Three-dimensional printing to compare endoscopic endonasal surgical approaches: A technical note

Unveiling the Intricacies of the Inner Ear Anatomy: Novel 3D-Printed Model for Detailed Visualization and Functional Demonstrations

OBJECTIVES

This research aimed to print realistically detailed and magnified three-dimensional models of the inner ear, specifically focusing on visualising its complex labyrinth structure and functioning simulation.

METHODS

Temporal bone computed-tomography data were imported into Mimics software to construct an initial three-dimensional inner-ear model. Subsequently, the model was amplified and printed with precision using a three-dimensional printer. Five senior attending physicians evaluated the printed model using a Likert scale to gauge its morphological accuracy, clinical applicability and anatomical teaching value.

RESULTS

The printed inner-ear model effectively demonstrated the intricate internal structure. All five physicians agreed that the model closely resembled the real inner ear in shape and structure, and simulated certain inner-ear functions. The model was considered highly valuable for understanding anatomical structure and disorders.

CONCLUSION

The three-dimensionally printed inner-ear model is highly simulated and provides a valuable visual tool for studying inner-ear anatomy and clinical teaching, benefiting otologists.

Properties and Characteristics of Three-Dimensional Printed Head Models Used in Simulation of Neurosurgical Procedures: A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

Intracranial surgery can be complex and high risk. Safety, ethical and financial factors make training in the area challenging. Head model 3-dimensional (3D) printing is a realistic training alternative to patient and traditional means of cadaver and animal model simulation.

OBJECTIVE

To describe important factors relating to the 3D printing of human head models and how such models perform as simulators.

METHODS

Searches were performed in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science. Articles were screened independently by 3 reviewers using Covidence software. Data items were collected under 5 categories: study information; printers and processes; head model specifics; simulation and evaluations; and costs and production times.

RESULTS

Forty articles published over the last 10 years were included in the review. A range of printers, printing methods, and substrates were used to create head models and tissue types. Complexity of the models ranged from sections of single tissue type (e.g., bone) to high-fidelity integration of multiple tissue types. Some models incorporated disease (e.g., tumors and aneurysms) and artificial physiology (e.g., pulsatile circulation). Aneurysm clipping, bone drilling, craniotomy, endonasal surgery, and tumor resection were the most commonly practiced procedures. Evaluations completed by those using the models were generally favorable.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this review indicate that those who practice surgery and surgical techniques on 3D-printed head models deem them to be valuable assets in cranial surgery training. Understanding how surgical simulation on such models affects surgical performance and patient outcomes, and considering cost-effectiveness, are important future research endeavors.