Bone Remodeling Around Implants with External Hexagon and Morse-Taper Connections: A Randomized, Controlled, Split-Mouth, Clinical Trial

Full-arch prostheses supported by implants with different macrostructures: A multicenter randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVES

This study evaluates the clinical performance of implants with hydrophilic surface and two different macrostructures: cylindrical with perforating triangular threads (CT) and cylindrical-tapered with the association of square and condensing and perforating triangular threads (TST).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a multicenter split-mouth, simple-blinded, randomized, and controlled trial. Thirty patients with edentulous mandible received two CT and two TST implants. Primary stability was determined by insertion torque and resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Implants were loaded with full fixed-arch prostheses within 24 h after insertion. Clinical parameters (visible plaque index, marginal bleeding index; bleeding on probing; probing depth; and clinical attachment level) and the RFA were assessed at 2, 6, 12, and 24 months after implant loading. Marginal bone level changes were measured by comparison of standardized radiographs taken on the day of implant placement and 6, 12, and 24 months thereafter.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight patients completed the 2-year follow-up. The survival rates were 99.16% for CT implants and 100% for TST implants. One CT implant was lost until the 2 months follow-up. No significant differences were found between the two implant types for marginal bone level changes (CT 0.34 [0.24; 0.55 mm]; 0.33 [0.18; 0.55 mm]; 0.41 [0.12; 0.7 mm] vs TST 0.36 [0.14; 0.74 mm]; 0.33 [0.23; 0.63 mm]; 0.30 [0.20; 0.64 mm] at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively) and other clinical parameters.

CONCLUSION

The macrostructure of the implants had no influence on survival rate, primary and secondary stability, marginal bone level changes, and peri-implant clinical parameters outcomes. Both implants can be predictably used for immediate loading of full-arch mandibular prostheses.

Evaluation of Internal and External Hexagon Connections in Immediately Loaded Full-Arch Rehabilitations: A Multicenter Randomized Split-Mouth Controlled Trial With a 6-Year Follow-Up

BACKGROUND

Full-arch immediate loading rehabilitations are now a widely used rehabilitation method that guarantees predictable medium- and long-term results. Numerous factors can influence its success and stability in the medium and long term. Among these the implant-abutment connection seems to play an important role, however there is still little information on which is the most suitable in this type of treatment.

PURPOSE

The aim of the present multicenter split-mouth controlled trial is to evaluate whether external hexagonal connections (EHC) and internal hexagonal connections (IHC) can influence success, bone resorption and peri-implant parameters in immediate-load full-arch rehabilitations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty patients were rehabilitated with immediately loaded fixed full-arch rehabilitations. All the implants presented the same macro- and micro-topography but different implant-abutment connection. IHC were used in one randomly selected side of the jaw and EHC was used in the other side. Outcome measures were implant survival rate, peri-implant marginal bone loss (MBL), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing (BoP) evaluated at 3, 6, 12, 36, and 72-month post-loading. Technical and biological complications were recorded.

RESULTS

In 20 patients, 43 EHC and 40 IHC implants were placed. Between 32 and 72 months of follow-up two patients withdrew (died) and no implants were lost. The cumulative survival rate (CSR) was 97.44% for EHC implants and 97.22% for IHC implants. The MBL presented a resorption of 2 mm in the EHC group and 1.9 mm in the IHC group. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups for any of the parameters at any time. No biological or technical complications were detected between the 36th and 72nd month of follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

After 72 months in function, both internal and external hexagon connections provided good clinical outcomes and were not associated with any significant difference in the clinical outcomes.

Impact of Implant Design on Outcomes of Simultaneous Guided Bone Regeneration for Dehiscence Defects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the implications of implant design on the outcomes of simultaneous guided bone regeneration (GBR) to correct dehiscence defects.

METHODS

A structured search strategy was applied to MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, and Embase, to identify prospective clinical trials involving implants with simultaneous GBR to correct dehiscence defects. Data regarding implant characteristics, GBR materials, as well as dehiscence defect dimensions at implant placement and surgical re-entry was collected. Meta-analyses were performed to estimate the pooled mean for (1) baseline dehiscence defect dimensions, (2) changes in defect dimensions at re-entry, and (3) prevalence of complete defect resolution.

RESULTS

4298 unique records were identified, of which 21 studies with 680 implants were included. Despite having comparable baseline defect dimensions, greater height gains were achieved by implants with machined collars (MC) than noncollared (NC) implants (4.40 mm, 95% CI [3.70, 5.11] and 3.23 mm, 95% CI [2.72, 3.75] respectively), with significant subgroup differences (P < .01). Specifically, superior outcomes were observed for MC with space-maintaining geometries. However, there were no significant differences in the changes in defect width, prevalence of complete defect resolution, or the prevalence of postsurgical complication rates (P = .15, .54, and .18 respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

The regenerative outcomes of GBR were influenced by the implant design. Space-maintaining machined collars provide a tenting effect that improves vertical bone gain. While additional research is required to ascertain these findings and integrate choices regarding implant design into clinical decision-making, clinicians may consider replicating this effect to enhance treatment outcomes.

Evaluation of the Differences in the Stability of Alveolar Bone around Dental Implant and Implant Failure between Platform Matching and Platform Switching: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: This research was designed to carry out a meta-analysis in order to evaluate the dissimilarities in the stability of alveolar bone round dental implants and implant failure between platform switching (PS) and platform mating (PM). Methods: The investigation utilized a comprehensive search strategy that incorporated controlled vocabulary (MeSH) and free-text terms. This search was performed by two reviewers to identify published systematic reviews. Three major electronic databases, including Medline via PubMed, the Cochrane database, and Embase, were searched up to November 2023. Results: Initially, 466 articles were identified, but only twelve studies met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The results showed that the pooled mean difference for reducing marginal bone loss (MBL) was −0.60 (95% confidence interval (CI), −0.91 to −0.28; p < 0.01). A sensitivity analysis was conducted by excluding a single study, which yielded a result of −0.46 (95% CI, −0.66 to −0.25; p < 0.01). The test for overall effect was significant (p < 0.01), and it revealed that there were significant differences between subgroups. However, the meta-analysis on implant failure did not show a significant difference between PS and PM implants. Conclusions: In conclusion, the study found that PS implants are more effective in reducing MBL compared to PM implants. Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed in the long-term effectiveness of reducing MBL and implant failure rate.

Clinical study with sandblasted dental implants: a 17-year retrospective follow up

Sandblasting is a standard procedure used for treating dental implant (DI) surfaces to enhance the osseointegration with known clinical success. This clinical study aimed to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of DIs with external hexagon connections and a surface sandblasted with calcium phosphate. Two hundred and seventy-five Mg-osseous™ (Mozo-Grau™) screw DIs were placed in 86 patients using a two-stage surgical technique and conventional loading protocol (at three months). Dental implants and prosthetic clinical findings were evaluated during a 17-year follow up. Four DIs were lost during the healing period, and 108 prostheses were placed over the 271 DIs left: 58 unitary implant-supported prosthesis (ISP), 31 partially ISP, 14 full-arch ISP, and five overdentures. Fourteen DIs were lost during the follow-up period. Clinical results indicated a DI survival rate of 93.50%. A total of 11.80% of DIs showed peri-implantitis as the primary biological complication. The mean (SD) marginal bone loss was 1.78 (0.40) mm, ranging from 0.90 to 2.80 mm. The most frequent complication was mechanical prosthodontic complications (24.40%). Sandblasted surface DIs inserted in both maxillary and mandibular areas produce favourable long-term (17-year follow up) outcomes and stable tissue conditions when a delayed loading protocol is followed.

Biomechanical Analysis of Titanium Dental Implants in the All-on-4 Treatment with Different Implant-Abutment Connections: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Study

The type of implant-abutment connection is one of the factors influencing the distribution of occlusal forces. This study aims to investigate the biomechanical performance of the mandibular all-on-4 treatment with different implant-abutment connections. Two connection types with 30° abutments and 18-mm implant fixtures were chosen for the posterior implants of the all-on-4 assembly. For the external hexagon connection (EHC) group, the implants with 4 mm in diameter were used. For the internal hexagon connection (IHC) group, we selected implants with 4.3 mm in diameter. A vertical force of 190 N was applied to the cantilever region. The FEA results indicated that the most stressed region in the two groups was prosthetic screws, followed by multi-unit abutments (MUAs). The lowest values of von Mises stress were both observed on the bone. The peak stress value of the implant screw and implant fixture in the EHC group were 37.75% and 33.03% lower than the IHC group, respectively. For stress distribution patterns, the load force tended to be concentrated at locations where components were interconnected. The EHC and IHC are clinically durable under the tested loading conditions, but the prosthetic screws and MUAs can be the weak point on the posterior implant within the mandibular all-on-four assembly. The peak stress values of implant screw and implant fixture in the EHC groups were lower than the IHC group.

Mandibular bone remodeling around osseointegrated functionally graded biomaterial implant using three dimensional finite element model

Dental implantation surgery has been progressed as one of the most efficient prosthetic technologies, however, it still fails very often and one of the main causes is the large difference between implant mechanical properties and those in welcoming bony tissues, making it problematical in osseointegration and bone remodeling. Biomaterial and tissue engineering research shows that there is a requirement in developing implants with Functionally Graded Materials (FGM). Indeed, the great potential of FGM lies not only in the field of bone tissue engineering but also in dentistry. To improve the acceptance of dental implants inside the living bone, FGM were proposed to step up the challenge of ensuring a better match of mechanical properties between biologically and mechanically compatible biomaterials. The aim of the present work is to investigate mandibular bone remodeling induced by FGM dental implant. Three-dimensional (3D) mandibular bone structure around an osseointegrated dental implant has been created to analyze the biomechanical behavior of the bone-implant system depending on implant material composition. In order to implement the numerical algorithm into ABAQUS software, UMAT subroutines and user-defined material were employed. Finite element analysis have been conducted to determine the stress distributions in implant and bony system, and to evaluate bone remodeling induced by the use of various FGM and pure titanium dental implants over the period of 48 months.

Comparison of external, internal flat-to-flat, and conical implant abutment connections for implant-supported prostheses: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The implant abutment connection interface has been considered one of the major factors affecting the outcome of implant therapy. However, drawbacks of traditional meta-analyses are the inability to compare more than 2 treatments at a time, which complicates the decision-making process for dental clinicians, and the lack of a network meta-analysis.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this network meta-analysis was to assess whether the implant abutment connection influences the outcome of implant-supported prostheses.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An electronic search was undertaken to identify all randomized clinical trials comparing the effect of at least 2 different implant abutment connection designs published from 2009 up to May 2020. Outcome variables were implant survival rate, peri-implant marginal bone loss, and biologic and prosthetic complication rates at 12 months after prosthetic loading. Relevant information was extracted, and quality and risk of bias assessed. Pairwise meta-analyses and network meta-analyses based on a multivariate random-effects meta-regression were performed to assess the comparisons (α=.05 for all analyses).

RESULTS

For peri-implant marginal bone loss and prosthetic complications, conical interfaces were determined to be the most effective, with significant differences when compared with external hexagonal connections (P=.011 and P=.038, respectively). No significant differences were found among the implant abutment connections in terms of survival and biologic complications (P>.05 in all direct, indirect, and mixed comparisons).

CONCLUSIONS

After 1 year of loading, conical connections showed lower marginal bone loss and fewer prosthetic complications than external hexagonal connections. However, the implant abutment connection design had no influence on the implant survival and biologic complication rates.

Multicentre Prospective Study Analysing Relevant Factors Related to Marginal Bone Loss: A Two-Year Evolution

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this prospective descriptive study was to analyse the possible variables associated with marginal bone loss in rehabilitated implants (Proclinic S.A.U, Zaragoza, Spain) two years after their prosthetic loading.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three clinical centres collaborated for a period of two years after the prosthetic rehabilitation of the implants (Proclinic S.A.U, Zaragoza, Spain), in which marginal bone loss and the possible associated variables were evaluated. The collection form comprised different variables throughout different stages of the implant procedure, from implant insertion to the subsequent prosthetic rehabilitation, over a two-year period. Data of the patients and implant characteristics were studied. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS for qualitative (univariate logistic regressions, Chi2 test, and Haberman's corrected standardised residuals) and quantitative variables (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test).

RESULTS

The total study sample consisted of 218 implants (Proclinic S.A.U, Zaragoza, Spain). The sample presented a frequency of 99 men (45.4%) and 119 women (54.6%). The mean age of the patients among the reported cases was 58.56 ± 10.12 years. A statistically significant association was found between marginal bone loss 2 years after prosthetic rehabilitation placement and several variables, including age (under 55 years, 0.25 mm ± 0.56; 55-64 years, 0.74 mm ± 0.57; over 65 years, 0.63 mm ± 0.55; p < 0.0001), gender (female, 0.74 mm ± 0.61; male, 0.34 mm ± 0.51; p < 0.0001), bone quality (D1, 0.75 mm ± 0.62; D2, 0.43 mm ± 0.57; D3, 0.65 mm ± 0.60; p < 0.01), implant diameter (up to 4 mm, 0.49 mm ± 0.58; more than 4 mm, 1.21 mm ± 0.30; p < 0.0001), prosthetic connection type (direct to implant, 0.11 mm ± 0.58; transepithelial straight, 0.67 mm ± 0.57; transepithelial angled, 0.33 mm ± 0.25; p < 0001), implant model (internal conical, 0.17 mm ± 0.24; external conical, 0.48 mm ± 0.61; external cylindrical, 1.12 mm ± 0.32; p < 0.0001), prosthetic restoration type (full denture, 0.59 mm ± 0.59; partial denture, 0.50 mm ± 0.85; unitary crown, 0.08 mm ± 0.19; p < 0.05), and insertion torque (>35 N/cm, 0.53 mm ± 0.58; <35 N/cm, 1.04 mm ± 0.63; p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

At 2 years, marginal bone loss following prosthetic rehabilitation was shown to be influenced by multiple factors. Correct implantological planning is of vital importance for successful rehabilitation.

Evaluation of Behavior of Castable versus Machined Solid Abutments for Morse Tapper Implant Connection: A Clinical Retrospective Study

Objective: The primary objective of the present retrospective clinical study was to evaluate and compare the clinical performance presented by castable abutments developed for the MT system versus intermediate machined abutments, specifically regarding prosthetic or implant fractures/loss; the secondary objective was to verify the looseness of the abutments and the behavior of the peri-implant soft tissues. Methods: This clinical retrospective study was conducted on patients rehabilitated between 2019 and 2020. Inclusion criteria were patients in good general health, with an implants-supporting single crown; with solid machined abutments (control group) or castable UCLA abutments; with a connection portion (base) machined in cobalt-chrome (test group) over Morse taper DuoCone implants in the posterior mandible area; and at least two years in function. Clinical assessment was carried out by the same professional, considering the following parameters: (A) prosthetic: (i) loosening of the fixation screw, (ii) fracture of the screw and (iii) the number of times the patient had some type of complication after the installation of the prostheses were evaluated; (B) biological: (i) without keratinized mucosa (KM), (ii) 1 mm or less, (iii) between 1 and 2 mm and (iv) greater than 2 mm of KM width; and the presence or absence of mucositis. Furthermore, radiographic evaluation was performed in order to assess the marginal bone loss. These evaluations permitted to compare the groups analyzed and patients enrolled. Data were statistically analyzed, with the level of significance set at α = 0.05. Results: 79 patients with 120 MT implants were evaluated (80 castable UCLA abutments and 40 machined solid abutments). The follow-up was from 2 to 4 years. There was a 100% implant survival rate. Therefore, the control group showed two fractured abutments (5%) and no abutment loosening (95% for prosthetic survival rate), whereas the test group showed no abutment fracture but nine loosening screws (11.3%) (100% for prosthetic survival rate). Keratinized mucosa was considered thin or absent in 19 implants in the control group (47.5%) and 42 in the test group (52.5%). Mucositis was found in 11 implants in the control group (27.5%) and 27 in the test group (33.8%). A positive correlation was observed between the width of keratinized mucosa and mucositis (r = 0.521, p = 0.002). The mean marginal bone loss was 2.3 mm, ranging from 1.1 to 5.8 mm. No correlation was observed when considering marginal bone loss versus the three parameters (implant diameter, implant length and time of the prosthesis in function). Conclusions: The results suggest that UCLA-type abutments are a viable option for rehabilitating implants with Morse taper connections, suggesting lower fracture risk. Further research is necessary to confirm these findings and thoroughly evaluate the clinical performance and long-term outcomes.

Socket shield technique: Stress distribution analysis

Background

To analyze through finite element analysis the stress distribution in peri-implant bone tissues, implants, and prosthetic components induced by the socket shield (SS) technique in comparison to other techniques used to treat tooth loss.

Materials and Methods

A three-dimensional model of a superior central incisor crown supported by implant was modeled and three different placement conditions were simulated: SS - 2.0-mm-thick root dentin fragment positioned between the alveolar buccal wall and implant; heterologous bone graft (HBG) - bovine bone graft positioned the alveolar buccal wall and implant; and control (C) - implant fully placed in bone tissue of a healed alveolus. The model was restricted at the lateral surfaces of the bone tissue and the following loads were simulated: Both oblique (45°) loads of 100 N on the lingual surface of the crown (maximal habitual intercuspation) and 25.5 N on the incisal edge of the crown (tooth contact during mandibular protrusion) were simultaneously applied. Tensile stress, shear stress, compression, and displacement were analyzed in the cortical bone, trabecular bone, dentin root fragment, and bone graft; while equivalent von Mises stresses were quantified in the implant and prosthetic components.

Results

Stress values of SS and HBG in the bone tissues were higher than C, while slight differences within models were observed for dentin root fragment, bone graft, implant, and prosthetic components.

Conclusions

The SS technique presented the highest stress concentration in the peri-implant tissues.

Biomechanical efficiency of different implant-abutment connection: a systematic review of studies using photoelastic stress analysis

PURPOSE

The present review aimed to comparatively evaluate the biomechanical efficiency of different implant-abutment connections studied by photoelastic stress analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A comprehensive online literature search was conducted on Medline (Pubmed), Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2000(Jan) to 2023(Jan). Keywords used initially to carry out the search included implant-abutment connection & photoelastic stress analysis, and stress distribution in different implant-abutment connections. 34 photoelastic stress analysis studies were screened and 30 studies were excluded after the screening of the title, abstract and full article. Finally, 4 studies were included for complete review.

RESULT

The result of this systematic review showed that the internal connection was more efficient then the external connection as there was less marginal bone loss and favorable distribution of stress in internal connection.

CONCLUSION

Crestal bone loss is more in external connection when compared to internal connection. In Internal connection, there is more intimate contact between the abutment's outer surface and implant which renders a more stable interface, which favoring uniform stress distribution and protects the retention screw.

Marginal Bone Level and Clinical Parameter Analysis Comparing External Hexagon and Morse Taper Implants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The goal of this systematic review was to verify the marginal bone loss (MBL) and other clinical parameters comparing external hexagon (EH) and Morse taper (MT) implants when they were evaluated within the same study. The focused question was, "For patients (P) treated with external connection (I) or Morse taper (C) dental implants, were there differences in the marginal bone crest maintenance after at least three months in occlusal function (O)"? As for the inclusion criteria that were considered, they included clinical studies in English that compared the MBL in implants with EH and MT, with follow-up of at least three months, that were published between 2011 and 2022; as for the exclusion criteria, they included publications investigating only one type of connection that analyzed other variables and did not report results for the MBL, reports based on questionnaires, interviews, and case reports/series, systematic reviews, or studies involving patients with a significant health problem (ASA Physical Status 3 and above). The PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science databases were screened, and all of the data obtained were registered in a spreadsheet (Excel^®). The Jadad scale was used to assess the quality of the studies. A total of 110 articles were initially identified; 11 were considered for full-text reading. Then, six articles (four RCTs and two prospective studies) met the eligibility criteria and were included in this study. A total of 185 patients (mean age of 59.71) were observed, and the follow-up ranged from 3 months to 36 months. A total of 541 implants were registered (267 EH and 274 MT). The survival rate ranged between 96% and 100% (the average was 97.82%). The MBL was compared among all periods studied; therefore, the common assessment period was the 12-month follow-up, presenting greater MBL for EH than for MT (p < 0.001). A mean MBL of 0.60 mm (95% CI 0.43-0.78) was found after the same period. BoP was reported in 5 studies and plaque index was reported in 4 (2 with more than 30%). Deep PD was observed in three studies. High heterogeneity was observed (I₂ = 85.06%). Thus, within the limitation of this review, it was possible to conclude that there is higher bone loss in EH than in MT implants when evaluating and comparing this variable within the same study. However, the results must be carefully interpreted because of this review's limited number of clinical studies, the short assessment period, and the high heterogeneity found.

Comparison between flapless-guided and conventional surgery for implant placement: a 12-month randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVES

The study was aimed at comparing implants installed with guided and conventional surgery.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Twenty-nine total edentulous patients were selected, and maxillary contralateral quadrants were randomly assigned to static computer-aided implant surgery (S-CAIS): flapless computer-guided surgery, and conventional surgery (CS): flap surgery with conventional planning. Tomography scans were performed at baseline and 10 days after the surgery for deviation measurement, and radiography was done at baseline and after 6 and 12 months, for peri-implant bone level (PIBL) analysis. Peri-implant fluid and subgingival biofilm were collected to evaluate bone markers and periodontal pathogens.

RESULTS

S-CAIS showed less linear deviation at the apical point and the midpoint and less angular deviation (p < 0.05), with greater depth discrepancy in the positioning of the platform (p < 0.05). Higher values of vertical PIBL were observed for the S-CAIS group at baseline (p < 0.05), while lower values of horizontal PIBL were observed for CS (p < 0.05). Bone markers and Tf presented higher levels in CS (p < 0.05). Flapless S-CAIS allowed smaller linear and angular deviations than the conventional technique.

CONCLUSION

However, PIBL was higher in S-CAIS; the conventional technique led to a greater angiogenic and bone remodeling activity by elevating the angiogenic levels and bone markers.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Evaluating the different implant insertion techniques can guide clinical and surgical regarding the accuracy, the release pattern of bone markers, and the peri-implant bone level.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ReBEC-RBR-8556fzp.

Three interfaces of the dental implant system and their clinical effects on hard and soft tissues

Anatomically, the human tooth has structures both embedded within and forming part of the exterior surface of the human body. When a tooth is lost, it is often replaced by a dental implant, to facilitate the chewing of food and for esthetic purposes. For successful substitution of the lost tooth, hard tissue should be integrated into the implant surface. The microtopography and chemistry of the implant surface have been explored with the aim of enhancing osseointegration. Additionally, clinical implant success is dependent on ensuring that a barrier, comprising strong gingival attachment to an abutment, does not allow the infiltration of oral bacteria into the bone-integrated surface. Epithelial and connective tissue cells respond to the abutment surface, depending on its surface characteristics and the materials from which it is made. In particular, the biomechanics of the implant-abutment connection structure (i.e., the biomechanics of the interface between implant and abutment surfaces, and the screw mechanics of the implant-abutment assembly) are critical for both the soft tissue seal and hard tissue integration. Herein, we discuss the clinical importance of these three interfaces: bone-implant, gingiva-abutment, and implant-abutment.

Retrospective evaluation about morse taper versus external hexagon implants placed after maxillary sinus lift

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the success and survival rate of implants with different types of prosthetic connections inserted in the posterior maxilla in native bone or in sinuses previously grafted with different biomaterials.

METHODS

A total of 310 implants inserted in 113 patients were evaluated, 87 of which were inserted in association with grafted maxillary sinuses (56 morse taper (MT) implants and 31 external hexagon (EH) implants) in 37 patients, and 223 implants were inserted in native bone areas (112 MT and 111 EH implants) in 76 patients. Peri-implant clinical analyses were performed (bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical insertion level, peri-implant marginal level, and the presence of mobility or suppuration), and the radiographic bone level was evaluated.

RESULTS

Two implants were lost, yielding a survival rate of 99.35 %. The MT implants had lower probing depths and peri-implant bone levels than the EH implants in both grafted areas and native bone areas (p <0.05). No statistically significant differences in any parameter evaluated were found between implants inserted in native bone and those inserted in grafting areas. EH implants inserted in native bone areas showed higher periimplantitis rates.

CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded that the MT implants connection reduce periimplant bone loss, but implants inserted in maxillary sinuses previously grafted with osteoconductive biomaterials do not predispose patients to peri-implant bone loss.

[Prosthetic intermediaries in oral implantology: Literature review]

Prosthetic intermediaries in oral implantology are attachments that allow connection between the implant and the prosthesis itself. Although this rehabilitation has a high success rate; the selection of the prosthetic abutment represents is important in implant treatment. Currently, there is a great variety of intermediate abutments, corresponding to various techniques and materials. Prosthetic intermediaries can be classified according to the type of connection, their retention to the prosthesis, their axial relationship with the implant body, the manufacturing material and type of manufacture, or whether rehabilitation is single or multiple. This scenario can lead to doubts as to the selection of the ideal implant attachment in each case in order to achieve satisfactory rehabilitation, as well as functional and aesthetic requirements and the preservation of biological principles. Indeed, oral implantology has revolutionized dentistry and will continue to expand the range of possibilities; therefore, it is important to classify the prosthetic options available. The present literature review aims to demonstrate the different alternatives and options available for the intermediate abutments most used in implant prostheses.

Could implant position influence the peri-implant parameters in edentulous mandibles of diabetics rehabilitated with overdentures? A split-mouth randomized study

This randomized controlled trial assessed the impact of crestal level position of implants installed in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients rehabilitated with overdentures. Twenty-two mandibular edentulous T2DM patients were submitted to implant placement for retention of an overdenture. By means of a split-mouth design, two implants were installed: one at supracrestal level (SL) and one at crestal level (CL). Clinical, immunoenzymatic and tomographic analyses were performed at prosthesis placement (baseline) and after 6, 12 and 24 months following implant loading. Increased peri-implant probing depths were detected in CL implants when compared with SL implants at all time-points (baseline P=0.047; 6 months P=0.014; 12 months P=0.027; 24 months P=0.036). Indeed, augmented clinical attachment levels were also detected in CL implants when compared with SL implants at all time-points (baseline P=003; 6 months P=0.045; 12 months P=0.029; 24 months P=0.026). CL implants demonstrated increased amounts of interleukin-6 (IL-6) at 6 months (P=0.043) and higher IL-17 (P=0.021), IL-21 (P=0.034) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) concentrations (P=0.030) at 24 months in comparison with SL implants. CL group revealed enhanced bone loss from baseline to 6 (P=0.032), 12 (P=0.043) and 24 months (P=0.028) when compared with SL. In conclusion, this study showed that implants placed supracrestally in T2DM patients rehabilitated with overdentures demonstrated lower bone loss and better clinical parameters with beneficial modulation of peri-implant immunoinflammatory biomarkers when compared with implants positioned at crestal level.

An evaluation of peri-implant marginal bone loss according to implant type, surgical technique and prosthetic rehabilitation: a retrospective multicentre and cross-sectional cohort study

To evaluate implant loss (IL) and marginal bone loss (MBL); follow-up period of up to 10 years after prosthetic loading. Retrospective multi-centre cross-sectional cohort study. Double analysis: (1) all the implants (n = 456) were analysed; (2) to allow for possible cluster error, one implant per patient (n = 143) was selected randomly. Statistical analysis: Spearman's correlation coefficient; Kruskal-Wallis (post-hoc U-Mann-Whitney); Chi-square (post-hoc Haberman). (1) Analysing all the implants (456): IL was observed in patients with past periodontitis (6 vs. 2.2%, p < 0.05), short implants (12 vs. 2.8%, p < 0.001) and when using regenerative surgery (11.3 vs. 2.9%, p < 0.001); greater MBL was observed among smokers (0.39 ± 0.52 vs. 0.2 ± 0.29, p < 0.01), maxillary implants (0.28 ± 0.37 vs. 0.1 ± 0.17, p < 0.0001), anterior region implants (0.32 ± 0.36 vs. 0.21 ± 0.33, p < 0.001), external connection implants (0.2 ± 0.29 vs. 0.63 ± 0.59, p < 0.0001), and 2-3 years after loading (p < 0.0001). (2) analysing the cluster (143): IL was observed in smokers (18.8 vs. 3.5%, p < 0.05), splinted fixed crowns (12.9%, p < 0.01), short implants (22.2 vs. 4.0%, p < 0.01) and when using regenerative surgery (19.2 vs. 3.4%, p < 0.01); greater MBL was observed in maxillary implants (0.25 ± 0.35 vs. 0.11 ± 0.18, p < 0.05), in the anterior region (p < 0.05), in the first 3 years (p < 0.01), in external connection implants (0.72 ± 0.71 vs. 0.19 ± 0.26, p < 0.01) and in short implants (0.38 ± 0.31 vs. 0.2 ± 0.32, p < 0.05). There is greater risk in smokers, patients with past periodontal disease, external connection implants, the use of short implants and when regenerative techniques are used. To prevent MBL and IL, implantologists should be very meticulous in indicating implants in patients affected by these host factors.

Effect of bone quality and bone loss level around internal and external connection implants: A finite element analysis study

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

A consensus regarding the biomechanical effects of vertical bone loss in normal and osteoporotic bone tissue according to different implant-abutment interfaces is lacking.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this finite element analysis study was to evaluate the effect of vertical bone loss (without bone loss; with 1.5-mm bone loss; with 3-mm bone loss; and with 4.5-mm bone loss) in normal and osteoporotic bone that received a Ø4×10-mm implant with different implant-abutment connections (external connection [external hexagon] and internal connection [Morse taper]) by using 3D finite element analysis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Sixteen 3D models were simulated. Axial and oblique forces of 200 N and 100 N, respectively, were applied on the occlusal surfaces of the prostheses. Maximum principal stress and microstrain were determined from the bone tissue of each model. von Mises stress analysis was used to evaluate the stress distribution in implants and prosthetic components (fixation screws, abutment, and crown).

RESULTS

The results showed higher stress concentrations in models with bone loss as increased vertical bone loss contributed to higher stress and microstrain in the bone tissue, regardless of the quality of bone and implant-abutment connection. Osteoporotic bone contributed to increase in microstrain in the trabecular bone. The internal connection showed lower stress than the external connection implants only in models without marginal bone loss. Furthermore, higher stress concentrations were observed in the implants and fixation screws in models with increased bone loss and external connection implants, mainly under oblique loading. Osteoporotic bone did not affect stress distribution in the implants and prosthetic components.

CONCLUSIONS

Progressive bone loss contributed to higher stress in the bone tissue, implants, and prosthetic components. The osteoporotic bone affects only the microstrain in the trabecular bone, but not the stress in the implants and prosthetic components. The internal connection implants showed lower stress in the cortical bone only in models without bone loss, while external connection implants exhibited higher stress in the implants and screws under oblique loading.

Marginal Bone Loss in Implants with External Connection versus Internal Conical Connection Prior to Prosthetic Loading. A Randomized Clinical Study

Introduction: The prosthetic connection of implants has been related to the loss of marginal bone. The aim of this study was to evaluate bone loss around external connection (EC) and internal conical connection (ICC) implants prior to prosthetic loading. Material and methods: A randomized clinical trial (RCT) was carried out, with a sample size of 93 implants (31 EC and 62 ICC) placed in 27 patients. Radiological controls were performed and stability was measured by resonance frequency analysis (RFA) on the day of placement, at 1 month and at 4 months after the placement. Results: Bone loss in EC implants was not statistically different than in ICC implants between the time of placement (T0) and the subsequent month (T1): (EC = 0.18 mm and ICC = 0.17 mm). Between one month (T1) and four months (T2): (EC = 0.39 mm and ICC = 0.19 mm) this difference was highly significant (p = 0.00). Bone loss between T0 and T2 was significantly lower in the ICC (EC = 0.57 mm and ICC = 0.36 mm), (p = 0.01). The overall success rate of the implants was 97.8%. The stability of the implants increased from 70.69 (T0) to 73.91 (T1) and 75.32 (T2). Conclusions: ICC showed less bone loss up to the time of prosthesis placement. Such bone loss did not have a significant impact on bone stability. Long term RCTs are needed to demonstrate whether this bone loss, which is more pronounced at the beginning in EC, tends to stabilize and equate to ICC.

Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 is Regulated by LOX-1 and erk1/2 Pathway in Dental Peri-Implantitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Dental peri-implantitis, which can be caused by several different microbial factors, is characterized by inflammatory lesions of the surrounding hard and soft tissues of an oral implant. Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis. However, the regulatory mechanism of MMP9 in peri-implantitis has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we tried to evaluate the regulatory mechanism of MMP9 in peri-implantitis.

METHODS

We collected Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid (PICF) from ten healthy implants and ten periimplantitis patients and compared their expression level of MMP9. We also cultured macrophages from the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers infected by Porphyromonas gingivalis to reveal the regulatory mechanism of MMP9 in peri-implantitis. Western blot, immunofluorescence staining and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) were used to better characterize the mechanism of MMP9.

RESULTS

The expression of MMP9 was up-regulated in peri-implantitis patient PICF and P. gingivalis infected human macrophages. LOX-1, not dectin-1, was found to mediate MMP9 expression in human macrophages with P. gingivalis infection. Expression of Erk1/2 was responsible for infection-induced MMP9 expression. Finally, use of a broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor impaired LOX-1 expression in infected macrophages.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate that MMP9 is involved in dental peri-implantitis and is regulated by LOX-1 and Erk1/2. This LOX-1/MMP9 signaling pathway may represent a potential drug target for peri-implantitis.

The biological width around implant

PURPOSE

The concept of biological width has been proposed and widely used in oral implantation. This review aimed to summarize the biological width around implant in detail.

STUDY SELECTION

An electronic search of the literature prior to March 2019 was performed to identify all articles related to biological width in periimplant soft tissue. The search was conducted in the MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine) database accessed through PubMed with no date restriction. The following main keywords were used: "implant", "biological width", "soft tissue", "junctional epithelium", "peri-implant epithelium", "connective tissue", "gingiva", "mucosa" (connecting multiple keywords with AND, OR).

RESULTS

The identified researches focused on several aspects related to biological width in oral implantation, namely the concept, formation, remodeling, dimension, structure and function.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on of the reviewed literature, the concept, formation, remodeling, structure, dimension, and functional significances of periimplant biological width are explored in this narrative review. The formation of biological width around implant is a complex process after several weeks of healing. The biological width around implant is a 3-4mm distance from the top of the peri-implant mucosa to the first bone-to-implant contact or the stabilized top of the adjacent bone, consisting of sulcular epithelium, junctional epithelium and fibrous connective tissue between the epithelium and the first bone-to-implant contact or the stabilized top of the adjacent bone. The biological width forms a biological barrier against the bacteria, influences the remodeling of soft and hard tissue around implant and has implications for clinical aspects of dental implantation.

Influence of marginal bone loss on peri-implantitis: Systematic review of literature

Background

The marginal bone of dental implants is subjected to slight load modifications over time, conditioning implant survival. Objective: Perform a systematic review of the literature analyzing the factors that contribute to marginal bone loss (MBL) and the subsequent development of peri-implantitis.

Material and Methods

Bibliographic research in the databases PubMed, Medline and Scopus between 2010 and 2018 was performed. The inclusion criteria were articles published in the last 10 years and that were in English or Spanish, that were carried out on humans, that were cohort studies, that included cases and controls or that used randomized clinical trials. Exclusion criteria removed articles that contained clinical cases, case series or systematic reviews.

Results

A total of 90 articles were analyzed that examined all the factors reported in the literature, such as idiosyncratic factors, toxic habits, systemic drugs and implant characteristics (diameter, length, type surface, implant connection, implant design and type of platform at the moment of the prosthetic load). Discussion: Patient characteristics and associated pathologies must be taken into account when assessing MBL. MBL in all dental implants can be considered independent of the type of prosthetic rehabilitation and the moment of load; this was emphasized. The MBL is smaller in dental implants with rough surfaces, switch platforms and infracrestal localization, as they are of multifactorial origin.

Conclusions

All the reviewed articles maintain a common criterion regarding the concept and measurement of the MBL and highlighting the importance of radiodiagnosis for quantification. Longterm prospective studies with unified criteria are needed to reduce bias by identifying the most relevant factors in MBL.

Key words:Marginal bone loss, dental implant, peri-implantitis.

Does the implant-abutment interface interfere on marginal bone loss? A systematic review and meta-analysis

The objective of this systematic review was to compare the conical internal connection (IC) with the external hexagonal connection (EH) on the occurrence of marginal bone loss (ΔMBL). Different databases were used to carry out the selection of the elected studies. The studies were judged according to the risk of bias as "high", "low" and "unclear" risk. For the meta-analysis we included only studies that could extract the data of ΔMBL, survival rate (SR) and probing depth (PD). No statistically significant differences were found for ΔMBL data at one, three- and five-year survival rates between implant connections (p <0.05), however statistically significant differences were found for PD between EH and IC implants (1-year follow-up) -0.53 [95%CI -0.82 to -0.24, p = 0.0004]. This present systematic review demonstrated that there are no significant differences between IC and EH implants for both ΔMBL and SR at 1, 3 e 5 years after functional loading, although better PD values were observed for implants pertaining to the IC connections. Considering the high heterogeneity, more well-delineated, randomized clinical trials should be conducted.

Bacterial Profile and Radiographic Analysis Around Osseointegrated Implants With Morse Taper and External Hexagon Connections: Split-Mouth Model

The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate bacterial colonization, marginal bone loss, and optical alveolar density in implants with Morse taper (MT) and external hexagon (EH) connections. Thirty-five implants were installed in 7 patients (mean age: 65.8 ± 6.7 years). Implants were divided into 2 groups, according to platform design: G1 - MT, installed 2mm infra-osseous and G2 - EH, positioned according to Branemark protocol. Patients were evaluated at baseline (T0), 21 days (T1), 3 months (T2), 6 months (T3), and 12 months (T4) after installations. Bone loss and alveolar density were evaluated by standardized periapical radiographs and bacterial profile with checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 23.0. To present the results, boxplots and a line graph of mean were used. P-values ≤ .05 were statistically significant. After 3 months, alveolar bone loss was significantly higher in the G2 (T2-T0: P = .006; T3-T0: P = .003; and T4-T0: P = .005). No significant differences between G1 and G2 groups were observed for optical alveolar density. Microbiological analysis showed similar profiles between studied groups; however, there were significantly higher counts of Tannerella forsythia (P = .048), Campylobacter showae (P = .038), and Actinomyces naeslundii (P = .027) in G1 after 12 months. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that there was less peri-implant bone loss in MT compared to EH connections, but microbiological profile did not seem to influence bone changes.

Bacterial leakage and bending moments of screw-retained, composite-veneered PEEK implant crowns

Due to its elastic modulus close to bone, the high-performance material PEEK (polyetheretherketone) represents an interesting material for implant-supported dental prostheses. Besides a damping effect of masticatory forces, it might have a sealing effect against bacterial leakage of the implant-abutment interface (IAI). So far, PEEK has only been used for provisional implant crowns. Therefore, the aim of the study was the evaluation of the bacterial tightness of screw-retained PEEK crowns on titanium implants with conical IAI during masticatory simulation and subsequent bending moment testing. Ten screw-retained implant crowns in the shape of an upper central incisor consisting of a PEEK crown framework veneered with composite were connected to NobelActive RP titanium implants (4.3 × 11.5 mm, Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden) with a tightening torque of 15 Ncm. Prior to tightening, the interior of the implant was inoculated with a bacterial suspension of Enterococcus faecium. The specimens were overmolded with indicating agar (Kanamycin-Aesculin-Azid-Agar (KAAA), Oxoid Limited, Basingstoke United Kingdom), that turns black in contact with E. faecium. The specimens were subjected to a cyclic masticatory simulation whereby a force of 50 N cm was applied at an angle of 30° to the implant axis for 1.2 million cycles. Afterwards, the specimens were subjected to a static loading test according to ISO 14801:2007 to determine the bending moment. During masticatory simulation neither a loosening of the implant screws nor any damage to the veneer or the PEEK framework occurred. Furthermore, no bacterial leakage could be observed in any of the specimens. The average maximum bending moment was measured at 352.13 ± 48.96 N cm. Regarding masticatory forces, PEEK implant crowns seem to be applicable as definitive implant-supported restorations. Furthermore, the bacterial tightness of the IAI of screw-retained one-piece PEEK implant crowns is advantageous compared to superstructures of conventional materials. Further studies are necessary to substantiate the clinical significance of these findings.

Splinted and Nonsplinted Crowns with Different Implant Lengths in the Posterior Maxilla by Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

The aim of this study was to evaluate stress distribution in the implants/components and bone tissue for splinted and nonsplinted prostheses with different lengths of implants using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Six models from the posterior maxillary area were used in simulations. Each model simulated three Morse taper implants of 4.0 mm diameter with different lengths, which supported metal-ceramic crowns. An axial load of 400 N and an oblique load of 200 N were used as loading conditions. Splinted prostheses exhibited better stress distribution for the implants/components, whereas nonsplinted prostheses exhibited higher stress in the first molar under axial/oblique loading. Implant length did not influence stress distribution in the implants/components. In cortical bone tissue, splinted prostheses decreased the tensile stress in the first molar, whereas nonsplinted prostheses were subjected to higher tensile stress in the first molar; implant length had no influence on stress distribution. Within the limitations of this study, we conclude that splinted prostheses contributed to better stress distribution in the implant/abutment and cortical bone tissue; however, the reduction in the implant length did not influence the stress distribution.

Do short implants have similar survival rates compared to standard implants in posterior single crown?: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Short implants have been presented as an option for posterior rehabilitation in cases of poor bone height.

PURPOSE

To compare the survival rate of short implants and standard implants when used in posterior single crowns, in addition to reporting marginal bone loss, prosthetic failures, and surgical complications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Electronic search (PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science) and hand search were performed to identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) that evaluated both short and standard implants in posterior single crowns.

RESULTS

Out of 345 articles identified by both electronic and hand search, four studies were selected (one CCT and three RCTs). The meta-analysis for the survival rate showed that there was no significant difference between the short implants and the standard ones (P = 1.00; RR:1.00; CI:0.97-1.03) performed with three RCTs for a one-year follow-up. The mean marginal bone loss ranged from 0.1 mm to 0.54 mm. Only one study reported the presence of prosthetic failures and surgical complications.

CONCLUSIONS

The survival rate of short implants was similar to the standard ones in posterior single crowns, for the one-year follow-up period. They also presented low surgical complications, prosthetic failures and marginal bone loss, being a predictable treatment for single rehabilitation in posterior tooth loss.

Biomechanical analysis of different implant-abutments interfaces in different bone types: An in silico analysis

The purpose of this study was to analyze the stress distribution of bone tissue around implants with different implant-abutment interfaces: platform switching (PSW); external hexagon (EH) and Morse taper (MT) with different diameters (regular: Ø 4 mm and wide: Ø 5 mm), bone types (I-IV) and subjected to axial and oblique load conditions using three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA). Sixteen 3D models of various configurations were simulated using InVesalius, Rhinoceros 3D 4.0, and SolidWorks 2011 software, and processed using Femap 11.2 and NeiNastran 11.0 programs. Axial and oblique forces of 200 N and 100 N, respectively, applied at the occlusal surface of prostheses. Maximum principal stress values were obtained from the peri-implant cortical bone of each model. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and Tukey's test for maximum principal stress values. Oblique loading showed higher tensile stress than axial loading (P < 0.001). Wide-diameter implants showed lower stress concentration rather than regular-diameter implants, regardless of both connection and bone type (P < 0.001). Under axial loading, wide-diameter EH implants with regular platforms showed more favorable stress distribution than PSW implants for axial loading (P < 0.001); however, under oblique loading, PSW implants exhibited lower stress concentrations (P < 0.001). Regular-diameter MT implants showed lower stress than EH implants (P < 0.001). Bone type IV showed higher stress in the cortical region than bone types I and II (P < 0.001), but no significant difference when compared with bone type III (P > 0.05). The conclusion drawn from this in silico is that MT implants should be considered for use in situations that preclude the placement of wide-diameter implants, particularly where bone types III and IV are concerned.

Maximum insertion torque of a novel implant-abutment-interface design for PEEK dental implants

Frequent reports attest to the various advantages of tapered implant/abutment interfaces (IAIs) compared to other types of interfaces. For this reason, a conical IAI was designed as part of the development of a PEEK (polyetheretherketone)-based dental implant. This IAI is equipped with an apically displaced anti-rotation lock with minimal space requirements in the form of an internal spline. The objective of this study was the determination of the average insertion torque (IT) at failure of this design, so as to determine its suitability for immediate loading, which requires a minimum IT of 32Ncm. 10 implants each made of unfilled PEEK, carbon fiber reinforced ("CFR") PEEK (> 50vol% continuous axially parallel fibers) as well as of titanium were produced and tested in a torque test bench. The average IT values at failure of the unfilled PEEK implants were measured at 22.6 ± 0.5Ncm and were significantly higher than those of the CFR-Implants (20.2 ± 2.5Ncm). The average IT values at failure of the titanium specimens were significantly higher (92.6 ± 2.3Ncm) than those of the two PEEK variants. PEEK- and CFR-PEEK-implants in the present form cannot adequately withstand the insertion force needed to achieve primary stability for immediate loading. Nevertheless, the achievable torque resilience of the two PEEK-variants may be sufficient for a two-stage implantation procedure. To improve the torque resistance of the PEEK implant material the development of a new manufacturing procedure is necessary which reinforces the PEEK base with continuous multi-directional carbon fibers as opposed to the axially parallel fibers of the tested PEEK compound.