1
|
Langenhoff AF, Engelmann JM, Srinivasan M. Children's developing ability to adjust their beliefs reasonably in light of disagreement. Child Dev 2023; 94:44-59. [PMID: 35924791 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two preregistered experiments (N = 218) investigated children's developing ability to respond reasonably to disagreement. U.S. children aged 4-9, and adults (50% female, mostly white) formed an initial belief, and were confronted with the belief of a disagreeing other, whose evidence was weaker, stronger than, or equal to participants' evidence. With age, participants were increasingly likely to maintain their initial belief when their own evidence was stronger, adopt the other's belief when their evidence was weaker, and suspend judgment when both had equally strong evidence. Interestingly, 4- to 6-year-olds only suspended judgment reliably when this was assessed via the search for additional information (Experiment 2). Together, our experiments suggest that the ability to respond reasonably to disagreement develops over the preschool years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia F Langenhoff
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jan M Engelmann
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mahesh Srinivasan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao X. Folk metaethics and error. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2022.2139231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinkan Zhao
- Department of Philosophy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mourali M, Drake C. Debunking Health Misinformation on Social Media: The Challenge of Dynamic Conversations (Preprint). J Med Internet Res 2021; 24:e34831. [PMID: 35156933 PMCID: PMC8893717 DOI: 10.2196/34831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The spread of false and misleading health information on social media can cause individual and social harm. Research on debunking has shown that properly designed corrections can mitigate the impact of misinformation, but little is known about the impact of correction in the context of prolonged social media debates. For example, when a social media user takes to Facebook to make a false claim about a health-related practice and a health expert subsequently refutes the claim, the conversation rarely ends there. Often, the social media user proceeds by rebuking the critic and doubling down on the claim. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the impact of such extended back and forth between false claims and debunking attempts on observers’ dispositions toward behavior that science favors. We tested competing predictions about the effect of extended exposure on people’s attitudes and intentions toward masking in public during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic and explored several psychological processes potentially underlying this effect. Methods A total of 500 US residents took part in an online experiment in October 2020. They reported on their attitudes and intentions toward wearing masks in public. They were then randomly assigned to one of four social media exposure conditions (misinformation only vs misinformation+correction vs misinformation+correction+rebuke vs misinformation+correction+rebuke+second correction), and reported their attitudes and intentions for a second time. They also indicated whether they would consider sharing the thread if they were to see it on social media and answered questions on potential mediators and covariates. Results Exposure to misinformation had a negative impact on attitudes and intentions toward masking (β=–.35, 95% CI –.42 to –.29; P<.001). Moreover, initial debunking of a false claim generally improved attitudes and intentions toward masking (β=.35, 95% CI .16 to .54; P<.001). However, this improvement was washed out by further exposure to false claims and debunking attempts (β=–.53, 95% CI –.72 to –.34; P<.001). The latter result is partially explained by a decrease in the perceived objectivity of truth. That is, extended exposure to false claims and debunking attempts appear to weaken the belief that there is an objectively correct answer to how people ought to behave in this situation, which in turn leads to less positive reactions toward masking as the prescribed behavior. Conclusions Health professionals and science advocates face an underappreciated challenge in attempting to debunk misinformation on social media. Although engaging in extended debates with science deniers and other purveyors of bunk appears necessary, more research is needed to address the unintended consequences of such engagement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mourali
- Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carly Drake
- Department of Management and Marketing, North Central College, Naperville, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hendriks F, Mayweg-Paus E, Felton M, Iordanou K, Jucks R, Zimmermann M. Constraints and Affordances of Online Engagement With Scientific Information-A Literature Review. Front Psychol 2020; 11:572744. [PMID: 33362638 PMCID: PMC7759725 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Many urgent problems that societies currently face—from climate change to a global pandemic—require citizens to engage with scientific information as members of democratic societies as well as to solve problems in their personal lives. Most often, to solve their epistemic aims (aims directed at achieving knowledge and understanding) regarding such socio-scientific issues, individuals search for information online, where there exists a multitude of possibly relevant and highly interconnected sources of different perspectives, sometimes providing conflicting information. The paper provides a review of the literature aimed at identifying (a) constraints and affordances that scientific knowledge and the online information environment entail and (b) individuals' cognitive and motivational processes that have been found to hinder, or conversely, support practices of engagement (such as critical information evaluation or two-sided dialogue). Doing this, a conceptual framework for understanding and fostering what we call online engagement with scientific information is introduced, which is conceived as consisting of individual engagement (engaging on one's own in the search, selection, evaluation, and integration of information) and dialogic engagement (engaging in discourse with others to interpret, articulate and critically examine scientific information). In turn, this paper identifies individual and contextual conditions for individuals' goal-directed and effortful online engagement with scientific information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Hendriks
- Institute for Psychology in Education and Instruction, Department of Psychology and Sport Studies, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Mayweg-Paus
- Institute of Educational Studies, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Einstein Center Digital Future, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Felton
- Department of Teacher Education, Lurie College of Education, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Kalypso Iordanou
- School of Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Larnaka, Cyprus
| | - Regina Jucks
- Institute for Psychology in Education and Instruction, Department of Psychology and Sport Studies, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Zimmermann
- Institute of Educational Studies, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Einstein Center Digital Future, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Davis
- Philosophy, Taylor Davis Is at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnson SG, Rodrigues M, Tuckett D. Moral tribalism and its discontents: How intuitive theories of ethics shape consumers' deference to experts. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G.B. Johnson
- School of Management University of Bath Bath UK
- Centre for the Study of Decision‐Making Uncertainty University College London London UK
| | - Max Rodrigues
- College of Computing and Digital Media DePaul University Chicago IL USA
| | - David Tuckett
- Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology University College London London UK
- Centre for the Study of Decision‐Making Uncertainty University College London London UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wittwehr C, Blomstedt P, Gosling JP, Peltola T, Raffael B, Richarz AN, Sienkiewicz M, Whaley P, Worth A, Whelan M. Artificial Intelligence for chemical risk assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 13:100114. [PMID: 32140631 PMCID: PMC7043333 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2019.100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As the basis for managing the risks of chemical exposure, the Chemical Risk Assessment (CRA) process can impact a substantial part of the economy, the health of hundreds of millions of people, and the condition of the environment. However, the number of properly assessed chemicals falls short of societal needs due to a lack of experts for evaluation, interference of third party interests, and the sheer volume of potentially relevant information on the chemicals from disparate sources. In order to explore ways in which computational methods may help overcome this discrepancy between the number of chemical risk assessments required on the one hand and the number and adequateness of assessments actually being conducted on the other, the European Commission's Joint Research Centre organised a workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Chemical Risk Assessment (AI4CRA). The workshop identified a number of areas where Artificial Intelligence could potentially increase the number and quality of regulatory risk management decisions based on CRA, involving process simulation, supporting evaluation, identifying problems, facilitating collaboration, finding experts, evidence gathering, systematic review, knowledge discovery, and building cognitive models. Although these are interconnected, they are organised and discussed under two main themes: scientific-technical process and social aspects and the decision making process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Raffael
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Paul Whaley
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University Lancaster, UK.,The Evidence-based Toxicology Collaboration at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Maurice Whelan
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Reconciling divergent accounts is a metacognitive task of a high order. It entails deep thinking about the thought processes of other people, as represented in multiple accounts that may be at odds with one another and with one’s own ideas. Here I emphasize the epistemological foundations of such attempts to understand other people’s thinking as well as the conceptual and strategic aspects of not just the skill but also the disposition to represent, connect, evaluate, compare deeply, and seek to reconcile explanatory accounts of both simple and complex phenomena. Development of multivariable mental models is a key contributor, and continuing engagement and exercise are essential to foster proficiency.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Many metaethicists agree that as ordinary people experience morality as a realm of objective truths, we have a prima facie reason to believe that it actually is such a realm. Recently, worries have been raised about the validity of the extant psychological research on this argument’s empirical hypothesis. Our aim is to advance this research, taking these worries into account. First, we propose a new experimental design for measuring folk intuitions about moral objectivity that may serve as an inspiration for future studies. Then we report and discuss the results of a survey that was based on this design. In our study, most of our participants denied the existence of objective truths about most or all moral issues. In particular, many of them had the intuition that whether moral sentences are true depends both on their own moral beliefs and on the dominant moral beliefs within their culture (“anti-realist pluralism”). This finding suggests that the realist presumptive argument may have to be rejected and that instead anti-realism may have a presumption in its favor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pölzler
- 1Department of Philosophy, University of Graz, Attemsgasse 25/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jennifer Cole Wright
- 2Department of Psychology, College of Charleston, 57 Coming Street, Charleston, SC 29424 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Viciana H, Hannikainen IR, Gaitán Torres A. The dual nature of partisan prejudice: Morality and identity in a multiparty system. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219509. [PMID: 31310625 PMCID: PMC6634413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising hostility between members of opposing political factions has gained considerable attention in both academic and popular press. The adverse effects of this phenomenon are widely recognized, but its psychological antecedents remain the focus of ongoing debate in political psychology. Past research has honed in on two conflicting explanations: one highlights the extent to which people self-define as supporters of particular parties or candidates (the identity view), and another points toward the intensity with which they disagree on substantive matters of policy (the issues view). A nationally representative survey of 1051 eligible Spanish voters yielded support for both explanations. The perceived magnitude and nature of disagreement were associated with increased partisan prejudice, while controlling for partisan identification. Path analyses revealed that issue-based prejudice was more pronounced among ideologically extreme agents (β = 0.237, 95% CI [0.174, 0.300]) than toward extreme targets (β = 0.140, 95% CI [0.078, 0.201]), and replicated recent findings that identity-based prejudice is motivated primarily by non-instrumental factors (β = 0.286, 95% CI [0.230, 0.337]). Together, these results indicate that discrimination across party lines responds to two fundamentally distinct, though at times co-occurring, imperatives: to coalesce in ideologically homogeneous communities, and to protect one's sense of partisan identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Viciana
- Juan de la Cierva Research Fellow, Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Filosofía, Málaga, Spain
- Institute for Advance Social Studies (IESA-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ivar R. Hannikainen
- Department of Law, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Gaitán Torres
- Universidad Carlos III, Departamento de Humanidades, Filosofía, Lenguaje y Literatura, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Hopster
- Department of Philosophy, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pölzler T, Wright JC. Empirical research on folk moral objectivism. PHILOSOPHY COMPASS 2019; 14:e12589. [PMID: 31423148 PMCID: PMC6686698 DOI: 10.1111/phc3.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lay persons may have intuitions about morality's objectivity. What do these intuitions look like? And what are their causes and consequences? In recent years, an increasing number of scholars have begun to investigate these questions empirically. This article presents and assesses the resulting area of research as well as its potential philosophical implications. First, we introduce the methods of empirical research on folk moral objectivism. Second, we provide an overview of the findings that have so far been made. Third, we raise a number of methodological worries that cast doubt upon these findings. And fourth, we discuss ways in which lay persons' intuitions about moral objectivity may bear on philosophical claims.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bonfils NA, Grall-Bronnec M, Caillon J, Limosin F, Benyamina A, Aubin HJ, Luquiens A. Giving room to subjectivity in understanding and assessing problem gambling: A patient-centered approach focused on quality of life. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:103-113. [PMID: 30663328 PMCID: PMC7044609 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Problem gambling is characterized by high stigma and self-stigma, making relevant measurement of the burden of the disorder complex. The aim of our qualitative study was to describe health-related quality of life (HRQOL) impacted by problem gambling from the patients' perspective. METHODS We conducted 6 focus groups with 25 current or lifetime at-risk problem gamblers to identify key domains of quality of life impacted by problem gambling. A content analysis from the focus groups data was conducted using Alceste© software, using descendant hierarchical classification analysis, to obtain stable classes and the significant presences of reduced forms. The class of interest, detailing the core of impacted quality of life, was described using a cluster analysis. RESULTS Thematic content analysis identified three stable classes. Class 1 contained the interviewers' speech. Class 3 was composed of the vocabulary related to gambling practice, games and gambling venues (casino, horse betting, etc.). Class 2 described the core of impact of gambling on quality of life and corresponded to 43% of the analyzed elementary context units. This analysis revealed seven key domains of impact of problem gambling: loneliness, financial pressure, relationships deterioration, feeling of incomprehension, preoccupation with gambling, negative emotions, and avoidance of helping relationships. CONCLUSIONS We identified, beyond objective damage, the subjective distress felt by problem gamblers over the course of the disorder and in the helping process, marked in particular by stigma and self-stigma. Four impacted HRQOL areas were new and gambling-specific: loneliness, feeling of incomprehension, avoidance of helping relationships, and preoccupation with gambling. These results support the relevance of developing, in a next step, a specific HRQOL scale in the context of gambling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A. Bonfils
- CESP, UVSQ, INSERM, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France,Inserm U894, Centre Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France,AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, Paris, France,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Corresponding author: Nicolas A. Bonfils; Inserm U894, Centre Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Paris 92130, France; Phone: +33 6 37 29 40 15; Fax: +33 1 71 19 63 72; E-mail:
| | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France,Université de Tours, Inserm U1246, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Julie Caillon
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France,Université de Tours, Inserm U1246, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Limosin
- Inserm U894, Centre Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France,AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, Paris, France,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Amine Benyamina
- CESP, UVSQ, INSERM, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France,APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France,Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris XI, Paris, France
| | - Henri-Jean Aubin
- CESP, UVSQ, INSERM, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France,APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France,Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris XI, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Luquiens
- CESP, UVSQ, INSERM, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France,APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France,Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris XI, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
In recent years an increasing number of psychologists have begun to explore the prevalence, causes and effects of ordinary people’s intuitions about moral realism. Many of these studies have lacked in construct validity, i.e., they have failed to (fully or exclusively) measure moral realism. My aim in this paper accordingly is to motivate and guide methodological improvements. In analysis of prominent existing measures, I develop general recommendations for overcoming ten prima facie serious worries about research on folk moral realism. G1 and G2 require studies’ answer choices to be as metaethically comprehensive as methodologically feasible. G3 and G4 prevent fallacious inferences from intuitions about related debates. G5 and G6 limit first-order moral and epistemic influences. G7 address studies’ instructions. And G8 and G9 suggest tests of important psychological presuppositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pölzler
- Institute of Philosophy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Young adults received information regarding the platforms of two candidates for mayor of a troubled city. Half constructed a dialogue between advocates of the candidates, and the other half wrote an essay evaluating the candidates’ merits. Both groups then wrote a script for a TV spot favoring their preferred candidate. Results supported our hypothesis that the dialogic task would lead to deeper, more comprehensive processing of the two positions, and hence a richer representation of them. The TV scripts of the dialogue group included more references to city problems, candidates’ proposed actions, and links between them, as well as more criticisms of proposed actions and integrative judgments extending across multiple problems or proposed actions. Assessment of levels of epistemological understanding administered to the two groups after the writing tasks revealed that the dialogic group exhibited a lesser frequency of the absolutist position that knowledge consists of facts knowable with certainty. The potential of imagined interaction as a substitute for actual social exchange is considered.
Collapse
|