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Sukakul T, Bruze M, Svedman C. Fragrance Contact Allergy - A Review Focusing on Patch Testing. Acta Derm Venereol 2024; 104:adv40332. [PMID: 39140486 PMCID: PMC11334351 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v104.40332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Fragrance materials are widely used in various types of products in daily life and many of them can be contact sensitizers. Contact allergy to fragrances has been reported to be common worldwide. Unlike other groups of contact allergens such as metals and preservatives, fragrance materials in consumer products can be present as single fragrance chemicals or in the form of mixtures known as natural complex substances. Due to the complexity of the fragrance materials and the high number of fragrance substances known to cause contact sensitization, selecting suitable materials for patch testing is challenging. Emerging fragrance markers have been additionally introduced in different baseline series for screening to enhance the rate of fragrance contact allergy detection. Moreover, there have been continual updates on basic knowledge, clinical perspectives, sources of exposure, and regulations on the use of fragrance materials. Avoiding pitfalls while performing patch testing with fragrance test materials is also crucial and should not be overlooked. Therefore, this review aims to update knowledge to provide a high-quality holistic approach to fragrance contact allergy diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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2
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Aleksic M, Meng X. Protein Haptenation and Its Role in Allergy. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:850-872. [PMID: 38834188 PMCID: PMC11187640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to numerous electrophilic chemicals either as medicines, in the workplace, in nature, or through use of many common cosmetic and household products. Covalent modification of human proteins by such chemicals, or protein haptenation, is a common occurrence in cells and may result in generation of antigenic species, leading to development of hypersensitivity reactions. Ranging in severity of symptoms from local cutaneous reactions and rhinitis to potentially life-threatening anaphylaxis and severe hypersensitivity reactions such as Stephen-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), all these reactions have the same Molecular Initiating Event (MIE), i.e. haptenation. However, not all individuals who are exposed to electrophilic chemicals develop symptoms of hypersensitivity. In the present review, we examine common chemistry behind the haptenation reactions leading to formation of neoantigens. We explore simple reactions involving single molecule additions to a nucleophilic side chain of proteins and complex reactions involving multiple electrophilic centers on a single molecule or involving more than one electrophilic molecule as well as the generation of reactive molecules from the interaction with cellular detoxification mechanisms. Besides generation of antigenic species and enabling activation of the immune system, we explore additional events which result directly from the presence of electrophilic chemicals in cells, including activation of key defense mechanisms and immediate consequences of those reactions, and explore their potential effects. We discuss the factors that work in concert with haptenation leading to the development of hypersensitivity reactions and those that may act to prevent it from developing. We also review the potential harnessing of the specificity of haptenation in the design of potent covalent therapeutic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Aleksic
- Safety
and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever,
Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44
1LQ, U.K.
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- MRC
Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical
Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K.
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3
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Macchione M, Yoshizaki K, Frias DP, Maier K, Smelan J, Prado CM, Mauad T. Fragrances as a trigger of immune responses in different environments. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 96:105769. [PMID: 38142785 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Fragrances can cause allergic skin reactions, expressed as allergic contact dermatitis and reactions in the respiratory tract that range from acute temporary upper airway irritation to obstructive lung disease. These adverse health effects may result from the stimulation of a specific (adaptive) immune response. Th1 cells, which essentially produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), play a key role in allergic contact dermatitis and also on allergic sensitization to common allergens (e.g., nickel and fragrance). It has been shown that fragrance allergy leads to Th2/Th22 production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, controlling the development of IgE and mediating hypersensitivity reactions in the lung, such as asthma. Cytokines released during immune response modulate the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYPs) proteins, which can result in alterations of the pharmacological effects of substances in inflammatory diseases. The mechanisms linking environment and immunity are still not completely understood but it is known that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a sensor with conserved ligand-activated transcription factor, highly expressed in cells that controls complex transcriptional programs which are ligand and cell type specific, with CYPs as targeted genes. This review focuses on these important aspects of immune responses of the skin and respiratory tract cells, describing some in vitro models applied to evaluate the mechanisms involved in fragrance-induced allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Macchione
- Laboratory of Experimental Environmental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - K Yoshizaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Environmental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - D P Frias
- Laboratory of Experimental Environmental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - K Maier
- Laboratory of Experimental Environmental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Smelan
- Laboratory of Experimental Environmental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - C M Prado
- Federal University of Sao Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - T Mauad
- Laboratory of Experimental Environmental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Battais F, Langonné I, Muller S, Mathiot J, Coiscaud A, Audry A, Remy AM, Sponne I, Mourot-Bousquenaud M. The BMDC model, a performant cell-based test to assess the sensitizing potential and potency of chemicals including pre/pro-haptens. Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:211-234. [PMID: 37852624 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical-induced allergies at workplace represent a significant occupational health issue. These substances must be properly identified as sensitizers. In previous studies, an original model using mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) was developed for this purpose. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive capacity of the BMDC model with a large panel of sensitizers (including pre- and pro-haptens) and non-sensitizers. METHODS The readout from the BMDC model is based on expression levels of six phenotypic markers measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS The results indicate that 29 of the 37 non-sensitizers, and 81 of the 86 sensitizers were correctly classified compared to the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA). Statistical analysis revealed the BMDC model to have a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 78%, and an accuracy of 89%. The EC2 (Effective Concentration) values calculated with this model allow sensitizers to be categorized into four classes: extreme, strong, moderate and weak. CONCLUSIONS These excellent predictive performances show that the BMDC model discriminates between sensitizers and non-sensitizers with outstanding precision equal to or better than existing validated alternative models. Moreover, this model allows to predict sensitization potency of chemicals. The BMDC test could therefore be proposed as an additional tool to assess the sensitizing potential and potency of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Battais
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Langonné
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Samuel Muller
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Julianne Mathiot
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Amélie Coiscaud
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Adrien Audry
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Aurélie Martin Remy
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Sponne
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Mélanie Mourot-Bousquenaud
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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Sukakul T, Bruze M, Mowitz M, Bergendorff O, Björk J, Dahlin J, Svedman C. Patterns of simultaneous contact allergies in patients with contact sensitization to oxidised linalool and oxidised limonene. Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:134-142. [PMID: 37852634 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact allergy rates of linalool and limonene hydroperoxides (HPs) have increased. OBJECTIVES To demonstrate the patterns of simultaneous positive patch test (PT) reactions and prevalences of multiple contact allergies (MCAs) in patients with contact allergy to linalool and/or limonene HPs. METHODS A retrospective analysis of consecutive dermatitis patients in 2015-2020 was performed. RESULTS Of all 4192 patients, 1851 had at least one positive PT reaction. Of these, 410 (22.2%) had MCAs, significantly related to a higher age (p-value = 0.003). Patients with an exclusively positive reaction to linalool HPs but not limonene HPs were shown to have MCAs (p-value <0.001, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 4.15 (3.01-5.73)). Patients with simultaneous contact allergies to both linalool and limonene HPs had contact allergies to many other screening and fragrance allergens. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous positive PT reactions to allergens in baseline series and fragrances are common in patients with the HPs contact allergy, especially linalool HPs. The pattern of simultaneous PT reactions principally suggested the co-sensitization of the cosmetic allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ola Bergendorff
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Björk
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Studies Sweden, Forum South, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Gonzaga BCF, Barrozo MM, Coutinho AL, Pereira E Sousa LJM, Vale FL, Marreto L, Marchesini P, de Castro Rodrigues D, de Souza EDF, Sabatini GA, Costa-Júnior LM, Ferreira LL, Lopes WDZ, Monteiro C. Essential oils and isolated compounds for tick control: advances beyond the laboratory. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:415. [PMID: 37964392 PMCID: PMC10647118 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick control is a worldwide challenge due to its resistance to acaricides. Essential oils (EOs) and isolated compounds (EOCs) are potential alternatives for tick control technologies. METHODS A review with EOs and EOCs, under field and semi-field conditions, was performed based on Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases. Thirty-one studies published between 1991 and 2022 were selected. The search was performed using the following keywords: "essential oil" combined with "tick," "Ixodes," "Argas," "Rhipicephalus," "Amblyomma," "Hyalomma," "Dermacentor," "Haemaphysalis" and "Ornithodoros." The words "essential oil" and "tick" were searched in the singular and plural. RESULTS The number of studies increased over the years. Brazil stands out with the largest number (51.6%) of publications. The most studied tick species were Rhipicephalus microplus (48.4%), Ixodes scapularis (19.4%), Amblyomma americanum and R. sanguineus sensu lato (9.7% each). Cattle (70%) and dogs (13%) were the main target animal species. Regarding the application of EOs/EOCs formulations, 74% of the studies were conducted with topical application (spray, pour-on, foam, drop) and 26% with environmental treatment (spray). Efficacy results are difficult to evaluate because of the lack of information on the methodology and standardization. The nanotechnology and combination with synthetic acaricides were reported as an alternative to enhance the efficacy of EOs/EOCs. No adverse reactions were observed in 86.6% of the studies evaluating EOs/EOCs clinical safety. Studies regarding toxicity in non-target species and residues are scarce. CONCLUSIONS This article provides a comprehensive review on the use of EOs and EOCs to reduce tick infestations, in both the hosts and the environment. As future directions, we recommend the chemical characterization of EOs, methodology standardization, combination of EOs/EOCs with potential synergists, nanotechnology for new formulations and safety studies for target and non-target organisms, also considering the environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Mayara Macêdo Barrozo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Laís Marreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Praça Universitária, no. 1166, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brasil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Lívio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Centro de Pesquisas do CCBS, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, no. 1966, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brasil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, no. 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brasil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil.
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil.
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Peter N, Lichter J, Hagvall L, Bock U, Blömeke B. Common fragrance chemicals activate dendritic cells in coculture with keratinocytes. Contact Dermatitis 2023. [PMID: 37088539 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragrances are important contact allergens; however, investigation of their skin sensitization potency has been challenging in new approach methods (NAMs). Many fragrance chemicals are susceptible to autoxidation or can be metabolized by enzymes constitutively expressed in skin keratinocytes. Strong sensitizers can be formed in both of these processes. Further, keratinocytes can modulate the dendritic cell (DC) activation and maturation potential, a key event in the acquisition of contact allergy. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the 2D coculture model consisting of keratinocytes and DCs using different weak to moderate sensitizing fragrance chemicals. Further, to investigate fragrances and related oxidation products in the in vitro model and compare to in vivo data. METHODS Chemicals were tested in the coculture activation test (COCAT), consisting of HaCaT keratinocytes and THP-1 cells. THP-1 cell surface expression of costimulatory and adhesion molecules (CD86 and CD54) collected after 24 h incubation with the chemicals was analysed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Twenty-four molecules were tested positive, three were negative (n = 27). Four pairs were evaluated, with aldehydes showing a 6- to 13-fold stronger responses compared to their corresponding alcohols. CONCLUSIONS Results provide insight into the activation of DC in their natural environment of keratinocytes. α,β-Unsaturated alcohols were classified as weaker sensitizers compared to their corresponding aldehydes. In sum, testing of fragrances retrieved results in good agreement with in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Peter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Jutta Lichter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Udo Bock
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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Gądarowska D, Kalka J, Daniel-Wójcik A, Mrzyk I. Alternative Methods for Skin-Sensitization Assessment. TOXICS 2022; 10:740. [PMID: 36548573 PMCID: PMC9783525 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Skin sensitization is a term used to refer to the regulatory hazard known as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in humans or contact hypersensitivity in rodents, an important health endpoint considered in chemical hazard and risk assessments. Information on skin sensitization potential is required in various regulatory frameworks, such as the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH). The identification of skin-sensitizing chemicals previously required the use of animal testing, which is now being replaced by alternative methods. Alternative methods in the field of skin sensitization are based on the measurement or prediction of key events (KE), i.e., (i) the molecular triggering event, i.e., the covalent binding of electrophilic substances to nucleophilic centers in skin proteins; (ii) the activation of keratinocytes; (iii) the activation of dendritic cells; (iv) the proliferation of T cells. This review article focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding the methods corresponding to each of the key events in skin sensitization and considers the latest trends in the development and modification of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Gądarowska
- The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Joanna Kalka
- The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Daniel-Wójcik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Inga Mrzyk
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
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Sahli F, Vileno B, Gourlaouen C, Giménez-Arnau E. Autoxidized citronellol: Free radicals as potential sparkles to ignite the fragrance induced skin sensitizing pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 166:113201. [PMID: 35671905 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Citronellol, one of the most used fragrance compounds worldwide, is one ingredient of Fragrance Mix II used to assess skin allergy to fragrances in dermatitis patients. Pure citronellol is non-allergenic. Main issue is it autoxidizes when exposed to air becoming then allergenic. The increased skin sensitizing potency of air-exposed citronellol has been attributed to the hydroperoxides detected at high concentrations in the oxidation mixtures. It has been postulated that such hydroperoxides can give rise to specific antigens, although chemical mechanisms involved and the pathogenesis are far from being unraveled. Hydroperoxides are believed to react with skin proteins through mechanisms involving radical intermediates. Here, insights on the potential radicals involved in skin sensitization to citronellol hydroperoxides are given. The employed tool is a multispectroscopic approach based on (i) electron paramagnetic resonance and spin trapping, that confirmed the formation of oxygen- and carbon-radicals when exposing reconstructed human epidermis to concentrations of hydroperoxides close to those used for patch testing patients with air-oxidized citronellol; (ii) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, that proved the reaction with amino acids such as cysteine and histidine, known to be involved in radical processes and (iii) density functional theory calculations, that gave an overview on the preferential paths for radical degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Sahli
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bertrand Vileno
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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Dickel H, Bauer A, Brehler R, Mahler V, Merk HF, Neustädter I, Strömer K, Werfel T, Worm M, Geier J. S1-Leitlinie Kontaktekzem. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2022; 20:711-734. [PMID: 35578429 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14734_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Dickel
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, St. Josef-Hospital, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden
| | - Randolf Brehler
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster
| | - Vera Mahler
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Bundesinstitut für Impfstoffe und biomedizinische Arzneimittel, Langen
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Werfel
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover
| | - Margitta Worm
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
| | - Johannes Geier
- Zentrale des IVDK, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen
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Dickel H, Bauer A, Brehler R, Mahler V, Merk HF, Neustädter I, Strömer K, Werfel T, Worm M, Geier J. German S1 guideline: Contact dermatitis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2022; 20:712-734. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology St. Josef Hospital University Medical Center of the Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Technical University Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Randolf Brehler
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Münster Münster Germany
| | - Vera Mahler
- Paul‐Ehrlich‐Institut Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines Langen Germany
| | - Hans F. Merk
- Department of Dermatology RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Irena Neustädter
- Department of Pediatrics Hallerwiese Cnopfsche Kinderklinik Nuremberg Germany
| | | | - Thomas Werfel
- Department of Dermatology Allergology and Venereology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Center of IVDK University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
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12
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Ogueta IA, Christensson JB, Giménez-Arnau E, Brans R, Wilkinson M, Stingeni L, Foti C, Aerts O, Svedman C, Gonçalo M, Giménez-Arnau A. Limonene and linalool hydroperoxides review: pros and cons for routine patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:1-12. [PMID: 35122274 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Limonene and linalool are among the most common fragrance terpenes used in products of everyday life. They are pre-haptens forming hydroperoxides (Lim-OOHs, Lin-OOHs) upon oxidation inducing frequent positive patch test reactions in patients with dermatitis. Still, they are not yet routinely tested in Europe. This review evaluates the patch testing experience with Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs by answering key questions such as whether hydroperoxide patch testing is warranted, understand difficulties or challenges related to the reading and interpretation of hydroperoxide patch test results with currently available material, assessing their relevance. Studies are increasingly pointing out to high percentages of positive reactions in patients consecutively patch tested with these oxidized products. An association between a positive clinical history and a strong patch test reaction has been described, but problems with doubtful/irritant reactions have also been reported. Considering the high frequencies of relevant positive reactions, the incorporation of Lim-OOHs 0.3% and Lin-OOHs 1% in the baseline series could be discussed and is maybe justified. Since exposure, sensitization and elicitation limits of Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs in the products still need to be better determined, an assessment of previous exposure, possible sensitizations and reactions may help to improve the clinical assessment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Ogueta
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma. Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Johanna Brared Christensson
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Citysjukhuset +7, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard Brans
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Dermatology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Luca Stingeni
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatology Section, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Olivier Aerts
- University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma. Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Maggini V, Calvi L, Pelagatti T, Gallo ER, Civati C, Privitera C, Squillante F, Maniglia P, Di Candia D, Spampatti R, Firenzuoli F. An Optimized Terpene Profile for a New Medical Cannabis Oil. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020298. [PMID: 35214031 PMCID: PMC8879232 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this analytical study was to develop an advanced formulation of medical Cannabis oil (MCO) comparing the chemical profile of different extracts obtained with two existing methods (SIFAP and CALVI) and one original upgraded (CERFIT) method. Preparation methods were applied with varying solvent, temperature, and duration of the decarboxylation and extraction steps. HPLC-MS/MS TSQ and GC/FID-HS analyses were performed to investigate cannabinoid and terpene contents in the three oil extracts. Cannabinoids profile remained comparable between the formulations. CERFIT extracts exhibited a superior quantity of total terpene hydrocarbon forms (e.g., limonene and α-pinene) with no degradation occurrence (i.e., oxidized terpenes not quantifiable). Thus, this new method optimized the phytochemical profile of the MCO presenting a value opportunity to obtain a standardized high-level therapeutic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Maggini
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine (CERFIT), Careggi University Hospital, Via Delle Oblate 4, 50141 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (T.P.); (E.R.G.)
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (F.F.); Tel.: +39-055-794-9635 (V.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Calvi
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine (CERFIT), Careggi University Hospital, Via Delle Oblate 4, 50141 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (T.P.); (E.R.G.)
| | - Tommaso Pelagatti
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine (CERFIT), Careggi University Hospital, Via Delle Oblate 4, 50141 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (T.P.); (E.R.G.)
- Farmacia Tili, Piazza Vittorio Veneto 32, 22036 Erba, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Eugenia Rosaria Gallo
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine (CERFIT), Careggi University Hospital, Via Delle Oblate 4, 50141 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (T.P.); (E.R.G.)
| | - Celine Civati
- Farmacia Tili, Piazza Vittorio Veneto 32, 22036 Erba, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Carlo Privitera
- Progetto MediCOmm s.r.l.s., C.da due Fontane s.n., 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy;
| | - Flavio Squillante
- Farmacia Tili, Piazza Vittorio Veneto 32, 22036 Erba, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Paolo Maniglia
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Lecco, 23900 Lecco, Italy;
| | - Domenico Di Candia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Roberto Spampatti
- Farmacia Tili, Piazza Vittorio Veneto 32, 22036 Erba, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Fabio Firenzuoli
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine (CERFIT), Careggi University Hospital, Via Delle Oblate 4, 50141 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (T.P.); (E.R.G.)
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (F.F.); Tel.: +39-055-794-9635 (V.M.)
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14
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Vileno B, Port-Lougarre Y, Giménez-Arnau E. Electron paramagnetic resonance and spin trapping to detect free radicals from allergenic hydroperoxides in contact with the skin: from the molecule to the tissue. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 86:241-253. [PMID: 34982482 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A major research topic consists of revealing the contribution of radical-mediated reactions in dermatological diseases related to xenobiotic-induced stress, to succeed risk assessment procedures protecting producers and consumers. Allergic contact dermatitis is the clinically relevant consequence of skin sensitization, one of the most critical occupational and environmental health issues related to xenobiotics exposure. The first key event identified for the skin sensitization process to a chemical is its aptitude to react with epidermal proteins and form antigenic structures that will further trigger the immune response. Many chemical sensitizers are suspected to react through mechanisms involving radical intermediates. This review focuses on recent progress we have accomplished over the last few years studying radical intermediates derived from skin sensitizing chemicals by electron paramagnetic resonance in combination with the spin trapping technique. Our work is carried out "from the molecule", performing studies in solution, "to the tissue", by the development of a methodology on a reconstructed human epidermis model, very close in terms of histology and metabolic/enzymatic activity to real human epidermis, that can be used as suitable biological tissue model. The benefits are to test chemicals under conditions close to human use and real-life sensitization exposures and benefit from the 3D microenvironment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Vileno
- POMAM Laboratory, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Port-Lougarre
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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15
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Karlberg AT, Lepoittevin JP. One hundred years of allergic contact dermatitis due to oxidized terpenes: What we can learn from old research on turpentine allergy. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:627-636. [PMID: 34453446 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although in recent years the focus on sensitizing terpene oxidation products has been on oxidized limonene and linalool, the autoxidation of terpenes in relation to allergic contact dermatitis is not new and dates back to the early part of the 20th century with the use of turpentine causing occupational contact dermatitis in painters. This review is written in a way as to allow us to get closer to the work of the scientists in earlier days, to participate in the successes, and also to observe the weak points. The researchers concluded that the main culprit in Scandinavian turpentine was Δ3 -carene hydroperoxides. This explains its high sensitizing effect compared with French turpentine which is of the Iberian type with no or only traces of Δ3 -carene. Historical exposure to turpentine showed that ending the industrial exposure stopped the occupational skin sensitization. Patch test studies demonstrated that monoterpene hydroperoxides, far from being an obsolete source of contact allergy solely related to turpentine, is a common cause of contact allergy in the population. A hundred years of extensive chemical and clinical studies worldwide should be sufficient to meet the evidence requirement regarding allergic contact dermatitis caused by terpenes. HIGHLIGHTS: The autoxidation of terpenes in relation to allergic contact dermatitis is not new and dates back to the early part of the 20th century with the use of turpentine. The main culprit in Scandinavian turpentine was Δ3 -carene hydroperoxides. This explains its high sensitizing effect compared with French turpentine with no or only traces of Δ3 -carene. Recent patch test studies demonstrated that monoterpene hydroperoxides, far from being an obsolete source of contact allergy solely related to turpentine, is a common cause of contact allergy in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Marmgren V, Mowitz M, Zimerson E, Hindsén M, Bruze M. Contact allergy to fragrance mix I and its components in individuals with photocontact allergy to ketoprofen. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:660-670. [PMID: 34414573 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact allergy to fragrance mix I (FM I) is over-represented in patients photoallergic to ketoprofen. The prevalence of contact allergy to two components of FM I, cinnamal and cinnamyl alcohol, in ketoprofen-photoallergic patients is higher than in dermatitis patients. OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence of contact allergy to FM I and its individual components in patients with photocontact allergy to ketoprofen, and to compare with a dermatitis and the general population. METHODS Data on patch and photopatch tests performed between 2009-2018 were collected. Ketoprofen-photoallergic patients were compared with dermatitis patients and published data on the general population regarding the prevalence and the distribution of contact allergy to FM I and its components. RESULTS A higher prevalence of contact allergy to cinnamyl alcohol compared with cinnamal (23.3% vs 10.0%), and eugenol compared with isoeugenol (23.3% vs 6.7%), was observed in ketoprofen-photoallergic patients, while the relationship was the opposite in the dermatitis group (0.7% vs 1.05%; 0.4% vs 0.9%). The overall prevalence of contact allergy to several components of FM I was significantly higher in ketoprofen-photoallergic patients. CONCLUSIONS Contact allergy to FM I and many of its components is over-represented in patients photoallergic to ketoprofen compared with dermatitis patients and the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Marmgren
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Erik Zimerson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Monica Hindsén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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17
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Scheinman PL, Vocanson M, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Nixon RL, Dear K, Botto NC, Morot J, Goldminz AM. Contact dermatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:38. [PMID: 34045488 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis (CD) is among the most common inflammatory dermatological conditions and includes allergic CD, photoallergic CD, irritant CD, photoirritant CD (also called phototoxic CD) and protein CD. Occupational CD can be of any type and is the most prevalent occupational skin disease. Each CD type is characterized by different immunological mechanisms and/or requisite exposures. Clinical manifestations of CD vary widely and multiple subtypes may occur simultaneously. The diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, thorough exposure assessment and evaluation with techniques such as patch testing and skin-prick testing. Management is based on patient education, avoidance strategies of specific substances, and topical treatments; in severe or recalcitrant cases, which can negatively affect the quality of life of patients, systemic medications may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Scheinman
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Vocanson
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosemary L Nixon
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Dear
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nina C Botto
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johanna Morot
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Ari M Goldminz
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Pastor-Nieto MA, Gatica-Ortega ME. Ubiquity, Hazardous Effects, and Risk Assessment of Fragrances in Consumer Products. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2021; 8:21-41. [PMID: 33520600 PMCID: PMC7825391 DOI: 10.1007/s40521-020-00275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review The main aims of fragrances are to create pleasing scents or to mask unpleasant odors. We hereby review their main exposure sources, presumed benefits, and unwanted effects, with special attention to allergic contact dermatitis (prevalence, regulatory environment, risk assessment methodology, and preventive measures). Recent findings Fragrances elicit positive emotions and presumably have therapeutic benefits related to stress reduction and memory enhancement. However, they also cause detrimental health or environmental effects including contact dermatitis (irritant and/or allergic), non-eczematous contact reactions, photosensitivity, photo-allergy, and immediate contact reactions, which can negatively impact the quality of life. Fragrances are the most frequent chemicals causing contact dermatitis. Their main sources are cosmetics, household products, industrial substances, food flavorings, oral hygiene products, and topical medications. It is difficult for sensitized patients to avoid contact with fragrances, due to their ubiquity and because manufacturers are not willing to volunteer information regarding fragrance ingredients. Summary The treatment of contact dermatitis relies on allergens avoidance which does not “cure” the disease (sensitization persists for life) but prevents disabling illness. The patient should understand that avoiding perfume means to avoid all scented goods and not just perfumes. Labeling fragrances is key in primary prevention (by giving the healthy individual the chance to make an informed choice to avoid risky substances), diagnosis (by helping the practitioner to plan and interpret patch tests), secondary prevention, and prognosis (by allowing the sensitized patient to follow the avoidance instructions). However, only 26 fragrances are mandatory to be declared in cosmetics. The vague labeling of other fragrance ingredients as “perfume” or “fragrance” hampers the diagnostic and preventive approaches. Therefore, in our opinion, declaration should be mandatory for all fragrance ingredients as well as straightforward so most consumers can understand it. Moreover, legislation should be improved to prevent inappropriately high exposures by forbidding stronger allergens, restricting maximum concentrations in the finished product or fields of application, delivering information regarding the risks to the general public, and controlling the compliance of manufacturers with the regulations. Besides, manufacturers should share information regarding the composition in the final products and provide physicians with samples of all fragrance chemicals whenever needed for patch test investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Antonia Pastor-Nieto
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, C/ Donantes de Sangre s.n., 19002 Guadalajara, Spain.,Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Contact Allergy to Fragrances. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Lichter J, Silva E Sousa M, Peter N, Sahli F, Vileno B, Kuresepi S, Gourlaouen C, Giménez-Arnau E, Blömeke B. Skin sensitization to fragrance hydroperoxides: interplay between dendritic cells, keratinocytes and free radicals. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:1143-1152. [PMID: 33205411 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin sensitization to hydroperoxides (R-OOHs) of the commonly used fragrance terpenes limonene, linalool and citronellol is frequently reported. R-OOHs are believed to initiate the process leading to sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis through mechanisms involving radical intermediates. Thus, radical intermediates, keratinocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) may act in concert to initiate the process. OBJECTIVES To evaluate individual DC activation profiles by R-OOHs in the context of keratinocytes with regard to frequency, specificity and magnitude of upregulation. METHODS We used 2D and 3D cocultures with keratinocytes/reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) and DCs to evaluate cell surface levels of the costimulatory molecules CD86, CD80 and the adhesion molecule CD54 on cocultured DCs. Analysis of radical formation from limonene hydroperoxides in RHE was performed using electron paramagnetic resonance combined with the spin trapping technique. RESULTS R-OOHs induce donor-dependent DC activation. Major differences were found between the limonene-OOHs. Limonene-1-OOH was stronger with respect to both frequency and magnitude of response. Using a 3D coculture model, no DC activation was detected after topical application of 0·2% limonene-OOHs (20 µg cm-2 ), while 1·2% limonene-1-OOH or 2% limonene-2-OOH induced DC activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated differences in the carbon and oxygen radicals formed from the limonene-OOHs using RHE, mimicking what may happen in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We report clear individual differences in DC maturation induced by the most important hydroperoxides. Response rates and magnitude of response both indicate that very small structural alterations in the hydroperoxides are translated into specific DC responses. In addition, we provide more insight into the amounts of hydroperoxides that can activate DCs and induce sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lichter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - M Silva E Sousa
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - N Peter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - F Sahli
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - B Vileno
- POMAM Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France.,French EPR Federation of Research, Réseau NAtional de Rpe interDisciplinaire (RENARD, Fédération IR-RPE CNRS #3443), Strasbourg, France
| | - S Kuresepi
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - B Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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21
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Bitterling H, Lorenz P, Vetter W, Conrad J, Kammerer DR, Stintzing FC. Rapid Spectrophotometric Method for Assessing Hydroperoxide Formation from Terpenes in Essential Oils upon Oxidative Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9576-9584. [PMID: 32786842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils are widely used in the food and cosmetics industry as natural flavoring and fragrance substances. For this reason, a thorough quality control applying selected analytical methods is required. Oxidation along with hydroperoxide formation is an important drawback during production and storage of essential oils. Hydroperoxides constitute the main products formed upon photo-oxidation of essential oils. Due to hydroperoxide instability, gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses are required. According to the European Pharmacopoeia, titration is the official method for oxidation assessment. However, this analysis is time-consuming, and large sample quantities are required. Here, we present a simple and accurate spectrophotometric method for the detection of peroxide trace amounts in essential oils and terpenes. The principle is based on the formation of Wurster's red, which is enforced by the peroxide-driven oxidation of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (DMPD). The method was validated using dibenzoyl peroxide (DBP) and cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). To demonstrate the suitability of the method for routine analysis, various oxidized terpenes and essential oils were chosen. Moreover, photo- and thermal oxidation experiments were compared and evaluated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and a synthesized limonene-2-hydroperoxide (Lim-2-OOH) reference standard to gather detailed information on the structural changes of the respective terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Bitterling
- Department of Analytical Development & Research, Section Phytochemical Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstraße 1, 73087 Bad Boll/Eckwälden, Germany
| | - Peter Lorenz
- Department of Analytical Development & Research, Section Phytochemical Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstraße 1, 73087 Bad Boll/Eckwälden, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Conrad
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Chemistry, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dietmar R Kammerer
- Department of Analytical Development & Research, Section Phytochemical Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstraße 1, 73087 Bad Boll/Eckwälden, Germany
| | - Florian C Stintzing
- Department of Analytical Development & Research, Section Phytochemical Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstraße 1, 73087 Bad Boll/Eckwälden, Germany
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22
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Mahler V, Nast A, Bauer A, Becker D, Brasch J, Breuer K, Dickel H, Drexler H, Elsner P, Geier J, John SM, Kreft B, Köllner A, Merk H, Ott H, Pleschka S, Portisch M, Spornraft-Ragaller P, Weisshaar E, Werfel T, Worm M, Schnuch A, Uter W. S3 guidelines: Epicutaneous patch testing with contact allergens and drugs - Short version, Part 1. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 17:1076-1093. [PMID: 31631537 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epicutaneous patch testing is the diagnostic standard for the detection of allergic contact dermatitis. The present guidelines are aimed at residents and board-certified physicians in the fields of dermatology and allergology as well as other medical specialties involved in establishing the indication for patch testing and its execution in patients with contact dermatitis and other forms of delayed-type hypersensitivity. The target audience also includes other health care providers and insurance funds. Based on a systematic literature search and a formal consensus process (S3), the guidelines were developed by dermatologists in collaboration with pediatricians, occupational medicine physicians, nursing staff as well as patient representatives. The systematic methodological approach and appraisal of evidence upon which the recommendations are based are outlined in a separate method report that also contains evidence tables. The guidelines address general aspects of patch testing as well as medicolegal issues. The recommendations given relate to topics such as the indication for patch testing, informed patient consent, as well as the choice of test substances, test chambers and test site, duration of exposure, reading times and interpretation of test reactions. Furthermore, recommendations are provided with respect to endogenous and exogenous factors, specific patient groups (children, pregnant women, immunosuppressed individuals) as well as possible risks and adverse events associated with patch testing using contact allergens. Note: This publication is part 1 of the short version of the S3 guidelines for "Epicutaneous patch testing using contact allergens and drugs" (registry no. 013 - 018; date: March 20, 2019; valid until December 31, 2021). Part 2 of the short version will be published in the next issue. The long version of these guidelines can be accessed at www.awmf.org. The method report is available as online publication (https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/013-018.html) and contains the evidence tables in its appendix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Mahler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Alexander Nast
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, Division of Evidence-based Medicine (dEBM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Dresden Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Detlef Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochen Brasch
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kristine Breuer
- Dermatology Practice (Dermatologie Reinbek), Reinbek, Germany
| | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hans Drexler
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich--Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Swen Malte John
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kreft
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Hans Merk
- Professor of Dermatology and Allergology, Former Chairman of the Department of Dermatology, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hagen Ott
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Allergology, Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silvia Pleschka
- German Allergy and Asthma Foundation (Deutscher Allergie- und Asthmabund e.V.), Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Maria Portisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Petra Spornraft-Ragaller
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Dresden Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Division of Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, , Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, Charité - UniversityMedicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Schnuch
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology (IMBE), Medical Faculty, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Hagvall L, Rudbäck J, Bråred Christensson J, Karlberg AT. Patch testing with purified and oxidized citronellol. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:372-379. [PMID: 32638395 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citronellol is a commonly used fragrance terpene included in fragrance mix II. As with many other fragrance terpenes, citronellol is susceptible to autoxidation. Citronellol hydroperoxides are formed in large amounts and are the only oxidation products identified as sensitizers in oxidized citronellol. AIM To compare frequencies of contact allergy to purified and oxidized citronellol and to investigate the pattern of concomitant reactions to fragrance markers of the baseline series, oxidized linalool, and oxidized limonene. METHODS A total of 658 dermatitis patients were patch tested with purified and oxidized citronellol at 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, and 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0% petrolatum, respectively. The irritant properties of purified and oxidized citronellol were studied before patch testing. RESULTS Few irritant reactions were observed in the pretest. Purified citronellol detected positive reactions in 0.15%-0.31% of patients, while oxidized citronellol detected positive reactions in 0.61%-4.5%. Among patients reacting to oxidized citronellol, 34%-50% showed concomitant reactions to fragrance markers of the baseline series and 75%-91% to oxidized linalool or oxidized limonene. CONCLUSION Oxidized citronellol detects more cases of contact allergy than purified citronellol, and these cases are not all detected using fragrance mix II. Patch testing with oxidized citronellol will add to the tools in the diagnosis of fragrance allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rudbäck
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Bråred Christensson
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ahn J, Avonto C, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA. Is Isoeugenol a Prehapten? Characterization of a Thiol-Reactive Oxidative Byproduct of Isoeugenol and Potential Implications for Skin Sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:948-954. [PMID: 32119530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoeugenol is widely used by the cosmetic and fragrance industries, but it also represents a known cause of skin sensitization adverse effects. Although devoid of a structural alert, isoeugenol has been classified as prehapten in virtue of the presence of a pre-Michael acceptor domain. Isoeugenol oxidation could theoretically lead to the generation of reactive toxic quinones, and photoinduced oxidative degradation of isoeugenol was reported to generate strongly thiol reactive byproducts. Nonetheless, the isoeugenol degradation product responsible for increased reactivity was found to be elusive. In the present study, an aged isoeugenol sample was subjected to reactivity-guided experiments to trap elusive thiol reactive species with a fluorescent nucleophile, viz. dansyl cysteamine (DCYA). The results herein presented demonstrate that photo-oxidation of isoeugenol led to the formation of a dimeric 7,4'-oxyneolignan with strong chemical reactivity, capable of nucleophilic substitution with thiols. The results were confirmed by isolation, structural characterization, and further NMR reactivity studies. Isoeugenol is already well-known as moderately reactive in thiol depletion assays, and was herein demonstrated to be capable of converting to more potent electrophilic species upon degradation, thus acting as a prehapten. The application of the reactivity-guided strategy described herein was shown to serve as an effective tool to investigate elusive skin sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Ahn
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Cristina Avonto
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Abstract
BACKGROUND While the pathogenesis of contact allergy in recent years has increasingly focused on the mechanisms of the innate immune response, valid therapeutic options are still lacking. AIMS This article intends to shed light on the background of contact allergy development as well as possible risk factors and to highlight potential new therapeutic options. MATERIALS AND METHODS Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) as well as the sensitization and trigger phase, potential risk factors as well as the therapy options including (current) PubMed-listed literature are described. RESULTS Inflammation plays a central role in ACD. The innate immune system responds to contact allergens as well as to infection. Elucidation of the mechanisms will enable a targeted therapeutic intervention in the future. CONCLUSION Although there is still a need for research, many parts of the contact allergy pathogenesis are now better understood. In particular, the essential role of the innate immune response not only for the sensitization but also for the elicitation phase seems to be established. Implementation of today's knowledge into new therapeutic approaches and their application testing remains important and exciting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp R Esser
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Forschergruppe Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hauptstr. 7, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Deutschland.
| | - Stefan F Martin
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Forschergruppe Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hauptstr. 7, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Deutschland.
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26
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Hagvall L, Prystupa‐Chalkidis K. Contact allergy to oxidized terpenes and occupational contact dermatitis in massage therapists – A case series. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 82:390-392. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyRegion Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
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27
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Contact Allergy to Fragrances. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_86-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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29
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Mahler V, Nast A, Bauer A, Becker D, Brasch J, Breuer K, Dickel H, Drexler H, Elsner P, Geier J, John SM, Kreft B, Köllner A, Merk H, Ott H, Pleschka S, Portisch M, Spornraft‐Ragaller P, Weisshaar E, Werfel T, Worm M, Schnuch A, Uter W. S3‐Leitlinie: Durchführung des Epikutantests mit Kontaktallergenen und Arzneimitteln – Kurzfassung Teil 1. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019; 17:1075-1093. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13956_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Mahler
- Hautklinik Universitätsklinikum ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen
- Paul‐Ehrlich‐Institut Langen
| | - Alexander Nast
- Division of Evidence‐Based Medicine (dEBM)Klinik für DermatologieVenerologie und AllergologieCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav CarusTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden
| | | | - Jochen Brasch
- Klinik für DermatologieVenerologie und AllergologieUniversitätsklinikum Schleswig‐Holstein Kiel
| | | | - Heinrich Dickel
- Klinik für DermatologieVenerologie und AllergologieSt. Josef‐Hospital Ruhr‐Universität Bochum Bochum
| | - Hans Drexler
- Institut für Arbeits‐, Sozial‐ und Umweltmedizin der Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen
| | - Peter Elsner
- Klinik für HautkrankheitenUniversitätsklinikum Jena Jena
| | - Johannes Geier
- Informationsverbund Dermatologischer Kliniken (IVDK) e.V. an der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen Göttingen
| | - Swen Malte John
- Institut für interdisziplinäre Dermatologische Prävention und Rehabilitation (iDerm) an der Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück
| | - Burkhard Kreft
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und VenerologieUniversitätsklinikum Halle (Saale) Halle
| | | | - Hans Merk
- Univ.‐Professor für Dermatologie & AllergologieDirektor (em.) der Hautklinik – RWTH Aachen University Aachen
| | - Hagen Ott
- Hannoversche Kinderheilanstalt (HKA): Kinder‐ und Jugendkrankenhaus auf der Bult Hannover
| | | | - Maria Portisch
- Hautklinik Universitätsklinikum ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen
| | - Petra Spornraft‐Ragaller
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav CarusTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Berufsdermatologie, Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg Heidelberg
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und VenerologieMedizinische Hochschule Hannover Hannover
| | - Margitta Worm
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin
| | - Axel Schnuch
- Informationsverbund Dermatologischer Kliniken (IVDK) e.V. an der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen Göttingen
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Institut für Medizininformatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie (IMBE)Medizinische Fakultät der Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen
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Schutte RJ, Zhang X, An N, Ostrov DA, Vukmanović S. Molecular docking predictions of fragrance binding to human leukocyte antigen molecules. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:174-183. [PMID: 30957232 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 4000 small chemicals have been identified as allergens capable of inducing skin sensitization. Many sensitizers are hypothesized to act as haptens producing novel antigens, which can be presented to T cells by human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). Recent studies suggest that some chemical allergens use hapten-independent mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To determine whether molecular docking can identify HLA molecules that bind skin-sensitizing chemical allergens. METHODS Structural models of HLA molecules were used as the basis for molecular docking of 22 chemical allergens. Allergens predicted to bind HLA-B*57:01 were tested for their ability to stimulate T cells by the use of proliferation and interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assays. RESULTS Chemical allergens that did not satisfy the criteria for hapten activity in vitro were predicted to bind more strongly to common HLA isoforms than those with known hapten activity. HLA-B*57:01, which is an HLA allele required for drug hypersensitivity reactions, was predicted to bind several allergens, including benzyl benzoate, benzyl cinnamate, and benzyl salicylate. In in vitro T cell stimulation assays, benzyl salicylate and benzyl cinnamate were found to stimulate T cell responses from HLA-B*57:01 carriers. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that small-molecule skin sensitizers have the potential to interact with HLA, and show that T cell-based in vitro assays may be used to evaluate the immunogenicity of skin-sensitizing chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Schutte
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nan An
- Division of Cosmetics, Office of Cosmetics and Colors, CFSAN, FDA, College Park, Maryland
| | - David A Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stanislav Vukmanović
- Division of Cosmetics, Office of Cosmetics and Colors, CFSAN, FDA, College Park, Maryland
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31
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An Update on Fragrance Contact Dermatitis. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-019-0196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
The majority of cosmetic products contain fragrances to make products more pleasant to the consumer, as we all like goods that smell nice. Unfortunately, contact allergy to fragrance compounds is among the most frequent findings in patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis. In order to revert this and to reduce contact allergy to cosmetics, it is imperative to improve safety assessment of cosmetic products for skin sensitization. In the era of animal ban for cosmetic ingredients, this represents a challenge. Luckily, in the last decades, substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the mechanism of chemical-induced contact allergy and several in vitro methods are available for hazard identification. The purpose of this manuscript is to explore the possibility of non-animal testing for quantitative risk assessment of fragrance-induced contact allergy, essential for cosmetic products, which cannot be tested on animals.
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Bennike NH, Palangi L, Christensson JB, Nilsson U, Zachariae C, Johansen JD, Hagvall L. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by hydroperoxides of limonene and dose‐response relationship—A repeated open application test (ROAT) study. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:208-216. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels H. Bennike
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Lina Palangi
- Department of Occupational DermatologySahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Johanna Bråred Christensson
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin AllergyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ulrika Nilsson
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental ScienceStockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Occupational DermatologySahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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Avonto C, Wang YH, Chittiboyina AG, Vukmanovic S, Khan IA. In chemico assessment of potential sensitizers: Stability and direct peptide reactivity of 24 fragrance ingredients. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:398-408. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Avonto
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Amar G. Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Stanislav Vukmanovic
- Office of Cosmetics and Colors, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Food and Drug Administration; College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
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35
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Schnuch A, Griem P. Duftstoffe als Allergene. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-018-1675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Ramzi A, Ahmadi H, Sadiktsis I, Nilsson U. A two-dimensional non-comprehensive reversed/normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system for determination of limonene and linalool hydroperoxides. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wang M, Lai X, Shao L, Li L. Evaluation of immunoresponses and cytotoxicity from skin exposure to metallic nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4445-4459. [PMID: 30122919 PMCID: PMC6078075 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s170745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary science that has developed rapidly in recent years. Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly utilized in dermatology and cosmetology, because of their unique properties. However, skin exposure to NPs raises concerns regarding their transdermal toxicity. The tight junctions of epithelial cells form the skin barrier, which protects the host against external substances. Recent studies have found that NPs can pass through the skin barrier into deeper layers, indicating that skin exposure is a means for NPs to enter the body. The distribution and interaction of NPs with skin cells may cause toxic side effects. In this review, possible penetration pathways and related toxicity mechanisms are discussed. The limitations of current experimental methods on the penetration and toxic effects of metallic NPs are also described. This review contributes to a better understanding of the risks of topically applied metallic NPs and provides a foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,
| | - Xuan Lai
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,
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39
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Uter W. Weitere Duftstoffallergene. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-018-1577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Hagvall L, Niklasson IB, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Can the epoxides of cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal show new cases of contact allergy? Contact Dermatitis 2018; 78:399-405. [PMID: 29603274 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamyl alcohol is considered to be a prohapten and prehapten with cinnamal as the main metabolite. However, many individuals who are allergic to cinnamyl alcohol do not react to cinnamal. Sensitizing epoxides of cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal have been identified as metabolites and autoxidation products of cinnamyl alcohol. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical relevance of contact allergy to epoxycinnamyl alcohol and epoxycinnamal. METHODS Irritative effects of the epoxides were investigated in 12 dermatitis patients. Epoxycinnamyl alcohol and epoxycinnamal were patch tested in 393 and 390 consecutive patients, respectively. In parallel, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal were patch tested in 607 and 616 patients, respectively. RESULTS Both epoxides were irritants, but no more positive reactions were detected than when testing was performed with cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal. Late allergic reactions to epoxycinnamyl alcohol were observed. In general, patients with late reactions showed doubtful or positive reactions to cinnamal and fragrance mix I at regular patch testing. CONCLUSION The investigated epoxides are not important haptens in contact allergy to cinnamon fragrance. The high frequency of fragrance allergy among patients included in the irritancy study showed the difficulty of suspecting fragrance allergy on the basis of history; patch testing broadly with fragrance compounds is therefore important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Occupational Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida B Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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41
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Uter W. Extended patch-test screening for fragrance contact allergy: findings and challenges. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:592-593. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; Waldstr. 6 91054 Erlangen Germany
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42
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Abstract
Contact sensitization is the initial process involved in the development of an allergic reaction to xenobiotic environmental substances. Here, we briefly describe the differences between irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Then, we highlight the essential steps involved in the development of an ACD reaction, i.e., the protein binding of haptens, genetic factors influencing the penetration of sensitizers into the skin, the different mechanisms driving the initial development of an inflammatory cytokine micromilieu enabling the full maturation of dendritic cells, the role of pre- and pro-haptens, antigen presentation and T cell activation via MHC and CD1 molecules, dendritic cell (DC) migration, and potential LC contribution as well as the different T cell subsets involved in ACD. In addition, we discuss the latest publications regarding factors that might influence the sensitizing potential such as repeated sensitizer application, penetration enhancers, humidity of the skin, microbiota, Tregs, and phthalates. Last but not least, we briefly touch upon novel targets for drug development that might serve as treatment options for ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp R Esser
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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43
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Montgomery RL, Agius R, Wilkinson SM, Carder M. UK trends of allergic occupational skin disease attributed to fragrances 1996-2015. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 78:33-40. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Montgomery
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust - Centre for Dermatology; Chapel Allerton Hospital; Leeds LS7 4SA UK
| | - Raymond Agius
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Stephen M. Wilkinson
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust - Centre for Dermatology; Chapel Allerton Hospital; Leeds LS7 4SA UK
| | - Melanie Carder
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
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44
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Raffalli C, Clouet E, Kuresepi S, Damiens MH, Lepoittevin JP, Pallardy M, Ferret PJ, Giménez-Arnau E, Kerdine-Römer S. Editor’s Highlight: Fragrance Allergens Linalool and Limonene Allylic Hydroperoxides in Skin Allergy: Mechanisms of Action Focusing on Transcription Factor Nrf2. Toxicol Sci 2017; 161:139-148. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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45
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Bennike NH, Oturai NB, Müller S, Kirkeby CS, Jørgensen C, Christensen AB, Zachariae C, Johansen JD. Fragrance contact allergens in 5588 cosmetic products identified through a novel smartphone application. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 32:79-85. [PMID: 28796916 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 25% of the adult European population suffers from contact allergy, with fragrance substances recognized as one of the main causes. Since 2005, 26 fragrance contact allergens have been mandatory to label in cosmetic products within the EU if present at 10 ppm or above in leave-on and 100 ppm or above in wash-off cosmetics. OBJECTIVE To examine exposure, based on ingredient labelling, to the 26 fragrances in a sample of 5588 fragranced cosmetic products. METHODS The investigated products were identified through a novel, non-profit smartphone application (app), designed to provide information to consumers about chemical substances in cosmetic products. Products registered through the app between December 2015 and October 2016 were label checked according to International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) for the presence of the 26 fragrance substances or the wording 'fragrance/parfum/aroma'. RESULTS The largest product categories investigated were 'cream, lotion and oil' (n = 1192), 'shampoo and conditioner' (n = 968) and 'deodorants' (n = 632). Among cosmetic products labelled to contain at least one of the 26 fragrances, 85.5% and 73.9% contained at least two and at least three of the 26 fragrances, respectively. Linalool (49.5%) and limonene (48.5%) were labelled most often among all investigated products. Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC/Lyral® ) was found in 13.5% of deodorants. Six of the 26 fragrance substances were labelled on less than one per cent of all products, including the natural extracts Evernia furfuracea (tree moss) and Evernia prunastri (oak moss). A total of 329 (5.9%) products had one or more of the 26 fragrance substances labelled but did not have 'parfum/fragrance/aroma' listed on the label. CONCLUSIONS Consumers are widely exposed to, often multiple, well-established fragrance contact allergens through various cosmetic products intended for daily use. Several fragrance substances that are common causes of contact allergy were rarely labelled in this large sample of cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Bennike
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - N B Oturai
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - S Müller
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - C S Kirkeby
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - C Jørgensen
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - A B Christensen
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - C Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - J D Johansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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46
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Roberts DW, Patlewicz G. Non-animal assessment of skin sensitization hazard: Is an integrated testing strategy needed, and if so what should be integrated? J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:41-50. [PMID: 28543848 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is an expectation that to meet regulatory requirements, and avoid or minimize animal testing, integrated approaches to testing and assessment will be needed that rely on assays representing key events (KEs) in the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway. Three non-animal assays have been formally validated and regulatory adopted: the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), the KeratinoSens™ assay and the human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). There have been many efforts to develop integrated approaches to testing and assessment with the "two out of three" approach attracting much attention. Here a set of 271 chemicals with mouse, human and non-animal sensitization test data was evaluated to compare the predictive performances of the three individual non-animal assays, their binary combinations and the "two out of three" approach in predicting skin sensitization potential. The most predictive approach was to use both the DPRA and h-CLAT as follows: (1) perform DPRA - if positive, classify as sensitizing, and (2) if negative, perform h-CLAT - a positive outcome denotes a sensitizer, a negative, a non-sensitizer. With this approach, 85% (local lymph node assay) and 93% (human) of non-sensitizer predictions were correct, whereas the "two out of three" approach had 69% (local lymph node assay) and 79% (human) of non-sensitizer predictions correct. The findings are consistent with the argument, supported by published quantitative mechanistic models that only the first KE needs to be modeled. All three assays model this KE to an extent. The value of using more than one assay depends on how the different assays compensate for each other's technical limitations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Grace Patlewicz
- National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT), US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Research Triangle Park (RTP), NC, 27711, USA
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47
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Bennike NH, Zachariae C, Johansen JD. Non-mix fragrances are top sensitizers in consecutive dermatitis patients - a cross-sectional study of the 26 EU-labelled fragrance allergens. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:270-279. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels H. Bennike
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
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48
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Lidén C, Yazar K, Johansen JD, Karlberg AT, Uter W, White IR. Comparative sensitizing potencies of fragrances, preservatives, and hair dyes. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 75:265-275. [PMID: 27633650 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is used for assessing sensitizing potential in hazard identification and risk assessment for regulatory purposes. Sensitizing potency on the basis of the LLNA is categorized into extreme (EC3 value of ≤0.2%), strong (>0.2% to ≤2%), and moderate (>2%). To compare the sensitizing potencies of fragrance substances, preservatives, and hair dye substances, which are skin sensitizers that frequently come into contact with the skin of consumers and workers, LLNA results and EC3 values for 72 fragrance substances, 25 preservatives and 107 hair dye substances were obtained from two published compilations of LLNA data and opinions by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety and its predecessors. The median EC3 values of fragrances (n = 61), preservatives (n = 19) and hair dyes (n = 59) were 5.9%, 0.9%, and 1.3%, respectively. The majority of sensitizing preservatives and hair dyes are thus strong or extreme sensitizers (EC3 value of ≤2%), and fragrances are mostly moderate sensitizers. Although fragrances are typically moderate sensitizers, they are among the most frequent causes of contact allergy. This indicates that factors other than potency need to be addressed more rigorously in risk assessment and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Lidén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kerem Yazar
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen/Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ian R White
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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49
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Vukmanović S, Sadrieh N. Skin sensitizers in cosmetics and beyond: potential multiple mechanisms of action and importance of T-cell assays for in vitro screening. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:415-432. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1288025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Vukmanović
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), MD, USA
| | - Nakissa Sadrieh
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), MD, USA
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50
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Criteria for the evidence-based categorisation of skin sensitisers. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:14-21. [PMID: 28341136 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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