impact hydrocortisone pharmacokinetics. The aim of this study is to describe HC pharmacokinetics including the protein-binding state using Edsim++ (Mediware, Prague) pharmacokinetic modeling software, paving the way for an in-silico tool suitable for drug delivery design. Methods: A total of 46 patients with SAI participated in a randomized double-blind crossover study Patients randomly received a low dose of HC (0.2–0.3 mg/kg body weight/day) for 10 weeks, followed by a high dose (0.4–0.6 mg/kg body weight/day) for another 10 weeks, or vice versa. Plasma samples were obtained and analyzed for free and total hydrocortisone. Single compartment population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using an extended Werumeus-Buning model built in Edsim++. This model includes a mathematical approach for estimating free cortisol by Nguyen et al., taking the protein binding of HC to albumin and hydrocortisone-binding globulin (CBG, transcortin) into consideration, as well as different states of CBG which affect binding kinetics to HC. The goodness of fit for observed versus predicted values was calculated. Results and conclusions: Nguyen’s formula for free cortisol estimation was successfully implemented in a pharmacokinetic model. The model shows high Spearman’s correlation for observed versus predicted hydrocortisone concentrations. Significantly higher correlations (Spearman’s r, 0.901 vs. 0.836) between total and free hydrocortisone AUC24 (area-under the curve over 24 h) are found when comparing new and old models. This new model was used to simulate the plasma concentration–time behavior of a more suitable hydrocortisone formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rozenveld
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.R.); (N.P.)
| | - Nieko Punt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.R.); (N.P.)
- Medimatics, 6229 HR Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - André P. van Beek
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Daan J. Touw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.R.); (N.P.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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11
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Vulto A, van Faassen M, Kerstens MN, van Beek AP. Susceptibility to Adrenal Crisis Is Associated With Differences in Cortisol Excretion in Patients With Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:849188. [PMID: 35518935 PMCID: PMC9065259 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.849188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare cortisol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics mapped through several glucocorticoid sensitive pathways in patients on hydrocortisone substitution with or without an adrenal crisis. DESIGN A post-hoc analysis of a previously conducted randomized controlled trial in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency examining the effects of 2 weight-adjusted hydrocortisone doses. METHODS Comparisons were primarily made on a hydrocortisone dose of 0.2-0.3 mg/kg/day for plasma cortisol and cortisone, 24-hour urinary steroid profile, the glucocorticoid sensitive tryptophan-kynurenine pathway, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and aspects of quality of life. Variables of interest were also analyzed on the hydrocortisone dose of 0.4-0.6 mg/kg/day. RESULTS Out of 52 patients, 9 (17%) experienced at least one adrenal crisis (AC+ group) and 43 did not develop an adrenal crisis (AC- group) during an observation period of 10 years. 24-hour urinary excretion of cortisol and cortisone were lower in the AC+ group (0.05 [IQR 0.03; 0.05] vs. 0.09 [0.05; 0.12] µmol/24h, P=0.01and 0.13 [0.10; 0.23] vs. 0.24 [0.19; 0.38] µmol/24h, P=0.04, respectively). No differences in pharmacokinetics of cortisol were observed. Kynurenine concentrations were higher in the AC+ group (2.64 [2.43; 3.28] vs. 2.23 [1.82; 2.38] µmol/L, P=0.03) as was general fatigue (Z-scores 1.02 [-0.11; 1.42] vs. -0.16 [- 0.80; 0.28], P=0.04). On the higher hydrocortisone dose urinary excretion of cortisol and cortisone was still significantly lower between the AC- and AC + group. The differences in glucocorticoid sensitive variables disappeared. CONCLUSION Patients susceptible to an adrenal crisis demonstrated differences in cortisol and cortisone excretion as well as in pharmacodynamics when compared to patients who did not experience an adrenal crisis, suggesting a biological predisposition in certain patients for the development of an adrenal crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet Vulto
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Annet Vulto,
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michiel N. Kerstens
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - André P. van Beek
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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12
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Younes N, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A. Latent Adrenal Insufficiency: From Concept to Diagnosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:720769. [PMID: 34512551 PMCID: PMC8429826 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.720769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a rare disease and potentially fatal if unrecognized. It is characterized by destruction of the adrenal cortex, most frequently of autoimmune origin, resulting in glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and adrenal androgen deficiencies. Initial signs and symptoms can be nonspecific, contributing to late diagnosis. Loss of zona glomerulosa function may precede zona fasciculata and reticularis deficiencies. Patients present with hallmark manifestations including fatigue, weight loss, abdominal pain, melanoderma, hypotension, salt craving, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, or acute adrenal crisis. Diagnosis is established by unequivocally low morning serum cortisol/aldosterone and elevated ACTH and renin concentrations. A standard dose (250 µg) Cosyntropin stimulation test may be needed to confirm adrenal insufficiency (AI) in partial deficiencies. Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid substitution is the hallmark of treatment, alongside patient education regarding dose adjustments in periods of stress and prevention of acute adrenal crisis. Recent studies identified partial residual adrenocortical function in patients with AI and rare cases have recuperated normal hormonal function. Modulating therapies using rituximab or ACTH injections are in early stages of investigation hoping it could maintain glucocorticoid residual function and delay complete destruction of adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andre Lacroix
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
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13
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Gurnell M, Heaney LG, Price D, Menzies‐Gow A. Long-term corticosteroid use, adrenal insufficiency and the need for steroid-sparing treatment in adult severe asthma. J Intern Med 2021; 290:240-256. [PMID: 33598993 PMCID: PMC8360169 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Secondary adrenal insufficiency (AI) occurs as the result of any process that disrupts normal hypothalamic and/or anterior pituitary function and causes a decrease in the secretion of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex. The most common cause of secondary AI is exogenous corticosteroid therapy administered at supraphysiologic dosages for ≥ 1 month. AI caused by oral corticosteroids (OCS) is not well-recognized or commonly diagnosed but is often associated with reduced well-being and can be life-threatening in the event of an adrenal crisis. Corticosteroid use is common in respiratory diseases, and asthma is a representative condition that illustrates the potential challenges and opportunities related to corticosteroid-sparing therapies. For individuals with severe asthma (approximately 5%-10% of all cases), reduction or elimination of maintenance OCS without loss of control can now be accomplished with biologic therapies targeting inflammatory mediators. However, the optimal strategy to ensure early identification and treatment of AI and safe OCS withdrawal in routine clinical practice remains to be defined. Many studies with biologics have involved short evaluation periods and small sample sizes; in addition, cautious approaches to OCS tapering in studies with a placebo arm, coupled with inconsistent monitoring for AI, have contributed to the lack of clarity. If the goal is to greatly reduce and, where possible, eliminate long-term OCS use in severe asthma through the increasing adoption of biologic treatments, there is an urgent need for clinical trials that address both the speed of OCS withdrawal and how to monitor for AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Gurnell
- From theMetabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome–MRC Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeNIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridgeUK
| | - L. G. Heaney
- Centre for Experimental MedicineQueens University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - D. Price
- Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute Pte LtdSingaporeSingapore
- Division of Applied Health SciencesCentre of Academic Primary CareUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
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14
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Puglisi S, Rossini A, Tabaro I, Cannavò S, Ferrau' F, Ragonese M, Borretta G, Pellegrino M, Dughera F, Parisi A, Latina A, Pia A, Terzolo M, Reimondo G. What factors have impact on glucocorticoid replacement in adrenal insufficiency: a real-life study. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:865-872. [PMID: 32779106 PMCID: PMC7946659 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The impact of patient's characteristics on glucocorticoid (GC) replacement therapy in adrenal insufficiency (AI) is poorly evaluated. Aims of this study were to assess the influence of sex and body weight on GC dosing and to describe the choice of GC in AI of different etiologies. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated hydrocortisone (HC) equivalent total daily dose (HC-TDD) and per-kg-daily dose (HC-KDD) in 203 patients (104 primary AI [pAI], 99 secondary AI [sAI]) followed up for ≥ 12 months. They were treated with HC, modified-release HC (MRHC) or cortisone acetate (CA) and fludrocortisone acetate (FCA) in pAI. RESULTS At baseline, CA was preferred both in pAI and sAI; at last visit, MRHC was most used in pAI (49%) and CA in sAI (73.7%). Comparing the last visit with baseline, in pAI, HC-TDD and HC-KDD were significantly lower (p = 0.04 and p = 0.006, respectively), while FCA doses increased during follow-up (p = 0.02). The reduction of HC-TDD and HC-KDD was particularly relevant for pAI women (p = 0.04 and p = 0.002, respectively). In sAI patients, no change of HC-KDD and HC-TDD was observed, and we found a correlation between weight and HC-TDD in males (r 0.35, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our real-life study demonstrated the influence of etiology of AI on the type of GC used, a weight-based tailoring in sAI, a likely overdosage of GC treatment in pAI women at the start of treatment and the possibility to successfully increase FCA avoiding GC over-treatment. These observations could inform the usual clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Puglisi
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy.
| | - A Rossini
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - I Tabaro
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - S Cannavò
- Department of Human Pathology 'G.Barresi', University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - F Ferrau'
- Department of Human Pathology 'G.Barresi', University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - M Ragonese
- Department of Human Pathology 'G.Barresi', University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - G Borretta
- Division of Endocrinology, AO S. Croce E Carle, Cuneo, Italy
| | - M Pellegrino
- Division of Endocrinology, AO S. Croce E Carle, Cuneo, Italy
| | - F Dughera
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - A Parisi
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - A Latina
- Division of Endocrinology, AO S. Croce E Carle, Cuneo, Italy
| | - A Pia
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - M Terzolo
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - G Reimondo
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
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15
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Pearce SHS, Gan EH, Napier C. MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Residual adrenal function in Addison's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:R61-R67. [PMID: 33306039 PMCID: PMC7849375 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, evidence has accumulated that autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) is a heterogeneous disease. Residual adrenal function, characterised by persistent secretion of cortisol, other glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids is present in around 30% of patients with established AAD, and appears commoner in men. This persistent steroidogenesis is present in some patients with AAD for more than 20 years, but it is commoner in people with shorter disease duration. The clinical significance of residual adrenal function is not fully clear at the moment, but as it signifies an intact adrenocortical stem cell population, it opens up the possibility of regeneration of adrenal steroidogenesis and improvement in adrenal failure for some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H S Pearce
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to S H S Pearce;
| | - Earn H Gan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Catherine Napier
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
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16
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Sævik ÅB, Åkerman AK, Methlie P, Quinkler M, Jørgensen AP, Höybye C, Debowska AJ, Nedrebø BG, Dahle AL, Carlsen S, Tomkowicz A, Sollid ST, Nermoen I, Grønning K, Dahlqvist P, Grimnes G, Skov J, Finnes T, Valland SF, Wahlberg J, Holte SE, Simunkova K, Kämpe O, Husebye ES, Bensing S, øksnes M. Residual Corticosteroid Production in Autoimmune Addison Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5835888. [PMID: 32392298 PMCID: PMC7274491 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Contrary to current dogma, growing evidence suggests that some patients with autoimmune Addison disease (AAD) produce corticosteroids even years after diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To determine frequencies and clinical features of residual corticosteroid production in patients with AAD. DESIGN Two-staged, cross-sectional clinical study in 17 centers (Norway, Sweden, and Germany). Residual glucocorticoid (GC) production was defined as quantifiable serum cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol and residual mineralocorticoid (MC) production as quantifiable serum aldosterone and corticosterone after > 18 hours of medication fasting. Corticosteroids were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clinical variables included frequency of adrenal crises and quality of life. Peak cortisol response was evaluated by a standard 250 µg cosyntropin test. RESULTS Fifty-eight (30.2%) of 192 patients had residual GC production, more common in men (n = 33; P < 0.002) and in shorter disease duration (median 6 [0-44] vs 13 [0-53] years; P < 0.001). Residual MC production was found in 26 (13.5%) patients and associated with shorter disease duration (median 5.5 [0.5-26.0] vs 13 [0-53] years; P < 0.004), lower fludrocortisone replacement dosage (median 0.075 [0.050-0.120] vs 0.100 [0.028-0.300] mg; P < 0.005), and higher plasma renin concentration (median 179 [22-915] vs 47.5 [0.6-658.0] mU/L; P < 0.001). There was no significant association between residual production and frequency of adrenal crises or quality of life. None had a normal cosyntropin response, but peak cortisol strongly correlated with unstimulated cortisol (r = 0.989; P < 0.001) and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; r = -0.487; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In established AAD, one-third of the patients still produce GCs even decades after diagnosis. Residual production is more common in men and in patients with shorter disease duration but is not associated with adrenal crises or quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åse Bjorvatn Sævik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna-Karin Åkerman
- Department of Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paal Methlie
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Charlotte Höybye
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Bjørn Gunnar Nedrebø
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haugesund Hospital, Haugesund, Norway
| | - Anne Lise Dahle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haugesund Hospital, Haugesund, Norway
| | - Siri Carlsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Aneta Tomkowicz
- Department of Medicine, Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Stina Therese Sollid
- Department of Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Health Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Nermoen
- Department of Endocrinology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Kaja Grønning
- Department of Endocrinology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Per Dahlqvist
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Guri Grimnes
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jakob Skov
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trine Finnes
- Section of Endocrinology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Hamar, Norway
| | | | - Jeanette Wahlberg
- Department of Endocrinology and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | - Olle Kämpe
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eystein Sverre Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Bensing
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne øksnes
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Marianne Øksnes, University of Bergen, Klinisk Institutt 2, Laboratoriebygget, 8. et., Jonas Lies vei 91B, 5021 Bergen, Norway, E-mail:
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Napier C, Allinson K, Gan EH, Mitchell AL, Gilligan LC, Taylor AE, Arlt W, Pearce SHS. Natural History of Adrenal Steroidogenesis in Autoimmune Addison's Disease Following Diagnosis and Treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5821191. [PMID: 32300791 PMCID: PMC7250207 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The natural history of adrenal function in autoimmune Addison disease once diagnosed and treated has not been systematically studied, but several case reports of recovery from established adrenal failure suggest it may not be uniform. OBJECTIVE To ascertain steroidogenic function in autoimmune Addison disease immediately following diagnosis and during prolonged treatment. DESIGN We studied peak serum cortisol in response to ACTH1-24 in 20 newly diagnosed autoimmune Addison disease patients at first presentation and then again within a month. We also studied 37 patients with established Addison disease (for between 7 months and 44 years) in a medication-free state, measuring peak serum cortisol responses to ACTH1-24 and the urine LC-MS steroid metabolome. RESULTS Adrenal steroidogenesis declined rapidly after steroid replacement treatment for newly diagnosed Addison disease was started, with a peak serum cortisol falling from 138 ± 19 nmol/L (SEM) at presentation to 63 ± 13 nmol/L over 4 weeks (P < 0.003).Six of 37 participants (16%) with established Addison disease had detectable serum cortisol and urine glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid metabolites during repeat testing, indicating variable degrees of residual adrenal function. CONCLUSION Autoimmune Addison disease is a heterogeneous condition, showing a rapid decline in adrenal steroidogenesis during the first few weeks following diagnosis, but low-level residual function in a minority of patients, which appears to persist for many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Napier
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Victoria Infirmary, UK
| | - Kathleen Allinson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Victoria Infirmary, UK
| | - Earn H Gan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Victoria Infirmary, UK
| | - Anna L Mitchell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Victoria Infirmary, UK
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Simon H S Pearce
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Victoria Infirmary, UK
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Dr. Catherine Napier, Endocrine Unit, Leazes Wing, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, Queen Victoria Road, NE1 4LP, UK. E-mail:
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18
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Napier C, Gan EH, Mitchell AL, Gilligan LC, Rees DA, Moran C, Chatterjee K, Vaidya B, James RA, Mamoojee Y, Ashwell S, Arlt W, Pearce SHS. Residual Adrenal Function in Autoimmune Addison's Disease-Effect of Dual Therapy With Rituximab and Depot Tetracosactide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5682802. [PMID: 31863094 PMCID: PMC7067544 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD), exogenous glucocorticoid (GC) therapy is an imperfect substitute for physiological GC secretion. Patients on long-term steroid replacement have increased morbidity, reduced life expectancy, and poorer quality of life. OBJECTIVE The objective of this article is to restore adrenocortical steroidogenic function in recent-onset AAD. DESIGN An open-label, multicenter trial of immunotherapy and trophic stimulation in new-onset AAD was conducted. Serial measurement of serum and urine corticosteroids at baseline and throughout a 72-week follow-up period was performed. SETTING This study was conducted at the. UNLABELLED endocrine departments and clinical research facilities at 5 UK tertiary centers. PATIENTS Thirteen participants (9 female, 4 male; age 19-64 years) were included with AAD confirmed by high adrenocorticotropin, low circulating cortisol (basal < 100 nmol/L or post-tetracosactide < 300 nmol/L), and positive serum 21-hydroxylase antibodies. INTERVENTION All participants received dual therapy with B-lymphocyte-depleting immunotherapy (rituximab 1 g given twice) and repeated depot tetracosactide (1 mg on alternate days for 12 weeks). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Restoration of normal GC secretion (stimulated cortisol > 550 nmol/L) at week 48 was the main outcome measure. RESULTS Ten of 13 (77%) participants had detectable stimulated serum cortisol (26-265 nmol/L) at trial entry. Following intervention, 7 of 13 (54%) had an increase in stimulated cortisol measurement, with a peak response of 325 nmol/L at week 18 in 1 participant. Increased steroid metabolites, assayed by urine gas chromatography-mass spectrometry at week 12 and week 48, was detected in 8 of 13 (62%) individuals, reflecting an increase in endogenous steroidogenesis. Four of 13 had residual adrenal function at 72 weeks. CONCLUSION Combined treatment with rituximab and depot tetracosactide did not restore normal adrenal function. Nevertheless, adrenocortical plasticity is demonstrated in some patients, and this has the potential to be exploited to improve adrenal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Napier
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Earn H Gan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Anna L Mitchell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - D Aled Rees
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Carla Moran
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Krishna Chatterjee
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bijay Vaidya
- Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - R Andrew James
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Yaasir Mamoojee
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Simon Ashwell
- The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Simon H S Pearce
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, UK
- Correspondence: Catherine Napier, MBBS, MRCP, PhD, Endocrine Unit, Leazes Wing, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals, Queen Victoria Rd, NE1 4LP, UK. E-mail:
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Vulto A, Bergthorsdottir R, van Faassen M, Kema IP, Johannsson G, van Beek AP. Residual endogenous corticosteroid production in patients with adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:383-390. [PMID: 31059146 PMCID: PMC6851705 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at comparing precursors of endogenous corticosteroid production in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency and in secondary adrenal insufficiency. DESIGN Twenty patients with primary adrenal insufficiency and matched controls and 19 patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency participated in this ancillary analysis of two different studies. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS Patients with primary adrenal insufficiency were on stable hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone therapy. Patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency received two different doses of hydrocortisone in a randomized crossover study. Main outcome measures were concentrations of precursors of cortisol and aldosterone measured by LC-MS/MS RESULTS: Compared to controls, progressively lower concentrations of the glucocorticoid precursors 11-deoxycortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone concentrations were found in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency on lower hydrocortisone dose, secondary adrenal insufficiency on higher hydrocortisone dose and primary adrenal insufficiency, respectively. Half of the primary adrenal insufficient patients showed evidence of residual endogenous cortisol or aldosterone synthesis, as determined by quantifiable 11-deoxycortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone conce ntrations. In secondary adrenal insufficient patients with higher endogenous cortisol production, as indicated by 11-deoxycortisol concentrations above the median, no increased cortisol exposure was observed both by plasma pharmacokinetic parameters and 24-hour free cortisol excretion in urine. CONCLUSIONS Adrenal corticosteroid production is likely to continue during treatment in a considerable percentage of patients with both primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency. In patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency, this synthesis appears to be sensitive to the dose of hydrocortisone. However, the residual corticosteroid concentrations were quantitatively low and its clinical significance remains therefore to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet Vulto
- Department of EndocrinologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ragnhildur Bergthorsdottir
- Department of EndocrinologySahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ido P. Kema
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of EndocrinologySahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - André P. van Beek
- Department of EndocrinologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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