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Martins DJ, Di Lazzaro Filho R, Bertola DR, Hoch NC. Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, a disorder far from solved. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1296409. [PMID: 38021400 PMCID: PMC10676203 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1296409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a range of clinical symptoms, including poikiloderma, juvenile cataracts, short stature, sparse hair, eyebrows/eyelashes, nail dysplasia, and skeletal abnormalities. While classically associated with mutations in the RECQL4 gene, which encodes a DNA helicase involved in DNA replication and repair, three additional genes have been recently identified in RTS: ANAPC1, encoding a subunit of the APC/C complex; DNA2, which encodes a nuclease/helicase involved in DNA repair; and CRIPT, encoding a poorly characterized protein implicated in excitatory synapse formation and splicing. Here, we review the clinical spectrum of RTS patients, analyze the genetic basis of the disease, and discuss molecular functions of the affected genes, drawing some novel genotype-phenotype correlations and proposing avenues for future studies into this enigmatic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Jardim Martins
- Genomic Stability Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Di Lazzaro Filho
- Center for Human Genome Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Dasa Genômica/Genera, Genômica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Romeo Bertola
- Center for Human Genome Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Children’s Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Carlos Hoch
- Genomic Stability Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Lorenzo C, Travessa AM, Ferreira AC, Modamio-Høybjør S, Heath KE, Pereira C. Precocious puberty and anal stenosis in an African patient with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:280-283. [PMID: 36164748 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a rash that progresses to poikiloderma. Other common features include sparse hair, eyelashes and eyebrows, short stature, variable skeletal abnormalities, dental defects, cataracts, hypogonadism, and an increased risk for cancer, especially osteosarcoma and skin cancer. RTS is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in ANAPC1 (Type 1 RTS) or RECQL4 (Type 2 RTS). We present an African girl with Type 2 RTS caused by a nonsense variant and an intronic variant in RECQL4. The patient presented precocious puberty, which has not been previously reported in RTS and that was treated with a GnRH analog, and anal stenosis, which has only been reported once. This case highlights the need to consider deep intronic variants in patients with RTS when pathogenic variants in the coding regions and exon/intron boundaries are not identified and expands the phenotypic spectrum of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lorenzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, EPE, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André M Travessa
- Medical Genetics Department and ERN-BOND, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, EPE, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Developmental Biology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristóvão Ferreira
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, EPE, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Silvia Modamio-Høybjør
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE) and ERN-BOND, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen E Heath
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE) and ERN-BOND, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Pereira
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Santa Maria - Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, EPE, Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Tous-Romero F, Palma-Milla C, Ortiz-de Frutos J. [Translated article] Skin Lesions Associated With a New Mutation in the RECQL4 Gene in a Patient With Osteosarcoma. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2022; 113:T983-T984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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4
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Kaneko H, Takemoto M, Murakami H, Ihara K, Kosaki R, Motegi SI, Taniguchi A, Matsuo M, Yamazaki N, Nishigori C, Takita J, Koshizaka M, Maezawa Y, Yokote K. Rothmund-Thomson syndrome investigated by two nationwide surveys in Japan. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e15120. [PMID: 35616152 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by poikiloderma of the face, small stature, sparse scalp hair, juvenile cataract, radial aplasia, and predisposition to cancers. Due to the rarity of RTS, the situation of patients with RTS in Japan has not been elucidated. METHODS In 2010 and 2020, following the results of a primary questionnaire survey, a secondary questionnaire survey on RTS was conducted nationwide to investigate the number of RTS cases and their associated skin lesions, bone lesions, other clinical features, and quality of life in Japan. RESULTS In 2010 and 2020, 10 and eight patients with RTS were recruited, respectively. Skin lesions such as poikiloderma, erythema, pigmentation, and abnormal scalp hair were observed in almost all cases. Bone lesions were observed in four cases in the 2010 and 2020 surveys, respectively. Two cases had mutations in the RECQL4 gene in the 2020 survey. CONCLUSIONS Two nationwide surveys have shown the actual situation of patients with RTS in Japan. Cutaneous and bone manifestations are important for the diagnosis of RTS. However, many patients have no RECQL4 mutations. The novel causative gene of RTS should be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kaneko
- Department of Pediatric Medical Care, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Minoru Takemoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Murakami
- Department of Pediatric Medical Care, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenji Ihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Rika Kosaki
- Division of Medical Genetics, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Motegi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akira Taniguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Muneaki Matsuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Naoya Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Junko Takita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaya Koshizaka
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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5
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Tous-Romero F, Palma-Milla C, Ortiz-de Frutos J. Lesiones cutáneas en una paciente con osteosarcoma asociadas a una nueva mutación en el gen RECQL4. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2021; 113:983-984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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6
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Luong TT, Bernstein KA. Role and Regulation of the RECQL4 Family during Genomic Integrity Maintenance. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1919. [PMID: 34946868 PMCID: PMC8701316 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RECQL4 is a member of the evolutionarily conserved RecQ family of 3' to 5' DNA helicases. RECQL4 is critical for maintaining genomic stability through its functions in DNA repair, recombination, and replication. Unlike many DNA repair proteins, RECQL4 has unique functions in many of the central DNA repair pathways such as replication, telomere, double-strand break repair, base excision repair, mitochondrial maintenance, nucleotide excision repair, and crosslink repair. Consistent with these diverse roles, mutations in RECQL4 are associated with three distinct genetic diseases, which are characterized by developmental defects and/or cancer predisposition. In this review, we provide an overview of the roles and regulation of RECQL4 during maintenance of genome homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kara A. Bernstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
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7
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Zhang Y, Qin W, Wang H, Lin Z, Tang Z, Xu Z. Novel pathogenic variants in the RECQL4 gene causing Rothmund-Thomson syndrome in three Chinese patients. J Dermatol 2021; 48:1511-1517. [PMID: 34155702 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by poikiloderma, short stature, sparse hair, skeletal abnormalities, and cancer predisposition. Mutations in ANAPC1 or RECQL4 have been identified to underlie RTS. Either Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed for three Chinese RTS patients. Copy number variants were called by the eXome-Hidden Markov Model using read-depth data of NGS, and the putative heterozygous deletion was confirmed by PCR with multiple primers. The breakpoints were identified by Sanger sequencing. All patients presented with characteristic features of poikiloderma, short stature, and sparse hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows. In addition, patient 1 had intellectual disability and speech delay, and patient 2 developed osteosarcoma when she was 13 years old. Biallelic RECQL4 variants were identified in all three patients. Five of the six variants were novel, including c.119-1G>A, c.2886-1G>A, c.2290C>T (p.Gln764*), and c.3552dupG (p.Arg1185Glufs*42), and a gross deletion encompassing exons 6 to 10. Our study expands the genetic and clinical spectrums of RTS. Furthermore, we reported the first heterozygous gross deletion in RECQL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunyi Maternal and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimiao Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanli Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Shunyi Maternal and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
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8
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Schmit M, Bielinsky AK. Congenital Diseases of DNA Replication: Clinical Phenotypes and Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E911. [PMID: 33477564 PMCID: PMC7831139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication can be divided into three major steps: initiation, elongation and termination. Each time a human cell divides, these steps must be reiteratively carried out. Disruption of DNA replication can lead to genomic instability, with the accumulation of point mutations or larger chromosomal anomalies such as rearrangements. While cancer is the most common class of disease associated with genomic instability, several congenital diseases with dysfunctional DNA replication give rise to similar DNA alterations. In this review, we discuss all congenital diseases that arise from pathogenic variants in essential replication genes across the spectrum of aberrant replisome assembly, origin activation and DNA synthesis. For each of these conditions, we describe their clinical phenotypes as well as molecular studies aimed at determining the functional mechanisms of disease, including the assessment of genomic stability. By comparing and contrasting these diseases, we hope to illuminate how the disruption of DNA replication at distinct steps affects human health in a surprisingly cell-type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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9
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Schnabel F, Kornak U, Wollnik B. Premature aging disorders: A clinical and genetic compendium. Clin Genet 2020; 99:3-28. [PMID: 32860237 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Progeroid disorders make up a heterogeneous group of very rare hereditary diseases characterized by clinical signs that often mimic physiological aging in a premature manner. Apart from Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, one of the best-investigated progeroid disorders, a wide spectrum of other premature aging phenotypes exist, which differ significantly in their clinical presentation and molecular pathogenesis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based approaches have made it feasible to determine the molecular diagnosis in the early stages of a disease. Nevertheless, a broad clinical knowledge on these disorders and their associated symptoms is still fundamental for a comprehensive patient management and for the interpretation of variants of unknown significance from NGS data sets. This review provides a detailed overview on characteristic clinical features and underlying molecular genetics of well-known as well as only recently identified premature aging disorders and also highlights novel findings towards future therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schnabel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Petr MA, Tulika T, Carmona-Marin LM, Scheibye-Knudsen M. Protecting the Aging Genome. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:117-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Kim JS. Baller-Gerold Syndrome in a Premature Infant with a Mutation in the RECQL4 Gene. NEONATAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.5385/nm.2019.26.4.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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12
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Colombo EA, Mutlu-Albayrak H, Shafeghati Y, Balasar M, Piard J, Gentilini D, Di Blasio AM, Gervasini C, Van Maldergem L, Larizza L. Phenotypic Overlap of Roberts and Baller-Gerold Syndromes in Two Patients With Craniosynostosis, Limb Reductions, and ESCO2 Mutations. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:210. [PMID: 31192177 PMCID: PMC6546804 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Baller-Gerold (BGS, MIM#218600) and Roberts (RBS, MIM#268300) syndromes are rare autosomal recessive disorders caused, respectively, by biallelic alterations in RECQL4 (MIM*603780) and ESCO2 (MIM*609353) genes. Common features are severe growth retardation, limbs shortening and craniofacial abnormalities which may include craniosynostosis. We aimed at unveiling the genetic lesions underpinning the phenotype of two unrelated children with a presumptive BGS diagnosis: patient 1 is a Turkish girl with short stature, microcephaly, craniosynostosis, seizures, intellectual disability, midface hemangioma, bilateral radial and thumb aplasia, tibial hypoplasia, and pes equinovarus. Patient 2 is an Iranian girl born to consanguineous parents with craniosynostosis, micrognathism, bilateral radial aplasia, thumbs, and foot deformity in the context of developmental delay. Upon negative RECQL4 test, whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis performed on the two trios led to the identification of two different ESCO2 homozygous inactivating variants: a previously described c.1131+1G>A transition in patient 1 and an unreported deletion, c.417del, in patient 2, thus turning the diagnosis into Roberts syndrome. The occurrence of a Baller-Gerold phenotype in two unrelated patients that were ultimately diagnosed with RBS demonstrates the strength of WES in redefining the nosological landscape of rare congenital malformation syndromes, a premise to yield optimized patients management and family counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Adele Colombo
- Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Hatice Mutlu-Albayrak
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Cengiz Gökcek Maternity and Children's Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Yousef Shafeghati
- Sarem Cell Research Center and Medical Genetics Department, Sarem Women Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mine Balasar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Juliette Piard
- Centre de génétique humaine CHU, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Di Blasio
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lidia Larizza
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica e Genetica Molecolare Umana, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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13
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Colombo EA, Locatelli A, Cubells Sánchez L, Romeo S, Elcioglu NH, Maystadt I, Esteve Martínez A, Sironi A, Fontana L, Finelli P, Gervasini C, Pecile V, Larizza L. Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome: Insights from New Patients on the Genetic Variability Underpinning Clinical Presentation and Cancer Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1103. [PMID: 29642415 PMCID: PMC5979380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in RECQL4 gene, a caretaker of the genome, cause Rothmund-Thomson type-II syndrome (RTS-II) and confer increased cancer risk if they damage the helicase domain. We describe five families exemplifying clinical and allelic heterogeneity of RTS-II, and report the effect of pathogenic RECQL4 variants by in silico predictions and transcripts analyses. Complete phenotype of patients #39 and #42 whose affected siblings developed osteosarcoma correlates with their c.[1048_1049del], c.[1878+32_1878+55del] and c.[1568G>C;1573delT], c.[3021_3022del] variants which damage the helicase domain. Literature survey highlights enrichment of these variants affecting the helicase domain in patients with cancer outcome raising the issue of strict oncological surveillance. Conversely, patients #29 and #19 have a mild phenotype and carry, respectively, the unreported homozygous c.3265G>T and c.3054A>G variants, both sparing the helicase domain. Finally, despite matching several criteria for RTS clinical diagnosis, patient #38 is heterozygous for c.2412_2414del; no pathogenic CNVs out of those evidenced by high-resolution CGH-array, emerged as contributors to her phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A Colombo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Locatelli
- UO Dermatologia e Venereologia, Asst Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Laura Cubells Sánchez
- Department of Dermatology, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sara Romeo
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK.
| | - Nursel H Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, 34890 Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Mediterranean University, Mersin 10 Cyprus, Turkey.
| | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, 6041 Charleroi (Gosselies), Belgium.
| | - Altea Esteve Martínez
- Department of Dermatology, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Alessandra Sironi
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Fontana
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Palma Finelli
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Vanna Pecile
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Foundation IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Institute, 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Lidia Larizza
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy.
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Kaneko H, Izumi R, Oda H, Ohara O, Sameshima K, Ohnishi H, Fukao T, Funato M. Nationwide survey of Baller‑Gerold syndrome in Japanese population. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3222-3224. [PMID: 28358413 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Baller-Gerold syndrome (BGS) is a rare autosomal genetic disorder characterized by radial aplasia/hypoplasia and craniosynostosis. The causative gene for BGS encodes RECQL4, which belongs to the RecQ helicase family. To understand BGS patients in Japan, a nationwide survey was conducted, which identified 2 families and 3 patients affected by the syndrome. All the three patients showed radial defects and craniosynostosis. In one patient who showed a dislocated joint of the hip and flexion contracture of both the elbow joints and wrists at birth, a homozygous large deletion in the RECQL4 gene was identified. This is the first reported case of BGS in Japan caused by RECQL4 gene mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kaneko
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Nagara Medical Center, Gifu 502‑8558, Japan
| | - Rie Izumi
- Niigata Prefecture Hamagumi Medical Rehabilitation Center for Children, Niigata 951‑8121, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Oda
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN‑IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230‑0045, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Technology Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292‑0818, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Sameshima
- Division of Medical Genetics, Gunma Children's Medical Center, Shibukawa, Gunma 377‑8577, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ohnishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501‑1194, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukao
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501‑1194, Japan
| | - Michinori Funato
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Nagara Medical Center, Gifu 502‑8558, Japan
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Wenger TL, Earl D, Chow P, Sanchez-Lara PA. Role of Pediatric Geneticists in Craniofacial Teams: The Identification of Craniofacial Conditions with Cancer Predisposition. J Pediatr 2016; 175:216-223.e1. [PMID: 27289500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Wenger
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Dawn Earl
- Division of Genetics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Penny Chow
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Division of Genetics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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16
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Suter AA, Itin P, Heinimann K, Ahmed M, Ashraf T, Fryssira H, Kini U, Lapunzina P, Miny P, Sommerlund M, Suri M, Vaeth S, Vasudevan P, Gallati S. Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome: novel pathogenic mutations and frequencies of variants in the RECQL4 and USB1 (C16orf57) gene. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2016; 4:359-66. [PMID: 27247962 PMCID: PMC4867568 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poikiloderma is defined as a chronic skin condition presenting with a combination of punctate atrophy, areas of depigmentation, hyperpigmentation and telangiectasia. In a variety of hereditary syndromes such as Rothmund–Thomson syndrome (RTS), Clericuzio‐type poikiloderma with neutropenia (PN) and Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC), poikiloderma occurs as one of the main symptoms. Here, we report on genotype and phenotype data of a cohort of 44 index patients with RTS or related genodermatoses. Methods DNA samples from 43 patients were screened for variants in the 21 exons of the RECQL4 gene using PCR, SSCP‐PAGE analysis and/or Sanger sequencing. Patients with only one or no detectable mutation in the RECQL4 gene were additionally tested for variants in the 8 exons of the USB1 (C16orf57) gene by Sanger sequencing. The effect of novel variants was evaluated by phylogenic studies, single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) databases and in silico analyses. Results We identified 23 different RECQL4 mutations including 10 novel and one homozygous novel USB1 (C16orf57) mutation in a patient with PN. Moreover, we describe 31 RECQL4 and 8 USB1 sequence variants, four of them being novel intronic RECQL4 sequence changes that may have some deleterious effects on splicing mechanisms and need further evaluation by transcript analyses. Conclusion The current study contributes to the improvement of genetic diagnostic strategies and interpretation in RTS and PN that is relevant in order to assess the patients' cancer risk, to avoid continuous and inconclusive clinical evaluations and to clarify the recurrence risk in the families. Additionally, it shows that the phenotype of more than 50% of the patients with suspected Rothmund–Thomson disease may be due to mutations in other genes raising the need for further extended genetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude-Annick Suter
- Division of Human GeneticsDepartment of PaediatricsInselspitalUniversity of BernCH-3010BernSwitzerland; Department of Clinical ResearchUniversity of BernCH-3010BernSwitzerland
| | - Peter Itin
- Department of Dermatology University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Karl Heinimann
- Medical Genetics University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Munaza Ahmed
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service University Hospital Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Tazeen Ashraf
- Department of Clinical Genetics Guys Hospital London UK
| | - Helen Fryssira
- Department of Clinical Genetics Agia Sophia Children's Hospital Athens Greece
| | - Usha Kini
- Department of Clinical Genetics Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust Oxford UK
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- INGEMM, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics University Hospital La Paz, IdiPAZ-CIBERER Madrid Spain
| | - Peter Miny
- Medical Genetics University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Mette Sommerlund
- Department of Dermatology Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | - Mohnish Suri
- Departement of Clinical Genetics Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust City Hospital Campus Nottingham UK
| | - Signe Vaeth
- Department of Clinical Genetics Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | - Pradeep Vasudevan
- Department of Clinical Genetics University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust Leicester Royal Infirmary Leicester UK
| | - Sabina Gallati
- Division of Human GeneticsDepartment of PaediatricsInselspitalUniversity of BernCH-3010BernSwitzerland; Department of Clinical ResearchUniversity of BernCH-3010BernSwitzerland
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17
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Multiple Low Energy Long Bone Fractures in the Setting of Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome. Case Rep Med 2015; 2015:495164. [PMID: 26617641 PMCID: PMC4651706 DOI: 10.1155/2015/495164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by a poikilodermatous rash starting in infancy as well as various skeletal anomalies, juvenile cataracts, and predisposition to certain cancers. Although Rothmund-Thomson syndrome is associated with diminished bone mineral density in addition to multiple skeletal abnormalities, there are few reports of the association with stress fractures or pathologic fractures in low energy trauma or delayed healing of fractures. Presented is a case of a young adult male with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome presenting with multiple episodes of long bone fractures caused by low energy trauma with one of the fractures exhibiting significantly delayed healing. The patient was also found to have an asymptomatic stress fracture of the lower extremity, another finding of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome rarely reported in the literature. A thorough review of the literature and comprehensive presentation of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome is provided in conjunction with our case.
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18
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Zhang J, Yan M, Cheng R, Ni C, Liang J, Li M, Yao Z. A rare RECQL4 indel mutation in a Chinese patient with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 30:e159-e161. [PMID: 26515231 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - M Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - R Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - C Ni
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - J Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - M Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Z Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Mercier S, Küry S, Salort-Campana E, Magot A, Agbim U, Besnard T, Bodak N, Bou-Hanna C, Bréhéret F, Brunelle P, Caillon F, Chabrol B, Cormier-Daire V, David A, Eymard B, Faivre L, Figarella-Branger D, Fleurence E, Ganapathi M, Gherardi R, Goldenberg A, Hamel A, Igual J, Irvine AD, Israël-Biet D, Kannengiesser C, Laboisse C, Le Caignec C, Mahé JY, Mallet S, MacGowan S, McAleer MA, McLean I, Méni C, Munnich A, Mussini JM, Nagy PL, Odel J, O'Regan GM, Péréon Y, Perrier J, Piard J, Puzenat E, Sampson JB, Smith F, Soufir N, Tanji K, Thauvin C, Ulane C, Watson RM, Khumalo NP, Mayosi BM, Barbarot S, Bézieau S. Expanding the clinical spectrum of hereditary fibrosing poikiloderma with tendon contractures, myopathy and pulmonary fibrosis due to FAM111B mutations. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:135. [PMID: 26471370 PMCID: PMC4608180 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary Fibrosing Poikiloderma (HFP) with tendon contractures, myopathy and pulmonary fibrosis (POIKTMP [MIM 615704]) is a very recently described entity of syndromic inherited poikiloderma. Previously by using whole exome sequencing in five families, we identified the causative gene, FAM111B (NM_198947.3), the function of which is still unknown. Our objective in this study was to better define the specific features of POIKTMP through a larger series of patients. Methods Clinical and molecular data of two families and eight independent sporadic cases, including six new cases, were collected. Results Key features consist of: (i) early-onset poikiloderma, hypotrichosis and hypohidrosis; (ii) multiple contractures, in particular triceps surae muscle contractures; (iii) diffuse progressive muscular weakness; (iv) pulmonary fibrosis in adulthood and (v) other features including exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, liver impairment and growth retardation. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging was informative and showed muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration. Histological examination of skeletal muscle revealed extensive fibroadipose tissue infiltration. Microscopy of the skin showed a scleroderma-like aspect with fibrosis and alterations of the elastic network. FAM111B gene analysis identified five different missense variants (two recurrent mutations were found respectively in three and four independent families). All the mutations were predicted to localize in the trypsin-like cysteine/serine peptidase domain of the protein. We suggest gain-of-function or dominant-negative mutations resulting in FAM111B enzymatic activity changes. Conclusions HFP with tendon contractures, myopathy and pulmonary fibrosis, is a multisystemic disorder due to autosomal dominant FAM111B mutations. Future functional studies will help in understanding the specific pathological process of this fibrosing disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mercier
- CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Unité de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Anomalies de Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'interrégion Grand-Ouest, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093, Nantes CEDEX 1, France. .,INSERM UMR1089, Atlantic Gene Therapy Institute, University of Nantes, Nantes, France. .,Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires Rares de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte Nantes-Angers, Nantes, F-44000, France.
| | - Sébastien Küry
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093, Nantes CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Salort-Campana
- Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Neurologie, Centre de Référence des maladies Neuromusculaires et Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique, Marseille, France.
| | - Armelle Magot
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires Rares de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte Nantes-Angers, Nantes, F-44000, France. .,CHU de Nantes, Laboratoire d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Nantes, F-44000, France.
| | - Uchenna Agbim
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Thomas Besnard
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093, Nantes CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Nathalie Bodak
- Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France.
| | | | - Flora Bréhéret
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093, Nantes CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Perrine Brunelle
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093, Nantes CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Florence Caillon
- CHU Nantes, Service de Radiologie, CHU Nantes, Nantes, F-44000, France.
| | - Brigitte Chabrol
- Service de neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, U781, Fondation Imagine, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service de Génétique, Paris, 75015, France.
| | - Albert David
- CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Unité de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Anomalies de Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'interrégion Grand-Ouest, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093, Nantes CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Bruno Eymard
- Centre de référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, GHU La Pitié-Salpétrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Equipe d'accueil EA 4271 GAD "Génétique des Anomalies du Développement", IFR Santé STIC, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France. .,Centre de Référence Anomalies de Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'interrégion Grand-Est et Centre de Génétique, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU, Dijon, France.
| | | | - Emmanuelle Fleurence
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires Rares de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte Nantes-Angers, Nantes, F-44000, France. .,Etablissement de Santé pour Enfants et Adolescents de la région Nantaise, Nantes, France.
| | - Mythily Ganapathi
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Romain Gherardi
- APHP, Service d'Histologie, INSERM U841, CHU Mondor, Créteil, France.
| | - Alice Goldenberg
- CHU de Rouen, Hôpital Charles Nicolles, Service de Génétique, Rouen, France.
| | - Antoine Hamel
- CHU de Nantes, Service de Chirurgie Infantile, Nantes, France.
| | - Jeanine Igual
- CH de Marne la Vallée, Service de Pneumologie, Jossigny, France.
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland. .,National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. .,Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | | - Christian Laboisse
- Equipe d'accueil Biometadys, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France. .,Laboratoire d'Anatomopathologie A, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 1, rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex, 44035, France.
| | - Cédric Le Caignec
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Unité de Cytogénétique, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093, Nantes CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Jean-Yves Mahé
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires Rares de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte Nantes-Angers, Nantes, F-44000, France. .,Etablissement de Santé pour Enfants et Adolescents de la région Nantaise, Nantes, France.
| | - Stéphanie Mallet
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital La Timone, Aix Marseille Université, Provence, France.
| | - Stuart MacGowan
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Colleges of Life Sciences and Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. .,Division of Computational Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Maeve A McAleer
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland. .,National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Irwin McLean
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Colleges of Life Sciences and Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Cécile Méni
- Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France.
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, U781, Fondation Imagine, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service de Génétique, Paris, 75015, France.
| | - Jean-Marie Mussini
- Laboratoire d'Anatomopathologie A, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 1, rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex, 44035, France.
| | - Peter L Nagy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Personalized Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Odel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Grainne M O'Regan
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Yann Péréon
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires Rares de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte Nantes-Angers, Nantes, F-44000, France. .,CHU de Nantes, Laboratoire d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Nantes, F-44000, France.
| | - Julie Perrier
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires Rares de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte Nantes-Angers, Nantes, F-44000, France.
| | - Juliette Piard
- CHU de Besançon, Service de Génétique Médicale, Besançon, France.
| | - Eve Puzenat
- CHU de Besançon, Service de Dermatologie, Besançon, France.
| | - Jacinda B Sampson
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Frances Smith
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Nadem Soufir
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Génétique, INSERM U976, Paris, France.
| | - Kurenai Tanji
- Division of Neuropathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Christel Thauvin
- Equipe d'accueil EA 4271 GAD "Génétique des Anomalies du Développement", IFR Santé STIC, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France. .,Centre de Référence Anomalies de Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'interrégion Grand-Est et Centre de Génétique, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU, Dijon, France.
| | - Christina Ulane
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rosemarie M Watson
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Nonhlanhla P Khumalo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Bongani M Mayosi
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sébastien Barbarot
- CHU Nantes, Clinique dermatologique, Hôtel Dieu, Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Stéphane Bézieau
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093, Nantes CEDEX 1, France. .,Equipe d'accueil Biometadys, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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