'Teach me how to look after myself': What people with bronchiectasis want from education in a pulmonary rehabilitation setting

Understanding the Determinants and Outcomes of Education in Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Moving Toward Person-Centered Care

TOPIC IMPORTANCE

Education and psychosocial support are essential components of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). However, the delivery of education often follows a one-size-fits-all approach, with individual factors that influence learning rarely considered. Moreover, education-related outcomes are frequently overlooked in PR assessments, and their inconsistent use has limited our understanding of education's impact on people with chronic respiratory diseases. There is a clear need for practical guidance to identify key learning determinants and to define targeted education outcomes, ultimately optmizing PR and establishing quality standards.

REVIEW FINDINGS

Cognitive function, health literacy, psychological status, and social connection can influence an individual's ability to learn. Without proper consideration and assessment, these factors can otherwise become barriers to education and effective self-management. Education in PR should aim to: (1) improve individuals' knowledge to foster informed and active participants; (2) develop their skills to enable autonomy and competence; and (3) enhance their confidence to apply this knowledge and skills in daily life.

SUMMARY

This review emphasizes the importance of person-centered education in PR, provides a framework for understanding which education-related outcomes to target, and highlights the need for future research to enhance this essential component.

Epidemiology of bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory disease characterised by permanent enlargement of the airways associated with cough, sputum production and a history of pulmonary exacerbations. In the past few years, incidence and prevalence of bronchiectasis have increased worldwide, possibly due to advances in imaging techniques and disease awareness, leading to increased socioeconomic burden and healthcare costs. Consistently, a mortality increase in bronchiectasis patient cohorts has been demonstrated in certain areas of the globe, with mortality rates of 16-24.8% over 4-5 years of follow-up. However, heterogeneity in epidemiological data is consistent, as reported prevalence in the general population ranges from 52.3 to more than 1000 per 100 000. Methodological flaws in the designs of available studies are likely to underestimate the proportion of people suffering from this condition worldwide and comparisons between different areas of the globe might be unreliable due to different assessment methods or local implementation of the same method in different contexts. Differences in disease severity associated with diverse geographical distribution of aetiologies, comorbidities and microbiology might explain an additional quota of heterogeneity. Finally, limited access to care in certain geographical areas is associated with both underestimation of the disease and increased severity and mortality. The aim of this review is to provide a snapshot of available real-world epidemiological data describing incidence and prevalence of bronchiectasis in the general population. Furthermore, data on mortality, healthcare burden and high-risk populations are provided. Finally, an analysis of the geographical distribution of determinants contributing to differences in bronchiectasis epidemiology is offered.

Patient-managed interventions for adults with bronchiectasis: evidence, challenges and prospects

Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition which is characterised by recurrent chest infections, chronic sputum production and cough, and limited exercise tolerance. While bronchiectasis may be caused by various aetiologies, these features are shared by most patients with bronchiectasis regardless of the cause. This review consolidates the existing evidence on patient-managed interventions for adults with bronchiectasis, while also outlining areas for future research. Airway clearance techniques and hyperosmolar agents are key components of the bronchiectasis management and consistently recommended for clinical implementation. Questions around their prescription, such as optimal sequence of delivery, are still to be answered. Pulmonary rehabilitation and exercise are also recommended for patients with bronchiectasis. Relatively strong evidence underpins this recommendation during a clinically stable stage of the disease, although the role of pulmonary rehabilitation following an exacerbation is still unclear. Additionally, self-management programmes feature prominently in bronchiectasis treatment, yet the lack of consensus regarding their definition and outcomes presents hurdles to establishing a cohesive evidence base. Moreover, cough, a cardinal symptom of bronchiectasis, warrants closer examination. Although managing cough in bronchiectasis may initially appear risky, further research is necessary to ascertain whether strategies employed in other respiratory conditions can be safely and effectively adapted to bronchiectasis, particularly through identifying patient responder populations and criteria where cough may not enhance airway clearance efficacy and its control is needed. Overall, there is a growing recognition of the importance of patient-managed interventions in the bronchiectasis management. Efforts to improve research methodologies and increase research funding are needed to further advance our understanding of these interventions, and their role in optimising patient care and outcomes.

The Rationale, Evidence, and Adaptations to Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Chronic Respiratory Diseases Other Than COPD

Over the last 3 decades, pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has become an integral part of the management of COPD. Many other chronic respiratory diseases have similar systemic manifestations including skeletal muscle impairment, commonly through deconditioning, and may benefit from PR. However, whereas many programs may accept patients with other respiratory diseases, the program may need several adaptations to optimally manage patients. This article uses the examples of interstitial lung disease including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, bronchiectasis, pulmonary hypertension, post lung transplantation, and post-COVID condition to highlight exemplar clinical problems. In addition, the rationale and latest evidence for PR are described alongside the adaptations to the program, including education needs of the delivery team and close integrated care with the wider clinical team. Finally, future directions for clinical care and research are discussed.