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Xu WQ, Wang RM, Dong Y, Wu ZY. Emerging neurological symptoms after liver transplantation: A 6-year follow-up of an adolescent patient with Wilson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:788-791. [PMID: 34997703 PMCID: PMC8981486 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qing Xu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rou-Min Wang
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Dong Y, Wu ZY. Challenges and suggestions for precise diagnosis and treatment of Wilson's disease. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:561-565. [PMID: 34714531 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Hruby M, Martínez IIS, Stephan H, Pouckova P, Benes J, Stepanek P. Chelators for Treatment of Iron and Copper Overload: Shift from Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds to Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3969. [PMID: 34833268 PMCID: PMC8618197 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron and copper are essential micronutrients needed for the proper function of every cell. However, in excessive amounts, these elements are toxic, as they may cause oxidative stress, resulting in damage to the liver and other organs. This may happen due to poisoning, as a side effect of thalassemia infusion therapy or due to hereditary diseases hemochromatosis or Wilson's disease. The current golden standard of therapy of iron and copper overload is the use of low-molecular-weight chelators of these elements. However, these agents suffer from severe side effects, are often expensive and possess unfavorable pharmacokinetics, thus limiting the usability of such therapy. The emerging concepts are polymer-supported iron- and copper-chelating therapeutics, either for parenteral or oral use, which shows vivid potential to keep the therapeutic efficacy of low-molecular-weight agents, while avoiding their drawbacks, especially their side effects. Critical evaluation of this new perspective polymer approach is the purpose of this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hruby
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Heyrovského Náměstí 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Irma Ivette Santana Martínez
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (I.I.S.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Holger Stephan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (I.I.S.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Pavla Pouckova
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Salmovska 1, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (J.B.)
| | - Jiri Benes
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Salmovska 1, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (J.B.)
| | - Petr Stepanek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Heyrovského Náměstí 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism. Its incidence is higher in China than in western countries. ATP7B is the causative gene and encodes a P-type ATPase, which participates in the synthesis of holoceruloplasmin and copper excretion. Disease-causing variants of ATP7B disrupt the normal structure or function of the enzyme and cause copper deposition in multiple organs, leading to diverse clinical manifestations. Given the variety of presentations, misdiagnosis is not rare. Genetic diagnosis plays an important role and has gradually become a routine test in China. The first Chinese spectrum of disease-causing mutations of ATP7B has been established. As a remediable hereditary disorder, most WD patients have a good prognosis with an early diagnosis and chelation treatment. However, clinical trials are relatively few in China, and most treatments are based on the experience of experts and evidences from other countries. It is necessary to study and develop appropriate regimens specific for Chinese WD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Xie
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in the Second Affiliated Hospital, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in the Second Affiliated Hospital, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Chandhok G, Horvath J, Aggarwal A, Bhatt M, Zibert A, Schmidt HHJ. Functional analysis and drug response to zinc and D-penicillamine in stable ATP7B mutant hepatic cell lines. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:4109-4119. [PMID: 27122662 PMCID: PMC4837429 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i16.4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effect of anti-copper treatment for survival of hepatic cells expressing different ATP7B mutations in cell culture.
METHODS: The most common Wilson disease (WD) mutations p.H1069Q, p.R778L and p.C271*, found in the ATP7B gene encoding a liver copper transporter, were studied. The mutations represent major genotypes of the United States and Europe, China, and India, respectively. A human hepatoma cell line previously established to carry a knockout of ATP7B was used to stably express WD mutants. mRNA and protein expression of mutant ATP7B, survival of cells, apoptosis, and protein trafficking were determined.
RESULTS: Low temperature increased ATP7B protein expression in several mutants. Intracellular ATP7B localization was significantly impaired in the mutants. Mutants were classified as high, moderate, and no survival based on their viability on exposure to toxic copper. Survival of mutant p.H1069Q and to a lesser extent p.C271* improved by D-penicillamine (DPA) treatment, while mutant p.R778L showed a pronounced response to zinc (Zn) treatment. Overall, DPA treatment resulted in higher cell survival as compared to Zn treatment; however, only combined Zn + DPA treatment fully restored cell viability.
CONCLUSION: The data indicate that the basic impact of a genotype might be characterized by analysis of mutant hepatic cell lines.
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Braidy N, Poljak A, Marjo C, Rutlidge H, Rich A, Jayasena T, Inestrosa NC, Sachdev P. Metal and complementary molecular bioimaging in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:138. [PMID: 25076902 PMCID: PMC4098123 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly, affecting over 27 million people worldwide. AD represents a complex neurological disorder which is best understood as the consequence of a number of interconnected genetic and lifestyle variables, which culminate in multiple changes to brain structure and function. These can be observed on a gross anatomical level in brain atrophy, microscopically in extracellular amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation, and at a functional level as alterations of metabolic activity. At a molecular level, metal dyshomeostasis is frequently observed in AD due to anomalous binding of metals such as Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn), or impaired regulation of redox-active metals which can induce the formation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species and neuronal damage. Metal chelators have been administered therapeutically in transgenic mice models for AD and in clinical human AD studies, with positive outcomes. As a result, neuroimaging of metals in a variety of intact brain cells and tissues is emerging as an important tool for increasing our understanding of the role of metal dysregulation in AD. Several imaging techniques have been used to study the cerebral metallo-architecture in biological specimens to obtain spatially resolved data on chemical elements present in a sample. Hyperspectral techniques, such as particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM), synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) can reveal relative intensities and even semi-quantitative concentrations of a large set of elements with differing spatial resolution and detection sensitivities. Other mass spectrometric and spectroscopy imaging techniques such as laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LA ESI-MS), MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can be used to correlate changes in elemental distribution with the underlying pathology in AD brain specimens. Taken together, these techniques provide new techniques to probe the pathobiology of AD and pave the way for identifying new therapeutic targets. The current review aims to discuss the advantages and challenges of using these emerging elemental and molecular imaging techniques, and highlight clinical achievements in AD research using bioimaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady Braidy
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne Poljak
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Marjo
- Solid State and Elemental Analysis Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Rutlidge
- Solid State and Elemental Analysis Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne Rich
- Solid State and Elemental Analysis Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tharusha Jayasena
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Centre for Ageing and Regeneration, P. Catholic University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Euroa Centre, Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential microelement found in all living organisms with the unique ability to adopt two different redox states-in the oxidized (Cu(2+)) and reduced (Cu(+)). It is required for survival and serves as an important catalytic cofactor in redox chemistry for proteins that carry out fundamental biological functions, important in growth and development. The deficit of copper can result in impaired energy production, abnormal glucose and cholesterol metabolism, increased oxidative damage, increased tissue iron (Fe) accrual, altered structure and function of circulating blood and immune cells, abnormal neuropeptides synthesis and processing, aberrant cardiac electrophysiology, impaired myocardial contractility, and persistent effects on the neurobehavioral and the immune system. Increased copper level has been found in several disorders like e.g.: Wilson's disease or Menke's disease. New findings with the great potential for impact in medicine include the use of copper-lowering therapy for antiangiogenesis, antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory purposes. The role of copper in formation of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease, and successful treatment of this disorder in rodent model by copper chelating are also of interest. In this work we will try to describe essential aspects of copper in chosen diseases. We will represent the evidence available on adverse effect derived from copper deficiency and copper excess. We will try to review also the copper biomarkers (chosen enzymes) that help reflect the level of copper in the body.
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