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Lavillaureix A, Rollier P, Kim A, Panasenkava V, De Tayrac M, Carré W, Guyodo H, Faoucher M, Poirel E, Akloul L, Quélin C, Whalen S, Bos J, Broekema M, van Hagen JM, Grand K, Allen-Sharpley M, Magness E, McLean SD, Kayserili H, Altunoglu U, En Qi Chong A, Xue S, Jeanne M, Almontashiri N, Habhab W, Vanlerberghe C, Faivre L, Viora-Dupont E, Philippe C, Safraou H, Laffargue F, Mittendorf L, Abou Jamra R, Patil SJ, Dalal A, Sarma AS, Keren B, Reversade B, Dubourg C, Odent S, Dupé V. DISP1 deficiency: Monoallelic and biallelic variants cause a spectrum of midline craniofacial malformations. Genet Med 2024; 26:101126. [PMID: 38529886 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2024.101126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE DISP1 encodes a transmembrane protein that regulates the secretion of the morphogen, Sonic hedgehog, a deficiency of which is a major cause of holoprosencephaly (HPE). This disorder covers a spectrum of brain and midline craniofacial malformations. The objective of the present study was to better delineate the clinical phenotypes associated with division transporter dispatched-1 (DISP1) variants. METHODS This study was based on the identification of at least 1 pathogenic variant of the DISP1 gene in individuals for whom detailed clinical data were available. RESULTS A total of 23 DISP1 variants were identified in heterozygous, compound heterozygous or homozygous states in 25 individuals with midline craniofacial defects. Most cases were minor forms of HPE, with craniofacial features such as orofacial cleft, solitary median maxillary central incisor, and congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis. These individuals had either monoallelic loss-of-function variants or biallelic missense variants in DISP1. In individuals with severe HPE, the DISP1 variants were commonly found associated with a variant in another HPE-linked gene (ie, oligogenic inheritance). CONCLUSION The genetic findings we have acquired demonstrate a significant involvement of DISP1 variants in the phenotypic spectrum of midline defects. This underlines its importance as a crucial element in the efficient secretion of Sonic hedgehog. We also demonstrated that the very rare solitary median maxillary central incisor and congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis combination is part of the DISP1-related phenotype. The present study highlights the clinical risks to be flagged up during genetic counseling after the discovery of a pathogenic DISP1 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alinoë Lavillaureix
- Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CLAD-Ouest, ERN-ITHACA, FHU GenOMedS, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Paul Rollier
- Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CLAD-Ouest, ERN-ITHACA, FHU GenOMedS, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Artem Kim
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, Rennes, France; Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Veranika Panasenkava
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Marie De Tayrac
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, Rennes, France; Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, FHU GenOMedS, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Wilfrid Carré
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, Rennes, France; Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, FHU GenOMedS, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Hélène Guyodo
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Faoucher
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, Rennes, France; Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, FHU GenOMedS, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Elisabeth Poirel
- Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CLAD-Ouest, ERN-ITHACA, FHU GenOMedS, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Linda Akloul
- Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CLAD-Ouest, ERN-ITHACA, FHU GenOMedS, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Chloé Quélin
- Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CLAD-Ouest, ERN-ITHACA, FHU GenOMedS, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Sandra Whalen
- APHP, Sorbonne Université, Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares des Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Hôpital Trousseau & Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Bos
- Department of Human Genetics, Section Clinical Genetic, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjoleine Broekema
- Department of Human Genetics, Section Clinical Genetic, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M van Hagen
- Department of Human Genetics, Section Clinical Genetic, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katheryn Grand
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Emily Magness
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Scott D McLean
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Clinical Genetics, Christus Children's, San Antonio, TX
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Angie En Qi Chong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shifeng Xue
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Médéric Jeanne
- Service de Génétique, FHU GenOMedS, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; UMR1253, iBrain, Inserm, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Naif Almontashiri
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases (CGID), Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wisam Habhab
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, FHU TRANSLAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Genetics of Developmental Disorders, INSERM UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Eléonore Viora-Dupont
- Genetics of Developmental Disorders, INSERM UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, FHU TRANSLAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France
| | - Christophe Philippe
- Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, FHU TRANSLAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Hana Safraou
- Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, FHU TRANSLAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Fanny Laffargue
- CHU Clermont Ferrand, Service de Génétique Clinique, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Luisa Mittendorf
- Department for Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Ashwin Dalal
- Diagnostics Division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Asodu Sandeep Sarma
- Diagnostics Division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Boris Keren
- APHP, Sorbonne Université, Département de Génétique Médicale, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A∗STAR, Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Disease, Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics Smart-Health Initiative, BESE, KAUST, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christèle Dubourg
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, Rennes, France; Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, FHU GenOMedS, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CLAD-Ouest, ERN-ITHACA, FHU GenOMedS, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Dupé
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, Rennes, France.
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Bando H, Brinkmeier ML, Castinetti F, Fang Q, Lee MS, Saveanu A, Albarel F, Dupuis C, Brue T, Camper SA. Heterozygous variants in SIX3 and POU1F1 cause pituitary hormone deficiency in mouse and man. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 32:367-385. [PMID: 35951005 PMCID: PMC9851746 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypopituitarism is a genetically heterogeneous condition that is part of a spectrum disorder that can include holoprosencephaly. Heterozygous mutations in SIX3 cause variable holoprosencephaly in humans and mice. We identified two children with neonatal hypopituitarism and thin pituitary stalk who were doubly heterozygous for rare, likely deleterious variants in the transcription factors SIX3 and POU1F1. We used genetically engineered mice to understand the disease pathophysiology. Pou1f1 loss-of-function heterozygotes are unaffected; Six3 heterozygotes have pituitary gland dysmorphology and incompletely ossified palate; and the Six3+/-; Pou1f1+/dw double heterozygote mice have a pronounced phenotype, including pituitary growth through the palate. The interaction of Pou1f1 and Six3 in mice supports the possibility of digenic pituitary disease in children. Disruption of Six3 expression in the oral ectoderm completely ablated anterior pituitary development, and deletion of Six3 in the neural ectoderm blocked the development of the pituitary stalk and both anterior and posterior pituitary lobes. Six3 is required in both oral and neural ectodermal tissues for the activation of signaling pathways and transcription factors necessary for pituitary cell fate. These studies clarify the mechanism of SIX3 action in pituitary development and provide support for a digenic basis for hypopituitarism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frederic Castinetti
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’hypophyse HYPO, Marseille, France,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut Marseille, Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Marseille, France
| | - Qing Fang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mi-Sun Lee
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexandru Saveanu
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’hypophyse HYPO, Marseille, France,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut Marseille, Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Marseille, France
| | - Frédérique Albarel
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’hypophyse HYPO, Marseille, France,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut Marseille, Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Marseille, France
| | - Clémentine Dupuis
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble-Alpes, site Nord, Hôpital Couple Enfants, Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Brue
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’hypophyse HYPO, Marseille, France,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut Marseille, Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Marseille, France
| | - Sally A Camper
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 5704 Medical Science Building II, 1241 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Tel: +1-734-763-0682; Fax: +1-734-763-3784;
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Lo HF, Hong M, Krauss RS. Concepts in Multifactorial Etiology of Developmental Disorders: Gene-Gene and Gene-Environment Interactions in Holoprosencephaly. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:795194. [PMID: 35004690 PMCID: PMC8727999 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.795194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many common developmental disorders are thought to arise from a complex set of genetic and environmental risk factors. These factors interact with each other to affect the strength and duration of key developmental signaling pathways, thereby increasing the possibility that they fail to achieve the thresholds required for normal embryonic patterning. One such disorder, holoprosencephaly (HPE), serves as a useful model system in understanding various forms of multifactorial etiology. Genomic analysis of HPE cases, epidemiology, and mechanistic studies of animal models have illuminated multiple potential ways that risk factors interact to produce adverse developmental outcomes. Among these are: 1) interactions between driver and modifier genes; 2) oligogenic inheritance, wherein each parent provides predisposing variants in one or multiple distinct loci; 3) interactions between genetic susceptibilities and environmental risk factors that may be insufficient on their own; and 4) interactions of multiple genetic variants with multiple non-genetic risk factors. These studies combine to provide concepts that illuminate HPE and are also applicable to additional disorders with complex etiology, including neural tube defects, congenital heart defects, and oro-facial clefting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Fan Lo
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mingi Hong
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert S Krauss
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Tian C, Duan L, Fu C, He J, Dai J, Zhu G. Study on the Correlation Between Iris Characteristics and Schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:811-820. [PMID: 35431547 PMCID: PMC9005354 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s361614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, researchers have conducted many studies on the potential contribution of the retina and other eye structures on schizophrenia. This study aimed to evaluate differences in iris characteristics between patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals so as to find more easily accessible and easily measurable biomarkers with a view to improving clinical assessments and furthering our understanding of the disease. METHODS Overall, 80 patients with schizophrenia and 52 healthy individuals were included in the case group and the control group, respectively. Iris images were collected from all subjects to compare differences in the structure and color of the iris. The Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) and the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) were used to evaluate the clinical symptoms and characteristics of 45 first-episode untreated schizophrenics, and analyzed correlations between iris characteristics and schizophrenia symptoms. RESULTS There were significant differences in iris crypts (P<0.05) and pigment spots (P<0.01) between the case and control group, but no significant difference was found in iris wrinkles (P<0.05). The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the total iris crypts [odds ratio (OR) 1.166, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.022-1.330] and total iris pigment spots (OR 1.815, 95% CI 1.186-2.775) increased the risk of suffering from schizophrenia. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the number of iris crypts was positively associated with the MOAS score (r=0.474, P<0.01). Moreover, the number of the iris pigment spots (r=0.395, P<0.01) and wrinkles (r=0.309, P<0.05) were positively correlated with the subjects' negative symptom scores, respectively. CONCLUSION Iris crypts and pigment spots were identified as potential biomarkers for detecting schizophrenia. In patients with first-episode untreated schizophrenia, iris characteristics may help psychiatrists to identify the illness and its severity, and to detect characteristic clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Tian
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.,Shenyang Mental Health Center, Shenyang, 110168, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.,School of Nursing, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Fu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan He
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
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Meurer L, Ferdman L, Belcher B, Camarata T. The SIX Family of Transcription Factors: Common Themes Integrating Developmental and Cancer Biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:707854. [PMID: 34490256 PMCID: PMC8417317 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.707854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The sine oculis (SIX) family of transcription factors are key regulators of developmental processes during embryogenesis. Members of this family control gene expression to promote self-renewal of progenitor cell populations and govern mechanisms of cell differentiation. When the function of SIX genes becomes disrupted, distinct congenital defects develops both in animal models and humans. In addition to the embryonic setting, members of the SIX family have been found to be critical regulators of tumorigenesis, promoting cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. Research in both the fields of developmental biology and cancer research have provided an extensive understanding of SIX family transcription factor functions. Here we review recent progress in elucidating the role of SIX family genes in congenital disease as well as in the promotion of cancer. Common themes arise when comparing SIX transcription factor function during embryonic and cancer development. We highlight the complementary nature of these two fields and how knowledge in one area can open new aspects of experimentation in the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Meurer
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Leonard Ferdman
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Beau Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Troy Camarata
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
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Hu T, Kruszka P, Martinez AF, Ming JE, Shabason EK, Raam MS, Shaikh TH, Pineda-Alvarez DE, Muenke M. Cytogenetics and holoprosencephaly: A chromosomal microarray study of 222 individuals with holoprosencephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 178:175-186. [PMID: 30182442 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE), a common developmental forebrain malformation, is characterized by failure of the cerebrum to completely divide into left and right hemispheres. The etiology of HPE is heterogeneous and a number of environmental and genetic factors have been identified. Cytogenetically visible alterations occur in 25% to 45% of HPE patients and cytogenetic techniques have long been used to study copy number variants (CNVs) in this disorder. The karyotype approach initially demonstrated several recurrent chromosomal anomalies, which led to the identification of HPE-specific loci and, eventually, several major HPE genes. More recently, higher-resolution cytogenetic techniques such as subtelomeric multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and chromosomal microarray have been used to analyze chromosomal anomalies. By using chromosomal microarray, we sought to identify submicroscopic chromosomal deletions and duplications in patients with HPE. In an analysis of 222 individuals with HPE, a deletion or duplication was detected in 107 individuals. Of these 107 individuals, 23 (21%) had variants that were classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic by board-certified medical geneticists. We identified multiple patients with deletions in established HPE loci as well as three patients with deletions encompassed by 6q12-q14.3, a CNV previously reported by Bendavid et al. In addition, we identified a new locus, 16p13.2 that warrants further investigation for HPE association. Incidentally, we also found a case of Potocki-Lupski syndrome, a case of Phelan-McDermid syndrome, and multiple cases of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome within our cohort. These data confirm the genetically heterogeneous nature of HPE, and also demonstrate clinical utility of chromosomal microarray in diagnosing patients affected by HPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Hu
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ariel F Martinez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey E Ming
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily K Shabason
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Manu S Raam
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,General Pediatrics Services Shriners for Children Medical Center, Pasadena, California.,General Pediatrics Services Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tamim H Shaikh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Invitae Corporation, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel E Pineda-Alvarez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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7
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Weiss K, Kruszka PS, Levey E, Muenke M. Holoprosencephaly from conception to adulthood. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 178:122-127. [PMID: 30182446 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) consists of a spectrum of malformations related to incomplete separation of the prosencephalon. There is a wide clinical variability depending on the HPE subtype seen on imaging. Early postnatal lethality is common, however a significant fraction of newborns diagnosed with HPE will survive into childhood and even adulthood. Here we will review the clinical management of HPE during different ages from the prenatal period to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Weiss
- Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Paul S Kruszka
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eric Levey
- Health Services for Children with Special Needs, Inc., Washington, DC
| | - Max Muenke
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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8
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Ohuchi H, Sato K, Habuta M, Fujita H, Bando T. Congenital eye anomalies: More mosaic than thought? Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2019; 59:56-73. [PMID: 30039880 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The eye is a sensory organ that primarily captures light and provides the sense of sight, as well as delivering non-visual light information involving biological rhythms and neurophysiological activities to the brain. Since the early 1990s, rapid advances in molecular biology have enabled the identification of developmental genes, genes responsible for human congenital diseases, and relevant genes of mutant animals with various anomalies. In this review, we first look at the development of the eye, and we highlight seminal reports regarding archetypal gene defects underlying three developmental ocular disorders in humans: (1) holoprosencephaly (HPE), with cyclopia being exhibited in the most severe cases; (2) microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC) phenotypes; and (3) anterior segment dysgenesis (ASDG), known as Peters anomaly and its related disorders. The recently developed methods, such as next-generation sequencing and genome editing techniques, have aided the discovery of gene mutations in congenital eye diseases and gene functions in normal eye development. Finally, we discuss Pax6-genome edited mosaic eyes and propose that somatic mosaicism in developmental gene mutations should be considered a causal factor for variable phenotypes, sporadic cases, and de novo mutations in human developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keita Sato
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Munenori Habuta
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Fujita
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Bando
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Kruszka P, Martinez AF, Muenke M. Molecular testing in holoprosencephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 178:187-193. [PMID: 29771000 PMCID: PMC6125165 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a structural brain anomaly characterized by failure of the forebrain to separate during early embryogenesis. Both genetic and environmental etiologies of HPE have been discovered over the last three decades. Traditionally, the genetic workup for HPE has been a karyotype, chromosomal microarray, and/or Sanger sequencing of select genes. The recent increased availability of next-generation sequencing has changed the molecular diagnostic landscape for HPE, associating new genes with this disorder such as FGFR1. We conducted a systematic review of the medical literature for the molecular testing of HPE for studies published in the last 20 years. We also queried known commercial diagnostic laboratories and used information on their websites to construct a list of available commercial testing. Our group released its first recommendations in 2010 and this update incorporates the technology shifts and gene discoveries over the last decade. These recommendations provide a guide for genetic diagnosis of HPE, which is paramount for patients and their families for prognosis, treatment, and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ariel F Martinez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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10
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Dubourg C, Kim A, Watrin E, de Tayrac M, Odent S, David V, Dupé V. Recent advances in understanding inheritance of holoprosencephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 178:258-269. [PMID: 29785796 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a complex genetic disorder of the developing forebrain characterized by high phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. HPE was initially defined as an autosomal dominant disease, but recent research has shown that its mode of transmission is more complex. The past decade has witnessed rapid development of novel genetic technologies and significant progresses in clinical studies of HPE. In this review, we recapitulate genetic epidemiological studies of the largest European HPE cohort and summarize the novel genetic discoveries of HPE based on recently developed diagnostic methods. Our main purpose is to present different inheritance patterns that exist for HPE with a particular emphasis on oligogenic inheritance and its implications in genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christèle Dubourg
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F - 35000, Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Artem Kim
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F - 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Erwan Watrin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F - 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Marie de Tayrac
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F - 35000, Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F - 35000, Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Véronique David
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F - 35000, Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Dupé
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F - 35000, Rennes, France
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Hong M, Krauss RS. Modeling the complex etiology of holoprosencephaly in mice. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 178:140-150. [PMID: 29749693 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a common developmental defect caused by failure to define the midline of the forebrain and/or midface. HPE is associated with heterozygous mutations in Nodal and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway components, but clinical presentation is highly variable, and many mutation carriers are unaffected. It is therefore thought that such mutations interact with more common modifiers, genetic and/or environmental, to produce severe patterning defects. Modifiers are difficult to identify, as their effects are context-dependent and occur within the complex genetic and environmental landscapes that characterize human populations. This has made a full understanding of HPE etiology challenging. We discuss here the use of mice, a genetically tractable model sensitive to teratogens, as a system to address this challenge. Mice carrying mutations in human HPE genes often display wide variations in phenotypic penetrance and expressivity when placed on different genetic backgrounds, demonstrating the existence of silent HPE modifier genes. Studies with mouse lines carrying SHH pathway mutations on appropriate genetic backgrounds have led to identification of both genetic and environmental modifiers that synergize with the mutations to produce a spectrum of HPE phenotypes. These models favor a scenario in which multiple modifying influences-both genetic and environmental, sensitizing and protective-interact with bona fide HPE mutations to grade phenotypic outcomes. Despite the complex interplay of HPE risk factors, mouse models have helped establish some clear concepts in HPE etiology. A combination of mouse and human cohort studies should improve our understanding of this fascinating and medically important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingi Hong
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Robert S Krauss
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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