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Seo M, Bae JH. Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Constipation. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = TAEHAN SOHWAGI HAKHOE CHI 2024; 83:191-196. [PMID: 38783620 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2024.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Functional constipation is a common clinical diagnosis that affects approximately 14% of the world's population. Non-pharmacological therapies often represent the initial steps in management and may include lifestyle adjustments or changes such as physical activity and diet. Pharmacological options have been used when the non-pharmacological approach has been ineffective. Biofeedback therapy, surgery, sacral nerve stimulation, botulinum toxin injection, and vibrating capsules can be considered in scenarios where the laxatives are ineffective. Biofeedback therapy is highly effective and safe in treating dyssynergic defecation, which affects more than half of patients with chronic constipation. This paper overviews non-pharmacological therapies for functional constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongsook Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - June Hwa Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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2
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Thorsen AJ. Management of Rectocele with and without Obstructed Defecation. SEMINARS IN COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scrs.2022.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Bharucha AE, Knowles CH. Rectocele: Incidental or important? Observe or operate? Contemporary diagnosis and management in the multidisciplinary era. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14453. [PMID: 36102693 PMCID: PMC9887546 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More common in older women than younger women, rectoceles may be secondary to pelvic floor weakness and/or pelvic floor dysfunction with impaired rectal evacuation. Rectoceles may be small (<2 cm), medium (2-4 cm), or large (>4 cm). Arguably, large rectoceles are more likely to be associated with symptoms (e.g., difficult defecation). It can be challenging to ascertain the extent to which a rectocele is secondary to pelvic floor dysfunction and/or whether a rectocele, rather than associated pelvic floor dysfunction, is responsible for symptoms. Surgical repair should be considered when initial treatment measures (e.g., bowel modifying agents and pelvic floor biofeedback therapy) are unsuccessful. PURPOSE We summarize the clinical features, diagnosis, and management of rectoceles, with an emphasis on outcomes after surgical repair. This review accompanies a retrospective analysis of outcomes after multidisciplinary, transvaginal rectocele repair procedures undertaken by three colorectal surgeons in 215 patients at a large teaching hospital in the UK. A majority of patients had a large rectocele. Some patients also underwent an anterior levatorplasty and/or an enterocele repair. All patients were jointly assessed, and some patients underwent surgery by colorectal and urogynecologic surgeons. In this cohort, the perioperative data, efficacy, and harms outcomes are comparable with historical data predominantly derived from retrospective series in which patients had a good outcome (67%-78%), symptoms of difficult defecation improved (30%-50%), and patients had a recurrent rectocele 2 years after surgery (17%). Building on these data, prospective studies that rigorously evaluate outcomes after surgical repair are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil E Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Charles H Knowles
- Blizard Institute (Knowles), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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4
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Andresen V, Becker G, Frieling T, Goebel-Stengel M, Gundling F, Herold A, Karaus M, Keller J, Kim M, Klose P, Krammer H, Kreis ME, Kuhlbusch-Zicklam R, Langhorst J, Layer P, Lenzen-Großimlinghaus R, Madisch A, Mönnikes H, Müller-Lissner S, Rubin D, Schemann M, Schwille-Kiuntke J, Stengel A, Storr M, van der Voort I, Voderholzer W, Wedel T, Wirz S, Witzigmann H, Pehl C. Aktualisierte S2k-Leitlinie chronische Obstipation der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurogastroenterologie & Motilität (DGNM) – April 2022 – AWMF-Registriernummer: 021–019. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2022; 60:1528-1572. [PMID: 36223785 DOI: 10.1055/a-1880-1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Andresen
- Medizinische Klinik, Israelitisches Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - G Becker
- Klinik für Palliativmedizin, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - T Frieling
- Medizinische Klinik II, Helios-Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Deutschland
| | | | - F Gundling
- Medizinische Klinik II (Gastroenterologie, Gastroenterologische Onkologie, Hepatologie, Diabetologie, Stoffwechsel, Infektiologie), Klinikum am Bruderwald, Bamberg, Deutschland
| | - A Herold
- Sozialstiftung Bamberg, End- und Dickdarm-Zentrum Mannheim, Mannheim, Deutschland
| | - M Karaus
- Abt. Innere Medizin, Evang. Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - J Keller
- Medizinische Klinik, Israelitisches Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - M Kim
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Gefäß- und Kinderchirurgie (Chirurgische Klinik I) des Universitätsklinikums, Zentrum Operative Medizin (ZOM), Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - P Klose
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Medizinische Fakultät, Essen, Deutschland
| | - H Krammer
- Sozialstiftung Bamberg, End- und Dickdarm-Zentrum Mannheim, Mannheim, Deutschland
| | - M E Kreis
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | - J Langhorst
- Knappschafts-Krankenhaus, Essen, Deutschland
| | - P Layer
- Medizinische Klinik, Israelitisches Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | | | - A Madisch
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, interventionelle Endoskopie und Diabetologie, Klinikum Siloah-Oststadt-Heidehaus, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - H Mönnikes
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Martin-Luther-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | - D Rubin
- Klinik für Innere Medizin Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie, DRK Kliniken Berlin Mitte, Berlin, Deutschland.,Klinik für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie, Vivantes Klinikum Spandau, Spandau, Deutschland
| | - M Schemann
- Lehrstuhl für Humanbiologie, TU München, Freising, Deutschland
| | - J Schwille-Kiuntke
- Innere Medizin VI Psychosomat. Medizin u. Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland.,Institut für Arbeitsmedizin, Sozialmedizin und Versorgungsforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - A Stengel
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - M Storr
- Zentrum für Endoskopie, Starnberg, Deutschland
| | - I van der Voort
- Klinik für Innere Medizin Gastroenterologie und Diabetologie, Jüdisches Krankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | - T Wedel
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - S Wirz
- Cura Krankenhaus Bad Honnef, Bad Honnef, Deutschland
| | - H Witzigmann
- Klinik für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie, Krankenhaus Dresden-Friedrichstadt, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - C Pehl
- Medizinische Klinik, Krankenhaus Vilsbiburg, Vilsbiburg, Deutschland
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5
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Picciariello A, Rinaldi M, Grossi U, Trompetto M, Graziano G, Altomare DF, Gallo G. Time trend in the surgical management of obstructed defecation syndrome: a multicenter experience on behalf of the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR). Tech Coloproctol 2022; 26:963-971. [PMID: 36104607 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-022-02705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Surgical management of obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) is challenging, with several surgical options showing inconsistent functional results over time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend in surgical management of ODS in a 10-year timeframe across Italian referral centers.
Methods
Surgeons from referral centers for the management of pelvic floor disorders and affiliated to the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery provided data on the yearly volume of procedures for ODS from 2010 to 2019. Six common clinical scenarios of ODS were captured, including details on patient’s anal sphincter function and presence of rectocele and/or rectal intussusception. Perineal repair, ventral rectopexy (VRP), transanal repair (internal Delorme), stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR), Contour Transtar, and transvaginal repair were considered in each clinical scenario.
Results
Twenty-five centers were included providing data on 2943 surgical patients. Procedure volumes ranged from 10–20 (54%) to 21–50 (46%) per year across centers. The most performed techniques in patients with good sphincter function were transanal repair for isolated rectocele (243/716 [34%]), transanal repair for isolated rectal intussusception (287/677 [42%]) and VRP for combined abnormalities (464/976 [48%]). When considering poor sphincter function, these were perineal repair (112/194 [57.8%]) for isolated rectocele, and VRP for the other two scenarios (60/120 [50%] and 97/260 [37%], respectively). The use of STARR and Contour Transtar decreased over time in patients with impaired sphincter function.
Conclusions
The complexity of ODS treatment is confirmed by the variety of clinical scenarios that can occur and by the changing trend of surgical management over the last 10 years.
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Grossi U, Lacy-Colson J, Brown SR, Cross S, Eldridge S, Jordan M, Mason J, Norton C, Scott SM, Stevens N, Taheri S, Knowles CH. Stepped-wedge randomized controlled trial of laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy in adults with chronic constipation. Tech Coloproctol 2022; 26:941-952. [PMID: 35588336 PMCID: PMC9117980 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-022-02633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy (LVMR) in patients with defecatory disorders secondary to internal rectal prolapse is poorly evidenced. A UK-based multicenter randomized controlled trial was designed to determine the clinical efficacy of LVMR compared to controls at medium-term follow-up. Methods The randomized controlled trial was conducted from March 1, 2015 TO January 31, 2019. A stepped-wedge RCT design permitted observer-masked data comparisons between patients awaiting LVMR (controls) with those who had undergone surgery. Adult participants with radiologically confirmed IRP refractory to conservative treatment were randomized to three arms with different delays before surgery. Efficacy outcome data were collected at equally stepped time points (12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 weeks). Clinical efficacy of LVMR compared to controls was defined as ≥ 1.0-point reduction in Patient Assessment of Constipation-Quality of Life and/or Symptoms (PAC-QOL and/or PAC-SYM) scores at 24 weeks. Secondary outcome measures included 14-day diary data, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), St Marks incontinence score, the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12), the chronic constipation Behavioral Response to Illness Questionnaire (CC-BRQ), and the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ). Results Of a calculated sample size of 114, only 28 patients (100% female) were randomized from 6 institutions (due mainly to national pause on mesh-related surgery). Nine were assigned to the T0 arm, 10 to T12, and 9 to T24. There were no substantial differences in baseline characteristics between the three arms. Compared to baseline, significant reduction (improvement) in PAC-QOL and PAC-SYM scores were observed at 24 weeks post-surgery (– 1.09 [95% CI – 1.76, – 0.41], p = 0.0019, and – 0.92 [– 1.52, – 0.32], p = 0.0029, respectively) in the 19 patients available for analysis (9 were excluded for dropout [n = 2] or missing primary outcome [n = 7]). There was a clinically significant long-term reduction in PAC-QOL scores (− 1.38 [− 2.94, 0.19], p = 0.0840 at 72 weeks). Statistically significant improvements in PAC-SYM scores persisted to 72 weeks (− 1.51 [− 2.87, − 0.16], p = 0.0289). Compared to baseline, no differences were found in secondary outcomes, except for significant improvements at 24 and 48 weeks on CC-BRQ avoidance behavior (− 14.3 [95% CI − 23.3, − 5.4], and − 0.92 [− 1.52, − 0.32], respectively), CC-BRQ safety behavior (− 13.7 [95% CI − 20.5, − 7.0], and − 13.0 [− 19.8, − 6.1], respectively), and BIPQ negative perceptions (− 16.3 [95% CI − 23.5, − 9.0], and − 10.5 [− 17.9, − 3.2], respectively). Conclusions With the caveat of under-powering due to poor recruitment, the study presents the first randomized trial evidence of short-term benefit of LVMR for internal rectal prolapse. Trial registration ISRCTN Registry (ISRCTN11747152). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10151-022-02633-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Grossi
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - J Lacy-Colson
- Royal Shrewsbury Hospital, Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust, Shrewsbury, UK
| | - S R Brown
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Cross
- Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - S Eldridge
- Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - M Jordan
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - J Mason
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - C Norton
- Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S M Scott
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - N Stevens
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - S Taheri
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - C H Knowles
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Knowles CH, Booth L, Brown SR, Cross S, Eldridge S, Emmett C, Grossi U, Jordan M, Lacy-Colson J, Mason J, McLaughlin J, Moss-Morris R, Norton C, Scott SM, Stevens N, Taheri S, Yiannakou Y. Non-drug therapies for the management of chronic constipation in adults: the CapaCiTY research programme including three RCTs. PROGRAMME GRANTS FOR APPLIED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3310/pgfar09140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background
Chronic constipation affects 1–2% of adults and significantly affects quality of life. Beyond the use of laxatives and other basic measures, there is uncertainty about management, including the value of specialist investigations, equipment-intensive therapies using biofeedback, transanal irrigation and surgery.
Objectives
(1) To determine whether or not standardised specialist-led habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback is more clinically effective than standardised specialist-led habit training alone, and whether or not outcomes of such specialist-led interventions are improved by stratification to habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback or habit training alone based on prior knowledge of anorectal and colonic pathophysiology using standardised radiophysiological investigations; (2) to compare the impact of transanal irrigation initiated with low-volume and high-volume systems on patient disease-specific quality of life; and (3) to determine the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy compared with controls at short-term follow-up.
Design
The Chronic Constipation Treatment Pathway (CapaCiTY) research programme was a programme of national recruitment with a standardised methodological framework (i.e. eligibility, baseline phenotyping and standardised outcomes) for three randomised trials: a parallel three-group trial, permitting two randomised comparisons (CapaCiTY trial 1), a parallel two-group trial (CapaCiTY trial 2) and a stepped-wedge (individual-level) three-group trial (CapaCiTY trial 3).
Setting
Specialist hospital centres across England, with a mix of urban and rural referral bases.
Participants
The main inclusion criteria were as follows: age 18–70 years, participant self-reported problematic constipation, symptom onset > 6 months before recruitment, symptoms meeting the American College of Gastroenterology’s constipation definition and constipation that failed treatment to a minimum basic standard. The main exclusion criteria were secondary constipation and previous experience of study interventions.
Interventions
CapaCiTY trial 1: group 1 – standardised specialist-led habit training alone (n = 68); group 2 – standardised specialist-led habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback (n = 68); and group 3 – standardised radiophysiological investigations-guided treatment (n = 46) (allocation ratio 3 : 3 : 2, respectively). CapaCiTY trial 2: transanal irrigation initiated with low-volume (group 1, n = 30) or high-volume (group 2, n = 35) systems (allocation ratio 1 : 1). CapaCiTY trial 3: laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy performed immediately (n = 9) and after 12 weeks’ (n = 10) and after 24 weeks’ (n = 9) waiting time (allocation ratio 1 : 1 : 1, respectively).
Main outcome measures
The main outcome measures were standardised outcomes for all three trials. The primary clinical outcome was mean change in Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life score at the 6-month, 3-month or 24-week follow-up. The secondary clinical outcomes were a range of validated disease-specific and psychological scoring instrument scores. For cost-effectiveness, quality-adjusted life-year estimates were determined from individual participant-level cost data and EuroQol-5 Dimensions, five-level version, data. Participant experience was investigated through interviews and qualitative analysis.
Results
A total of 275 participants were recruited. Baseline phenotyping demonstrated high levels of symptom burden and psychological morbidity. CapaCiTY trial 1: all interventions (standardised specialist-led habit training alone, standardised specialist-led habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback and standardised radiophysiological investigations-guided habit training alone or habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback) led to similar reductions in the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life score (approximately –0.8 points), with no statistically significant difference between habit training alone and habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback (–0.03 points, 95% confidence interval –0.33 to 0.27 points; p = 0.8445) or between standardised radiophysiological investigations and no standardised radiophysiological investigations (0.22 points, 95% confidence interval –0.11 to 0.55 points; p = 0.1871). Secondary outcomes reflected similar levels of benefit for all interventions. There was no evidence of greater cost-effectiveness of habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback or stratification by standardised radiophysiological investigations compared with habit training alone (with the probability that habit training alone is cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of £30,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gain; p = 0.83). Participants reported mixed experiences and similar satisfaction in all groups in the qualitative interviews. CapaCiTY trial 2: at 3 months, there was a modest reduction in the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life score, from a mean of 2.4 to 2.2 points (i.e. a reduction of 0.2 points), in the low-volume transanal irrigation group compared with a larger mean reduction of 0.6 points in the high-volume transanal irrigation group (difference –0.37 points, 95% confidence interval –0.89 to 0.15 points). The majority of participants preferred high-volume transanal irrigation, with substantial crossover to high-volume transanal irrigation during follow-up. Compared with low-volume transanal irrigation, high-volume transanal irrigation had similar costs (median difference –£8, 95% confidence interval –£240 to £221) and resulted in significantly higher quality of life (0.093 quality-adjusted life-years, 95% confidence interval 0.016 to 0.175 quality-adjusted life-years). CapaCiTY trial 3: laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy resulted in a substantial short-term mean reduction in the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life score (–1.09 points, 95% confidence interval –1.76 to –0.41 points) and beneficial changes in all other outcomes; however, significant increases in cost (£5012, 95% confidence interval £4446 to £5322) resulted in only modest increases in quality of life (0.043 quality-adjusted life-years, 95% confidence interval –0.005 to 0.093 quality-adjusted life-years), with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £115,512 per quality-adjusted life-year.
Conclusions
Excluding poor recruitment and underpowering of clinical effectiveness analyses, several themes emerge: (1) all interventions studied have beneficial effects on symptoms and disease-specific quality of life in the short term; (2) a simpler, cheaper approach to nurse-led behavioural interventions appears to be at least as clinically effective as and more cost-effective than more complex and invasive approaches (including prior investigation); (3) high-volume transanal irrigation is preferred by participants and has better clinical effectiveness than low-volume transanal irrigation systems; and (4) laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy in highly selected participants confers a very significant short-term reduction in symptoms, with low levels of harm but little effect on general quality of life.
Limitations
All three trials significantly under-recruited [CapaCiTY trial 1, n = 182 (target 394); CapaCiTY trial 2, n = 65 (target 300); and CapaCiTY trial 3, n = 28 (target 114)]. The numbers analysed were further limited by loss before primary outcome.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN11791740, ISRCTN11093872 and ISRCTN11747152.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full in Programme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 9, No. 14. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Knowles
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Steve R Brown
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Samantha Cross
- Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sandra Eldridge
- Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Ugo Grossi
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mary Jordan
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jon Lacy-Colson
- Royal Shrewsbury Hospital, Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust, Shrewsbury, UK
| | - James Mason
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - John McLaughlin
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Christine Norton
- Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - S Mark Scott
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Natasha Stevens
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shiva Taheri
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yan Yiannakou
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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8
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ACG Clinical Guidelines: Management of Benign Anorectal Disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2021; 116:1987-2008. [PMID: 34618700 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Benign anorectal disorders of structure and function are common in clinical practice. These guidelines summarize the preferred approach to the evaluation and management of defecation disorders, proctalgia syndromes, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and fecal incontinence in adults and represent the official practice recommendations of the American College of Gastroenterology. The scientific evidence for these guidelines was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation process. When the evidence was not appropriate for Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation, we used expert consensus to develop key concept statements. These guidelines should be considered as preferred but are not the only approaches to these conditions.
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9
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Corsetti M, Brown S, Chiarioni G, Dimidi E, Dudding T, Emmanuel A, Fox M, Ford AC, Giordano P, Grossi U, Henderson M, Knowles CH, O'Connell PR, Quigley EMM, Simren M, Spiller R, Whelan K, Whitehead WE, Williams AB, Scott SM. Chronic constipation in adults: Contemporary perspectives and clinical challenges. 2: Conservative, behavioural, medical and surgical treatment. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14070. [PMID: 33522079 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic constipation is a prevalent disorder that affects quality of life of patients and consumes resources in healthcare systems worldwide. In clinical practice, it is still considered a challenge as clinicians frequently are unsure as to which treatments to use and when. Over a decade ago, a Neurogastroenterology and Motility journal supplement devoted to the investigation and management of constipation was published (Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009;21(Suppl 2):1). In October 2018, the 3rd London Masterclass, entitled "Contemporary management of constipation" was held. The faculty members of this symposium were invited to write two reviews to present a collective synthesis of talks presented and discussions held during this meeting. The first review addresses epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical associations, pathophysiology, and investigation. PURPOSE The present is the second of these reviews, providing contemporary perspectives and clinical challenges regarding behavioral, conservative, medical, and surgical treatments for patients presenting with constipation. It includes a management algorithm to guide clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Corsetti
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Steven Brown
- Department of Surgery, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Giuseppe Chiarioni
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Verona, AOUI Verona, Verona, Italy.,Center for Functional GI and Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eirini Dimidi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Mark Fox
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Digestive Function: Basel, Laboratory and Clinic for Motility Disorders and Functional Gastrointestinal Diseases, Centre for Integrative Gastroenterology, Klinik Arlesheim, Arlesheim, Switzerland
| | - Alexander C Ford
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Gastroenterology Institute, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Pasquale Giordano
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Barts health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ugo Grossi
- Tertiary Referral Pelvic Floor and Incontinence Centre, Regional Hospital Treviso, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Michelle Henderson
- Durham Bowel Dysfunction Service, Old Trust Headquarters, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Charles H Knowles
- National Bowel Research Centre and GI Physiology Unit, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - P Ronan O'Connell
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn M M Quigley
- Lynda K and David M Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Magnus Simren
- Center for Functional GI and Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine & Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robin Spiller
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kevin Whelan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - William E Whitehead
- Center for Functional GI and Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - S Mark Scott
- National Bowel Research Centre and GI Physiology Unit, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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10
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Picciariello A, O'Connell PR, Hahnloser D, Gallo G, Munoz-Duyos A, Schwandner O, Sileri P, Milito G, Riss S, Boccasanta PA, Naldini G, Arroyo A, de laPortilla F, Tsarkov P, Roche B, Isbert C, Trompetto M, d'Hoore A, Matzel K, Xynos E, Lundby L, Ratto C, Consten E, Infantino A, Panis Y, Terrosu G, Espin E, Faucheron JL, Guttadauro A, Adamina M, Lehur PA, Altomare DF. Obstructed defaecation syndrome: European consensus guidelines on the surgical management. Br J Surg 2021; 108:1149-1153. [PMID: 33864061 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Management of obstructed defaecation is challenging and remains controversial. No international guidelines have been published.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Picciariello
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - P R O'Connell
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Hahnloser
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Gallo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A Munoz-Duyos
- Department of General Surgery, Colorectal Unit, Hospital Universitari MútuaTerrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Schwandner
- Department of Proctology, Krankenhaus Barmherzige Brüder, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Sileri
- Department of Surgery, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - G Milito
- Department of Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - S Riss
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P A Boccasanta
- Istituto Humanitas Gavazzeni & Castelli, Proctology and Perineology Surgical Unit, Bergamo, Italy
| | - G Naldini
- Proctology and Pelvic Floor Clinical Centre, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Arroyo
- Department of General Surgery, Colorectal Unit, Elche University Hospital, Miguel Hernández University, Alicante, Spain
| | - F de laPortilla
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Coloproctology Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - P Tsarkov
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Clinic of Coloproctology and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - B Roche
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Proctology Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Isbert
- Department of General, Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Surgery, Amalie Sieveking Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Trompetto
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Santa Rita Clinic, Vercelli, Italy
| | - A d'Hoore
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Matzel
- Chirurgische Klinik, Universität Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Xynos
- Department of Surgery, Creta Interclinic Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - L Lundby
- Department of Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - C Ratto
- Proctology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'A. Gemelli' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - E Consten
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Infantino
- Department of Surgery, General Surgery Unit, Santa Maria dei Battuti Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Y Panis
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII, Clichy, France
| | - G Terrosu
- General Surgery and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - E Espin
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J-L Faucheron
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Unit, Michallon University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - A Guttadauro
- General Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Istituti Clinici Zucchi, Monza, Italy
| | - M Adamina
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - P A Lehur
- Coloproctology Unit, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - D F Altomare
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Bari, Italy
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11
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Operationstechniken aus viszeralchirurgischer Sicht. COLOPROCTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00053-020-00513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Yang Y, Cao YL, Zhang YY, Shi SS, Yang WW, Zhao N, Lyu BB, Zhang WL, Wei D. Clinical efficacy of integral theory–guided laparoscopic integral pelvic floor/ligament repair in the treatment of internal rectal prolapse in females. World J Clin Cases 2020. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i23.5873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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13
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Yang Y, Cao YL, Zhang YY, Shi SS, Yang WW, Zhao N, Lyu BB, Zhang WL, Wei D. Clinical efficacy of integral theory–guided laparoscopic integral pelvic floor/ligament repair in the treatment of internal rectal prolapse in females. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:5876-5886. [PMID: 33344586 PMCID: PMC7723707 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i23.5876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internal rectal prolapse (IRP) is one of the most common causes of obstructive constipation. The incidence of IRP in women is approximately three times that in men. IRP is mainly treated by surgery, which can be divided into two categories: Abdominal procedures and perineal procedures. This study offers a better procedure for the treatment of IRP.
AIM To compare the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic integral pelvic floor/ligament repair (IPFLR) combined with a procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids (PPH) and the laparoscopic IPFLR alone in the treatment of IRP in women.
METHODS This study collected the clinical data of 130 female patients with IRP who underwent surgery from January 2012 to October 2014. The patients were divided into groups A and B. Group A had 63 patients who underwent laparoscopic IPFLR alone, and group B had 67 patients who underwent the laparoscopic IPFLR combined with PPH. The degree of internal rectal prolapse (DIRP), Wexner constipation scale (WCS) score, Wexner incontinence scale (WIS) score, and Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) score were compared between groups and within groups before surgery and 6 mo and 2 years after surgery.
RESULTS All laparoscopic surgeries were successful. The general information, number of bowel movements before surgery, DIRP, GIQLI score, WIS score, and WCS score before surgery were not significantly different between the two groups (all P > 0.05). The WCS score, WIS score, GIQLI score, and DIRP in each group 6 mo, and 2 years after surgery were significantly better than before surgery (P < 0.001). In group A, the DIRP and WCS score gradually improved from 6 mo to 2 years after surgery (P < 0.001), and the GIQLI score progressively improved from 6 mo to 2 years after surgery (P < 0.05). In group B, the DIRP, WCS score and WIS score significantly improved from 6 mo to 2 years after surgery (P < 0.05), and the GIQLI score 2 years after surgery was significantly higher than that 6 mo after surgery (P < 0.05). The WCS score, WIS score, GIQLI score, and DIRP of group B were significantly better than those of group A 6 mo and 2 years after surgery (all P < 0.001, Bonferroni) except DIRP at 2 years after surgery. There was a significant difference in the recurrence rate of IRP between the two groups 6 mo after surgery (P = 0.011). There was no significant difference in postoperative grade I-III complications between the two groups (P = 0.822).
CONCLUSION Integral theory–guided laparoscopic IPFLR combined with PPH has a higher cure rate and a better clinical efficacy than laparoscopic IPFLR alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Institute of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, the 989 Hospital of The Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan Province, China
| | - Yong-Li Cao
- Institute of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, the 989 Hospital of The Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yao Zhang
- Institute of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, the 989 Hospital of The Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan Province, China
| | - Shou-Sen Shi
- Institute of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, the 989 Hospital of The Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan Province, China
| | - Wei-Wei Yang
- Institute of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, the 989 Hospital of The Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan Province, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Institute of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, the 989 Hospital of The Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan Province, China
| | - Bing-Bing Lyu
- Institute of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, the 989 Hospital of The Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan Province, China
| | - Wen-Li Zhang
- Institute of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, the 989 Hospital of The Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan Province, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Institute of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, the 989 Hospital of The Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan Province, China
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14
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Mercer‐Jones MA, Brown SR, Knowles CH, Williams AB. Position statement by the Pelvic Floor Society on behalf of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland on the use of mesh in ventral mesh rectopexy. Colorectal Dis 2020; 22:1429-1435. [PMID: 28926174 PMCID: PMC7702115 DOI: 10.1111/codi.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The following position statement forms part of a response to the current concerns regarding use of mesh to perform rectal prolapse surgery. It highlights the actions being pursued by the Pelvic Floor Society (TPFS) regarding clinical governance in relation to ventral mesh rectopexy (VMR). The following are summary recommendations. Available evidence suggests that mesh morbidity for VMR is far lower than that seen in transvaginal procedures (the main subject of current concern) and lower than that observed following other abdomino-pelvic procedures for urogenital prolapse, e.g. laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy. VMR should be performed by adequately trained surgeons who work within a multidisciplinary team (MDT) framework. Within this, it is mandatory to discuss all patients considered for surgery at an MDT meeting. Clinical outcomes of surgery and any complications resulting from surgery should be recorded in the TPFS-hosted national database (registry) available for this purpose; in addition, all patients should be considered for entry into ongoing and planned UK/European randomized studies where this is feasible. A move towards accreditation of UK units performing VMR will improve performance and outcomes in the long term. An enhanced programme of training including staged porcine, cadaveric and preceptorship sessions will ensure the competence of surgeons undertaking VMR. Enhanced consent forms and patient information booklets are being developed, and these will help both surgeons and patients. There is weak observational evidence that technical aspects of the procedure can be optimized to reduce morbidity rates. Suture material choice may contribute towards morbidity. The available evidence is insufficient to support the use of one mesh over another (biologic vs synthetic); however, the use of polyester mesh is associated with increased morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C. H. Knowles
- National Bowel Research CentreBlizard InstituteQueen Mary University LondonLondonUK
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15
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Vollebregt PF, Wiklendt L, Dinning PG, Knowles CH, Scott S. Coexistent faecal incontinence and constipation: A cross-sectional study of 4027 adults undergoing specialist assessment. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 27:100572. [PMID: 33150331 PMCID: PMC7599308 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast to paediatric and geriatric populations, faecal incontinence and constipation in adults are generally considered separate entities. This may be incorrect. METHODS Cross-sectional study of consecutive patients (18-80 years) referred to a tertiary unit (2004-2016) for investigation of refractory faecal incontinence and/or constipation and meeting Rome IV core criteria (applied post-hoc) for self-reported symptoms. We sought to determine how frequently both diagnoses coexisted, how frequently coexistent diagnoses were recognised by the referring clinician and to evaluate differences in clinical characteristics between patients with single or both diagnoses. FINDINGS Study sample consisted of 4,027 patients (3,370 females [83·7%]). According to Rome IV criteria, 807 (20·0%) patients self-reported faecal incontinence in isolation, 1,569 (39·0%) patients had functional constipation in isolation, and 1,651 (41·0%) met criteria for both diagnoses (coexistent symptoms). In contrast, only 331 (8·2%) patients were referred for coexistent symptoms. Of the 1,651 patients with self-reported coexistent symptoms, only 225 (13·6%) were recognised by the referrer i.e. 86·4% were missed. Coexistent symptoms were most often missed in patients referred for faecal incontinence in isolation. In this group of 1,640 patients, 765 (46·7%) had concomitant symptoms of functional constipation. Opioid usage, comorbidities, childhood bowel problems, mixed incontinence symptoms, prolapse symptoms and structural abnormalities on defaecography were associated with reclassification. INTERPRETATION Over 40% of adults referred for anorectal physiological investigation had coexistent diagnoses of faecal incontinence and functional constipation, based on validated criteria. This overlap is overlooked by referrers, poorly documented in current literature, and may impact management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Vollebregt
- National Bowel Research Centre and GI Physiology Unit, Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Australia
| | - Charles H. Knowles
- National Bowel Research Centre and GI Physiology Unit, Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S.Mark Scott
- National Bowel Research Centre and GI Physiology Unit, Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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El-Dhuwaib Y, Pandyan A, Knowles CH. Epidemiological trends in surgery for rectal prolapse in England 2001-2012: an adult hospital population-based study. Colorectal Dis 2020; 22:1359-1366. [PMID: 32346972 DOI: 10.1111/codi.15094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM To analyse trends in admission and surgery for rectal prolapse in adults in England between 2001 and 2012 as well as prolapse reoperation rates. METHOD Analysis of data derived from a comparative longitudinal population-based cohort study using Hospital Episode Statistics (HES). RESULTS During the study period, a total of 25 238 adults, of median age 73 [interquartile range (IQR: 58-83] years, underwent a total of 29 379 operations for rectal prolapse (mean: 2662 per annum). The female to male ratio of this group of patients was 7:1. Median length of hospital stay was 3 (IQR: 1-7) days with an overall in-hospital mortality rate of 0.9%. Total number of admissions (4950 in 2001/2002 vs 8927 in 2011/2012) and of patients undergoing prolapse surgery (2230 in 2001/2002 vs 2808 in 2011/2012) significantly increased over the study period (P < 0.001 for trends). The overall increase in prolapse surgery (of 33% overall and of 44% for elective procedures) was dwarfed by an increase in popularity of laparoscopic surgery (of 15-fold). Overall prolapse reoperation rate was 12.7%. The lowest recurrence rate was observed for elective open resection (9.1%) but this had the highest mortality (1.9%). Laparoscopic and perineal fixations were also associated with low reoperation rates (< 11%) and the lowest mortality rates, of 0.3%, when these procedures were elective. These data refute a trend towards subspecialization (by surgeon or hospital) during the study period. CONCLUSION Admissions for rectal prolapse increased in England between 2001 and 2012, together with increases in rectal prolapse surgery. Surgical decision making has changed over this period and may be reflected in outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y El-Dhuwaib
- East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, East Sussex, UK.,FMHS, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - A Pandyan
- FMHS, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - C H Knowles
- Blizard Institute, Barts and London SMD, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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17
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18
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Bharucha AE, Lacy BE. Mechanisms, Evaluation, and Management of Chronic Constipation. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1232-1249.e3. [PMID: 31945360 PMCID: PMC7573977 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With a worldwide prevalence of 15%, chronic constipation is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal diagnoses made in ambulatory medicine clinics, and is a common source cause for referrals to gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons in the United States. Symptoms vary among patients; straining, incomplete evacuation, and a sense of anorectal blockage are just as important as decreased stool frequency. Chronic constipation is either a primary disorder (such as normal transit, slow transit, or defecatory disorders) or a secondary one (due to medications or, in rare cases, anatomic alterations). Colonic sensorimotor disturbances and pelvic floor dysfunction (such as defecatory disorders) are the most widely recognized pathogenic mechanisms. Guided by efficacy and cost, management of constipation should begin with dietary fiber supplementation and stimulant and/or osmotic laxatives, as appropriate, followed, if necessary, by intestinal secretagogues and/or prokinetic agents. Peripherally acting μ-opiate antagonists are another option for opioid-induced constipation. Anorectal tests to evaluate for defecatory disorders should be performed in patients who do not respond to over-the-counter agents. Colonic transit, followed if necessary with assessment of colonic motility with manometry and/or a barostat, can identify colonic dysmotility. Defecatory disorders often respond to biofeedback therapy. For specific patients, slow-transit constipation may necessitate a colectomy. No studies have compared inexpensive laxatives with newer drugs with different mechanisms. We review the mechanisms, evaluation, and management of chronic constipation. We discuss the importance of meticulous analyses of patient history and physical examination, advantages and disadvantages of diagnostic testing, guidance for individualized treatment, and management of medically refractory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil E Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Brian E Lacy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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19
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Serra J, Pohl D, Azpiroz F, Chiarioni G, Ducrotté P, Gourcerol G, Hungin APS, Layer P, Mendive JM, Pfeifer J, Rogler G, Scott SM, Simrén M, Whorwell P. European society of neurogastroenterology and motility guidelines on functional constipation in adults. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13762. [PMID: 31756783 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic constipation is a common disorder with a reported prevalence ranging from 3% to 27% in the general population. Several management strategies, including diagnostic tests, empiric treatments, and specific treatments, have been developed. Our aim was to develop European guidelines for the clinical management of constipation. DESIGN After a thorough review of the literature by experts in relevant fields, including gastroenterologists, surgeons, general practitioners, radiologists, and experts in gastrointestinal motility testing from various European countries, a Delphi consensus process was used to produce statements and practical algorithms for the management of chronic constipation. KEY RESULTS Seventy-three final statements were agreed upon after the Delphi process. The level of evidence for most statements was low or very low. A high level of evidence was agreed only for anorectal manometry as a comprehensive evaluation of anorectal function and for treatment with osmotic laxatives, especially polyethylene glycol, the prokinetic drug prucalopride, secretagogues, such as linaclotide and lubiprostone and PAMORAs for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation. However, the level of agreement between the authors was good for most statements (80% or more of the authors). The greatest disagreement was related to the surgical management of constipation. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES European guidelines on chronic constipation, with recommendations and algorithms, were developed by experts. Despite the high level of agreement between the different experts, the level of scientific evidence for most recommendations was low, highlighting the need for future research to increase the evidence and improve treatment outcomes in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Serra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Badalona, Spain.,Motility and Functional Gut Disorders Unit, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Daniel Pohl
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Azpiroz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Badalona, Spain.,Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Chiarioni
- Division of Gastroenterology B, AOUI Verona, Verona, Italy.,UNC Center for Functional GI and Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Philippe Ducrotté
- Department of Gastroenterology, UMR INSERM 1073, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Guillaume Gourcerol
- Department of Physiology, UMR INSERM 1073 & CIC INSERM 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - A Pali S Hungin
- General Practice, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Peter Layer
- Department of Medicine, Israelitic Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juan-Manuel Mendive
- Sant Adrià de Besòs (Barcelona) Catalan Institut of Health (ICS), La Mina Primary Health Care Centre, Badalona, Spain
| | - Johann Pfeifer
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Mark Scott
- Neurogastroenterology Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts, UK.,The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Magnus Simrén
- Department of Internal Medicine & Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Whorwell
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, Neurogastroenterology Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Vriesman MH, Koppen IJN, Camilleri M, Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MA. Management of functional constipation in children and adults. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:21-39. [PMID: 31690829 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0222-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional constipation is common in children and adults worldwide. Functional constipation shows similarities in children and adults, but important differences also exist regarding epidemiology, symptomatology, pathophysiology, diagnostic workup and therapeutic management. In children, the approach focuses on the behavioural nature of the disorder and the initial therapeutic steps involve toilet training and laxatives. In adults, management focuses on excluding an underlying cause and differentiating between different subtypes of functional constipation - normal transit, slow transit or an evacuation disorder - which has important therapeutic consequences. Treatment of adult functional constipation involves lifestyle interventions, pelvic floor interventions (in the presence of a rectal evacuation disorder) and pharmacological therapy. When conventional treatments fail, children and adults are considered to have intractable functional constipation, a troublesome and distressing condition. Intractable constipation is managed with a stepwise approach and in rare cases requires surgical interventions such as antegrade continence enemas in children or colectomy procedures for adults. New drugs, including prokinetic and prosecretory agents, and surgical strategies, such as sacral nerve stimulation, have the potential to improve the management of children and adults with intractable functional constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana H Vriesman
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Ilan J N Koppen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael Camilleri
- C.E.N.T.E.R. Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carlo Di Lorenzo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marc A Benninga
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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21
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Impact of Suture Type on Erosion Rate After Laparoscopic Ventral Mesh Rectopexy: A Case-Matched Study. Dis Colon Rectum 2019; 62:1512-1517. [PMID: 31569096 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been increasing concern and scrutiny in the use of mesh for certain pelvic organ prolapse procedures. However, mesh erosion was often associated with sites of suture fixation of the mesh to the rectum or vagina. Thus, in response to this finding, we replaced our suture material with absorbable monofilament suture. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the rates of mesh-related complications after laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy, according to the type of suture used in fixation of mesh. DESIGN This was retrospective cohort study. SETTINGS This study was performed at a high-volume, tertiary care center. It was conducted using a prospective database including patients who underwent laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy over a 7-year period. PATIENTS A total of 495 cases were included; 296 (60%) laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexies were performed using a nonabsorbable suture compared with 199 (40%) with an absorbable suture in a case-matched analysis. In addition, 151 cases of laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy with nonabsorbable were matched based on age, sex, and time of follow-up, with an equal number of patients using absorbable monofilament suture. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Primary outcome was symptomatic mesh erosion after rectopexy. Secondary outcomes included other mesh-related complications and/or reoperations. RESULTS The erosion rate was 2% (6/495) in the nonabsorbable suture group, including 4 erosions into the rectum and 2 into the vagina. There was no erosion in the group with absorbable suture. This difference was maintained after matching: after a median follow-up of 6 (12) months, there was no erosion in the absorbable suture group versus 3.3% erosion (n = 5) in the nonabsorbable suture group (p = 0.03). LIMITATIONS This study was limited by its retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS Mesh-related complications are reduced using absorbable sutures compared with nonabsorbable sutures when performing laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy with synthetic mesh without an increase in rectopexy failures. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B49. IMPACTO DEL TIPO DE SUTURA EN LA TASA DE EROSIóN DESPUéS DE LA RECTOPEXIA VENTRAL LAPAROSCóPICA CON MALLA: UN ESTUDIO DE CASOS EMPAREJADOS: Ha habido una creciente preocupación y escrutinio en el uso de la malla para ciertos procedimientos de prolapso de órganos pélvicos. Sin embargo, la erosión de la malla a menudo se asoció con sitios de fijación de sutura de la malla al recto o la vagina. Por lo tanto, en respuesta a este hallazgo, reemplazamos nuestro material de sutura con sutura de monofilamento absorbible.Comparar las tasas de complicaciones relacionadas con la malla después de la rectopexia laparoscópica de malla ventral, de acuerdo al tipo de sutura utilizada en la fijación de la malla.Este fue un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo.Este estudio se realizó en un centro de atención de tercer nivel de alto volumen. Se realizó utilizando una base de datos prospectiva que incluía pacientes que se sometieron a una rectopexia de malla ventral laparoscópica durante un período de 7 años.Se incluyeron un total de 495 casos; 296 (60%) rectopexias de malla ventral laparoscópica utilizando una sutura no reabsorbible en comparación con 199 (40%) con una sutura absorbible en un análisis de casos emparejados. Además, 151 casos de rectopexia ventral laparoscópica con malla no absorbible se emparejaron según la edad, el sexo y el tiempo de seguimiento con un número igual de pacientes que usaban sutura de monofilamento absorbible.La medida de resultado primaria fue la erosión sintomática de la malla después de la rectopexia. La medida de resultado secundarias incluyeron otras complicaciones y/o reoperaciones relacionadas con la malla.La tasa de erosión fue del 2% (6/495) en el grupo de sutura no absorbible; 4 erosiones en el recto y 2 en la vagina. No hubo erosión en el grupo con sutura absorbible. Esta diferencia se mantuvo después del emparejamiento: después de una mediana de seguimiento de 6 (12) meses, no hubo erosión en el grupo de sutura absorbible versus 3.3% de erosión (n = 5) en el grupo de sutura no absorbible (p = 0.03).Este estudio estuvo limitado por su diseño retrospectivo.Las complicaciones relacionadas con la malla se reducen utilizando suturas absorbibles en comparación con las suturas no absorbibles cuando se realiza la rectopexia de malla ventral laparoscópica con malla sintética, sin un aumento en los fracasos de rectopexia. Vea el Resumen del Video en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B49.
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Recalled stapler device, high complication rate, non validated scoring system and misquote from the STARR surgeons. Tech Coloproctol 2019; 23:1017-1018. [PMID: 31452016 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-019-02068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Grossi U, Di Tanna GL, Heinrich H, Taylor SA, Knowles CH, Scott SM. Systematic review with meta-analysis: defecography should be a first-line diagnostic modality in patients with refractory constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 48:1186-1201. [PMID: 30417419 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defecography is considered the reference standard for the assessment of pelvic floor anatomy and function in patients with a refractory evacuation disorder. However, the overlap of radiologically significant findings seen in patients with chronic constipation (CC) and healthy volunteers is poorly defined. AIM To systematically review rates of structural and functional abnormalities diagnosed by barium defecography and/or magnetic resonance imaging defecography (MRID) in patients with symptoms of CC and in healthy volunteers. METHODS Electronic searches of major databases were performed without date restrictions. RESULTS From a total of 1760 records identified, 175 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. 63 studies were included providing data on outcomes of 7519 barium defecographies and 668 MRIDs in patients with CC, and 225 barium defecographies and 50 MRIDs in healthy volunteers. Pathological high-grade (Oxford III and IV) intussuscepta and large (>4 cm) rectoceles were diagnosed in 23.7% (95% CI: 16.8-31.4) and 15.9% (10.4-22.2) of patients, respectively. Enterocele and perineal descent were observed in 16.8% (12.7-21.4) and 44.4% (36.2-52.7) of patients, respectively. Barium defecography detected more intussuscepta than MRID (OR: 1.52 [1.12-2.14]; P = 0.009]). Normative data for both barium defecography and MRID structural and functional parameters were limited, particularly for MRID (only one eligible study). CONCLUSIONS Pathological structural abnormalities, as well as functional abnormalities, are common in patients with chronic constipation. Since structural abnormalities cannot be evaluated using nonimaging test modalities (balloon expulsion and anorectal manometry), defecography should be considered the first-line diagnostic test if resources allow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Grossi
- Centre for Trauma and Surgery, and GI Physiology Unit, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Proctology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Di Tanna
- Department of Econometrics, Statistics and Applied Economics, Riskcenter - IREA, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henriette Heinrich
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stuart A Taylor
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charles H Knowles
- Centre for Trauma and Surgery, and GI Physiology Unit, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - S Mark Scott
- Centre for Trauma and Surgery, and GI Physiology Unit, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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24
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Kremel D, Riss S, Müller C, von Strauss M, Winstanley C, Winstanley J, Potter M, Paterson H, Collie M. Adverse obstetric history is not a risk factor for poor outcome after ventral rectopexy for obstructive defaecation syndrome. Colorectal Dis 2018; 20:1125-1131. [PMID: 30171744 DOI: 10.1111/codi.14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ventral rectopexy (VR) has gained popularity in the management of obstructive defaecation syndrome (ODS) due to a symptomatic rectocele ± intussusception. Data on the efficacy and safety of VR are variable and there are few predictors of successful outcome. This study aimed to examine whether or not an adverse obstetric history influenced the functional outcome following VR for ODS. METHOD This was a retrospective study of a cohort of 76 consecutive patients who had undergone VR for ODS at a tertiary referral centre between 2012 and 2015. Patients were followed up by telephone questionnaire. The obstetric history and pre- and postoperative symptoms of ODS and faecal incontinence (FI) were obtained from telephone interviews. RESULTS In this cohort, symptoms of ODS were significantly improved by surgery, with 56% of patients showing a reduction of symptoms of 50% or more (P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that a lower body mass index (BMI; 24.4 vs 27.3 kg/m2 ; P < 0.05) and shorter duration of symptoms (7 vs 10 years; P < 0.05) led to a better outcome. VR had no effect on FI. Obstetric factors such as foetal weight, instrumental delivery, episiotomy, perineal tear and total number of deliveries did not influence outcomes. CONCLUSION Patients with a less straightforward obstetric history can be reassured that this should not adversely influence the functional outcome after VR for ODS. Colorectal surgeons who offer this surgery should warn patients with an elevated BMI or with longstanding symptoms that the operation may be less successful than for those with a lower BMI or shorter duration of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kremel
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Riss
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Müller
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M von Strauss
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Winstanley
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Winstanley
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Potter
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H Paterson
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Collie
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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Wilkinson-Smith V, Bharucha AE, Emmanuel A, Knowles C, Yiannakou Y, Corsetti M. When all seems lost: management of refractory constipation-Surgery, rectal irrigation, percutaneous endoscopic colostomy, and more. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13352. [PMID: 29700961 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While the pharmacological armamentarium for chronic constipation has expanded over the past few years, a substantial proportion of constipated patients do not respond to these medications. This review summarizes the pharmacological and behavioral options for managing constipation and details the management of refractory constipation. Refractory constipation is defined as an inadequate improvement in constipation symptoms evaluated with an objective scale despite adequate therapy (ie, pharmacological and/or behavioral) that is based on the underlying pathophysiology of constipation. Minimally invasive (ie, rectal irrigation and percutaneous endoscopic colostomy) and surgical therapies are used to manage refractory constipation. This review appraises these options, and in particular, percutaneous endoscopic colostomy, which as detailed by an article in this issue, is a less invasive option for managing refractory constipation than surgery. While these options benefit some patients, the evidence of the risk: benefit profile for these therapies is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Wilkinson-Smith
- National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - A E Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Emmanuel
- GI Physiology Unit, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - C Knowles
- Blizard Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Y Yiannakou
- University Hospital of North Durham, Durham, UK
| | - M Corsetti
- National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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