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Wu H, Xu J, Zhao W, Lv W, Feng Z, Heng L. Genetic and Functional Changes in Mitochondria in the Pituitary Adenoma: The Pathogenesis and Its Therapy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1514. [PMID: 39765842 PMCID: PMC11727349 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13121514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2024] [Revised: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 12/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenoma is a common neoplasm of the pituitary gland. Although most pituitary adenomas are benign, they can pose significant challenges in terms of their consequences and prognosis due to their tendency to invade surrounding tissues and their effects on hormone secretion. The management of pituitary adenomas typically involves surgery, medical therapy, and radiotherapy, each of which has its own limitations. Mitochondria play a crucial role in tumor development and progression by regulating various metabolic processes and signaling pathways within tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. Multiple studies have indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in human pituitary adenomas. Furthermore, several compounds with therapeutic effects on pituitary adenomas have been reported to target mitochondrial function. In this review, we summarize recent studies that highlight the involvement of mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance in the biology of pituitary adenomas. We conclude that mitochondria may represent a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Wu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (H.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.X.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (H.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weiqiang Lv
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.X.); (W.L.)
| | - Zhihui Feng
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (H.W.); (W.Z.)
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lijun Heng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
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Xu L, Lei Z, Wang Q, Jiang Q, Xing B, Li X, Guo X, Wang Z, Li S, Huang Y, Lei T. Androgen Receptor Mediates Dopamine Agonist Resistance by Regulating Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species in Prolactin-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 39360800 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2024.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2024]
Abstract
Aims: Dopamine agonists (DAs) are the first-line treatment for patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma (PRL adenoma). However, a subset of individuals exhibits poor responses, known as DA resistance. Previous studies have reported that DA resistance is more prevalent in male patients. This study aims to investigate the relationship between androgen receptor (AR) expression and DA resistance, as well as to explore underlying mechanisms of AR-mediated DA resistance. Results: Our results demonstrated that patients with higher AR expression exhibit greater resistance to DA in our cohort of DA-resistant PRL adenoma. Furthermore, AR was found to be involved in cell proliferation, PRL secretion, and resistance to bromocriptine (BRC) both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as upstream mediators of apoptosis and ferroptosis following BRC treatment. As a ligand-dependent transcription factor, AR could translocate to the nucleus and transcriptionally promote NFE2-like bZIP transcription factor 2 (NRF2) expression, which regulates intracellular ROS levels, thereby enhancing cell viability and conferring DA resistance to pituitary adenoma (PA) cells. Finally, AR targeting agents were used to inhibit AR signaling, downregulate NRF2 transcription, and sensitize PA cells to BRC treatment. Conclusion and Innovation: We demonstrated that AR plays a crucial role in mediating DA resistance in PRL adenoma. Mechanistically, AR promotes cell proliferation and PRL secretion and confers drug resistance by transcriptionally regulating NRF2 expression to maintain redox homeostasis in PA cells. Finally, combining AR targeting agents with BRC shows promise as a therapeutic strategy for treating PRL adenomas. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linpeng Xu
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuowei Lei
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quanji Wang
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Biao Xing
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingbo Li
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sihan Li
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yimin Huang
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Li Z, Wu Y, He G, Wang R, Bao X. Phenotype Transformation of PitNETs. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1731. [PMID: 38730682 PMCID: PMC11083144 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenotype transformation in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors is a little-known and unpredictable clinical phenomenon. Previous studies have not clearly defined and systematically concluded on the causes of this rare phenomenon. Additionally, the mechanisms of phenotype transformation are not well known. We reviewed cases reported in the literature with the aim of defining phenotype transformation in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. We present an overview of the wide spectrum of phenotype transformation and its clinical features. We also discuss findings on the potential mechanism of this rare transformation, which may be related to PC1/3, the bioactivity of secretory hormones, gene mutations and the plasticity of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Clinicians should be aware of this rare phenomenon and more studies on the underlying mechanisms are required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xinjie Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (G.H.); (R.W.)
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Sbaffone M, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Cappabianca L, Carbonara F, Gianno F, Feola T, Ruggieri M, Zelli V, Maccarone R, Guadagni S, Clementi M, Arcella A, Esposito V, Carozza G, Martelli I, Farina AR, Mackay AR. A Study of Alternative TrkA Splicing Identifies TrkAIII as a Novel Potentially Targetable Participant in PitNET Progression. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:171. [PMID: 38534441 PMCID: PMC10968143 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are generally benign but comprise an aggressive, invasive, therapy-resistant, metastatic subset, underpinning a need for novel therapeutic targets. PitNETs exhibit low mutation rates but are associated with conditions linked to alternative splicing, an alternative oncogene pathway activation mechanism. PitNETs express the neurotrophin receptor TrkA, which exhibits oncogenic alternative TrkAIII splicing in other neuroendocrine tumors. We, therefore, assessed whether TrkAIII splicing represents a potential oncogenic participant in PitNETs. TrkAIII splicing was RT-PCR assessed in 53 PitNETs and TrkA isoform(s) expression and activation were assessed by confocal immunofluorescence. TrkAIII splicing was also compared to HIF1α, HIF2α, SF3B1, SRSF2, U2AF1, and JCPyV large T antigen mRNA expression, Xbp1 splicing, and SF3B1 mutation. TrkAIII splicing was detected in all invasive and most non-invasive PitNETs and was significantly elevated in invasive cases. In PitNET lineages, TrkAIII splicing was significantly elevated in invasive PIT1 PitNETs and high in invasive and non-invasive SF1 and TPIT lineages. Immunoreactivity consistent with TrkAIII activation characterized PitNET expressing TrkAIII mRNA, and invasive Pit1 PitNETs exhibited elevated HIF2α expression. TrkAIII splicing did not associate with SF3B1 mutations, altered SF3B1, SRSF2, and U2AF1 or JCPyV large T antigen expression, or Xbp1 splicing. Therefore, TrkAIII splicing is common in PitNETs, is elevated in invasive, especially PIT1 tumors, can result in intracellular TrkAIII activation, and may involve hypoxia. The data support a role for TrkAIII splicing in PitNET pathogenesis and progression and identify TrkAIII as a novel potential target in refractory PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Sbaffone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.S.); (M.-L.J.-R.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (I.M.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Marie-Lise Jaffrain-Rea
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.S.); (M.-L.J.-R.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (I.M.); (A.R.F.)
- Neuromed, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.G.); (T.F.); (A.A.); (V.E.)
| | - Lucia Cappabianca
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.S.); (M.-L.J.-R.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (I.M.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Francesca Carbonara
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.S.); (M.-L.J.-R.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (I.M.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Francesca Gianno
- Neuromed, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.G.); (T.F.); (A.A.); (V.E.)
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Feola
- Neuromed, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.G.); (T.F.); (A.A.); (V.E.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Ruggieri
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.S.); (M.-L.J.-R.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (I.M.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Veronica Zelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.S.); (M.-L.J.-R.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (I.M.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Rita Maccarone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.S.); (M.-L.J.-R.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (I.M.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Stefano Guadagni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.S.); (M.-L.J.-R.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (I.M.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Marco Clementi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.S.); (M.-L.J.-R.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (I.M.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Antonietta Arcella
- Neuromed, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.G.); (T.F.); (A.A.); (V.E.)
| | - Vincenzo Esposito
- Neuromed, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.G.); (T.F.); (A.A.); (V.E.)
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Carozza
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.S.); (M.-L.J.-R.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (I.M.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Ilaria Martelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.S.); (M.-L.J.-R.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (I.M.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Antonietta Rosella Farina
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.S.); (M.-L.J.-R.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (I.M.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Andrew Reay Mackay
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.S.); (M.-L.J.-R.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (I.M.); (A.R.F.)
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Ruz-Caracuel I, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Alonso-Gordoa T, Molina-Cerrillo J, Earl J, Sainz B. Everything you ever wanted to know about cancer stem cells in neuroendocrine neoplasms but were afraid to ask. ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2024; 4:e240006. [PMID: 39822777 PMCID: PMC11737516 DOI: 10.1530/eo-24-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 10/30/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2025]
Abstract
While the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in tumorigenesis, chemoresistance, metastasis, and relapse has been extensively studied in solid tumors, such as adenocarcinomas or sarcomas, the same cannot be said for neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). While lagging, CSCs have been described in numerous NENs, including gastrointestinal and pancreatic NENs (PanNENs), and they have been found to play critical roles in tumor initiation, progression, and treatment resistance. However, it seems that there is still skepticism regarding the role of CSCs in NENs, even in light of studies that support the CSC model in these tumors and the therapeutic benefits of targeting them. For example, in lung neuroendocrine carcinoids, a high percentage of CSCs have been found in atypical carcinoids, suggesting the presence of CSCs in these cancers. In PanNENs, CSCs marked by aldehyde dehydrogenases or CD90 have been identified, and targeting CSCs with inhibitors of molecular pathways has shown therapeutic potential. Overall, while evidence exists for the presence of CSCs in NENs, either the CSC field has neglected NENs or the NEN field has not fully embraced the CSC model. Both might apply and/or may be a consequence of the fact that NENs are a relatively rare and heterogeneous tumor entity, with confusing histology and nomenclature to match. Regardless, this review intends to summarize our current knowledge of CSCs in NENs and highlight the importance of understanding the role of CSCs in the biology of these rare tumors, with a special focus on developing targeted therapies to improve patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ruz-Caracuel
- Pathology Department, Hospital
Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid,
Spain
- Molecular Pathology of Cancer
Group, Area 3 Cancer, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación
Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid,
Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red, CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid,
Spain
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research
Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba,
Spain
- Department of Cell Biology,
Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba,
Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofía University
Hospital (HURS), Cordoba,
Spain
| | - Teresa Alonso-Gordoa
- Molecular Pathology of Cancer
Group, Area 3 Cancer, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación
Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid,
Spain
- Medical Oncology Department,
Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid,
Spain
| | | | - Julie Earl
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red, CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid,
Spain
- Biomarkers and Personalized
Approach to Cancer (BIOPAC) Group, Area 3 Cancer, Instituto Ramón y Cajal
de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid,
Spain
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red, CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid,
Spain
- Biomarkers and Personalized
Approach to Cancer (BIOPAC) Group, Area 3 Cancer, Instituto Ramón y Cajal
de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid,
Spain
- Department of Cancer, Instituto
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIBm) Sols-Morreale
(CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Zhao H, Huang Y, Tong G, Wu W, Ren Y. Identification of a Novel Oxidative Stress- and Anoikis-Related Prognostic Signature and Its Immune Landscape Analysis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16188. [PMID: 38003378 PMCID: PMC10671784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify a kind of prognostic signature based on oxidative stress- and anoikis-related genes (OARGs) for predicting the prognosis and immune landscape of NSCLC. Initially, We identified 47 differentially expressed OARGs that primarily regulate oxidative stress and epithelial cell infiltration through the PI3K-Akt pathway. Subsequently, 10 OARGs related to prognosis determined two potential clusters. A cluster was associated with a shorter survival level, lower immune infiltration, higher stemness index and tumor mutation burden. Next, The best risk score model constructed by prognostic OARGs was the Random Survival Forest model, and it included SLC2A1, LDHA and PLAU. The high-risk group was associated with cluster A and poor prognosis, with a higher tumor mutation burden, stemness index and proportion of M0-type macrophages, and a lower immune checkpoint expression level, immune function score and IPS score. The calibration curve and decision-making curve showed that the risk score combined with clinical pathological characteristics could be used to construct a nomogram for guiding the clinical treatment strategies. Finally, We found that all three hub genes were highly expressed in tumor tissues, and LDHA expression was mainly regulated by has-miR-338-3p, has-miR-330-5p and has-miR-34c-5p. Altogether, We constructed an OARG-related prognostic signature to reveal potential relationships between the signature and clinical characteristics, TME, stemness, tumor mutational burden, drug sensitivity and immune landscape in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (H.Z.); (Y.H.); (G.T.)
| | - Yangwu Ren
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (H.Z.); (Y.H.); (G.T.)
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