Verruciform xanthoma of the upper-extremity in the absence of chronic skin disease or syndrome: a case report and review of the literature

Verruciform Xanthomas in the Setting of COVID-19: A Case Series and Review of Other Conditions Associated With This Benign Cutaneous Neoplasm

Verruciform xanthoma is a rare benign neoplasm that predominantly affects the oral mucosa but can also affect cutaneous sites on the face, trunk, extremities, and genitalia. It is usually identified in isolation; however, there are several known associations with other conditions. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the coronavirus that emerged in December 2019 and caused a worldwide pandemic. It primarily manifests as a respiratory illness although various associations and sequelae of COVID-19 are still being elucidated. The clinical and pathologic presentations of two cases of Verruciform xanthoma associated with documented COVID-19 infection at our institution after the start of lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021 are described. In addition, we reviewed the literature for other infectious and non-infectious diseases associated with Verruciform xanthomas to see if there is any basis for a potential link between this rare benign neoplasm and novel viral infection.

Verruciform Acral-Associated (Vacas) Xanthoma: Case Report and Review

Verrucous xanthoma is a benign histiocytic lesion of macrophage derivation. We describe a woman with a non-mucosal verruciform xanthoma located on her right thumb and review the features of patients with verruciform acral-associated xanthoma. A 69-year-old woman presented with a lesion on her right thumb of eight years duration that had been previously treated with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy without resolution. An initial biopsy was consistent with the surface of a callous. A second biopsy demonstrated a verruciform xanthoma. The patient elected to apply lactic acid 12% twice daily and pare the lesion with a pumice stone once weekly; this resulted in flattening of the xanthoma-associated hyperkeratosis. Acral verruciform xanthoma has, albeit rarely, been described on the hands and feet of individuals. Including the patient in this report, six individuals have been reported with verrucous xanthoma on the hands and 12 individuals have been reported with a verrucous xanthoma on the feet. Verruciform xanthoma most commonly occurs on the oral mucosa. Genital lesions are also a frequent site. Acral-distributed verruciform xanthoma is rare; we propose that a verruciform xanthoma that occurs on acral sites be referred to as a verruciform acral-associated (Vacas) xanthoma.

Verruciform xanthoma accompanying a cystic growth: A case report

Verruciform xanthoma, an uncommon, benign lesion with characteristic histopathological features, usually develops on the oral mucosa or genital area. We present an unusual case of verruciform xanthoma observed on the inguinal skin of a 52-year-old healthy man along with an underlying cystic component. The superficial lesion was a pedunculated nodule with a fissured surface and an 18-mm mound-like pigmented tumor underneath it. The histopathologically deep lesion was continuously attached to the superficial lesion. It was composed of fistula or sinus-like spaces and covered with acanthotic epithelium. The epidermis and upper dermis of both lesions showed identical histopathological findings: varying degrees of acanthosis, elongation of rete ridges, eosinophilic parakeratotic layer extending toward the dermis, and densely infiltrating foam cells confined to the papillary layer of the dermis. This finding of a cystic component in the deep dermis expands the histopathologic features of verruciform xanthoma.

Oral verruciform xanthoma: Report of 13 new cases and review of the literature

BACKGROUND

Oral verruciform xanthoma (OVX) is a rare lesion. The purpose of the present study is to describe the clinical features of 13 OVXs and review all cases reported in the English literature.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Thirteen cases of OVX diagnosed during a 47-year period were retrospectively collected. The patients gender and age, as well as the main clinical features of the lesions were retrieved from the biopsy request forms. Pubmed, Scopus and Google ScholarTM electronic databases were searched with the key word verruciform xanthoma. Only cases of histologically confirmed OVX were included in the study.

RESULTS

The 13 OVXs represented approximately 0.04% of 35,617 biopsies accessioned during the study period. They affected 13 patients, 8 males and 5 females with a mean age of 48.8±14 years. They mainly appeared as asymptomatic granular nodules or plaques, with elastic or normal consistency and white color, in the gingiva or hard palate. Literature review yielded 416 cases of OVX. With the addition of cases of the present study, 429 cases of OVX have been presented in the English literature. OVX has a slight male predominance with a male to female ratio of 1.4:1 and the majority of patients are in the 5th to 7th decade of life. Clinically, OVX mainly presents as an asymptomatic, single, papillary or granular plaque or nodule, with elastic or soft consistency and white, red or pink color. It measures approximately 1cm and is most commonly located on the gingiva, tongue, hard palate or buccal mucosa. The treatment of choice is surgical excision with little rates of recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

Verruciform xanthoma is a rare lesion most often encountered on the ginigival mucosa. As its clinical presentation is not pathognomonic, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of verrucous or papillary lesions.

Vegas (Verruciform Genital-Associated) Xanthoma: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Introduction

Verruciform xanthoma is a wart-like benign lesion. The classic histologic appearance consists of foamy histiocytes within elongated dermal papillae and epithelial acanthosis. The lesion most commonly occurs in the oral cavity, but has been reported in extra-oral sites such as the penis, scrotum, and vulva. The clinical and histologic characteristics of verruciform genital-associated (Vegas) xanthomas of the penis, scrotum, and vulva are reviewed.

Methods

PubMed was used to search the following term: verruciform xanthoma. The relevant papers were obtained and reviewed.

Results

There have been 193 cases of genital-associated verruciform xanthomas. There were 164 in men and 29 in women. Similar to verruciform xanthomas of the oral mucosa, they presented as asymptomatic lesions, demonstrated foam cells in the dermal papillae, and were typically managed successfully with surgical excision.

Conclusion

Verruciform xanthoma is a benign lesion characterized by a wart-like growth that is most commonly seen in the oral mucosa. Verruciform xanthomas of the genital region have been coined Vegas xanthomas. Vegas xanthomas have been reported in association with a variety of diseases, as well as in healthy individuals. Biopsy is required for diagnosis, and complete surgical excision is typically curative.