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Ross KG, Alvarez Zepeda S, Auwal MA, Garces AK, Roman S, Zayas RM. The Role of Polycystic Kidney Disease-Like Homologs in Planarian Nervous System Regeneration and Function. Integr Org Biol 2024; 6:obae035. [PMID: 39364443 PMCID: PMC11448475 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Planarians are an excellent model for investigating molecular mechanisms necessary for regenerating a functional nervous system. Numerous studies have led to the generation of extensive genomic resources, especially whole-animal single-cell RNA-seq resources. These have facilitated in silico predictions of neuronal subtypes, many of which have been anatomically mapped by in situ hybridization. However, our knowledge of the function of dozens of neuronal subtypes remains poorly understood. Previous investigations identified that polycystic kidney disease (pkd)-like genes in planarians are strongly expressed in sensory neurons and have roles in mechanosensation. Here, we examine the expression and function of all the pkd genes found in the Schmidtea mediterranea genome and map their expression in the asexual and hermaphroditic strains. Using custom behavioral assays, we test the function of pkd genes in response to mechanical stimulation and in food detection. Our work provides insight into the physiological function of sensory neuron populations and protocols for creating inexpensive automated setups for acquiring and analyzing mechanosensory stimulation in planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Ross
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - S Alvarez Zepeda
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - M A Auwal
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - A K Garces
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - S Roman
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - R M Zayas
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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Ross KG, Zepeda SA, Auwal MA, Garces AK, Roman S, Zayas RM. The role of polycystic kidney disease-like homologs in planarian nervous system regeneration and function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.17.603829. [PMID: 39091889 PMCID: PMC11291080 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.17.603829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Planarians are an excellent model for investigating molecular mechanisms necessary for regenerating a functional nervous system. Numerous studies have led to the generation of extensive genomic resources, especially whole-animal single-cell RNA-seq resources. These have facilitated in silico predictions of neuronal subtypes, many of which have been anatomically mapped by in situ hybridization. However, our knowledge of the function of dozens of neuronal subtypes remains poorly understood. Previous investigations identified that polycystic kidney disease (pkd)-like genes in planarians are strongly expressed in sensory neurons and have roles in mechanosensation. Here, we examine the expression and function of all the pkd genes found in the Schmidtea mediterranea genome and map their expression in the asexual and hermaphroditic strains. Using custom behavioral assays, we test the function of pkd genes in response to mechanical stimulation and in food detection. Our work provides insight into the physiological function of sensory neuron populations and protocols for creating inexpensive automated setups for acquiring and analyzing mechanosensory stimulation in planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly G. Ross
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Sarai Alvarez Zepeda
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Auwal
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Audrey K. Garces
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Sydney Roman
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Ricardo M. Zayas
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
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Abstract
Traditional mammalian testing is too time- and cost-intensive to keep up with the large number of environmental chemicals needing assessment. This has led to a dearth of information about the potential adverse effects of these chemicals, especially on the developing brain. Thus, there is an urgent need for rapid and cost-effective neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity testing. Because of the complexity of the brain, metabolically competent organismal models are necessary to understand the effects of chemicals on nervous system development and function on a systems level. In this overview, we showcase asexual freshwater planarians as an alternative invertebrate ("non-animal") organismal model for neurotoxicology research. Planarians have long been used to study the effects of chemicals on regeneration and behavior. But they have only recently moved back into the spotlight because modern molecular and computational approaches now enable quantitative high-content and high-throughput toxicity studies. Here, we present a short history of the use of planarians in toxicology research, highlight current techniques to measure toxicity qualitatively and quantitatively in planarians, and discuss how to further promote this non-animal organismal system into mainstream toxicology research. The articles in this collection will help work towards this goal by providing detailed protocols that can be adopted by the community to standardize planarian toxicity testing. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Ireland
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
| | - Eva-Maria S. Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Satoh A, Kashimoto R, Ohashi A, Furukawa S, Yamamoto S, Inoue T, Hayashi T, Agata K. An approach for elucidating dermal fibroblast dedifferentiation in amphibian limb regeneration. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2022; 8:6. [PMID: 35484631 PMCID: PMC9047331 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-022-00190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urodele amphibians, Pleurodeles waltl and Ambystoma mexicanum, have organ-level regeneration capability, such as limb regeneration. Multipotent cells are induced by an endogenous mechanism in amphibian limb regeneration. It is well known that dermal fibroblasts receive regenerative signals and turn into multipotent cells, called blastema cells. However, the induction mechanism of the blastema cells from matured dermal cells was unknown. We previously found that BMP2, FGF2, and FGF8 (B2FF) could play sufficient roles in blastema induction in urodele amphibians. Here, we show that B2FF treatment can induce dermis-derived cells that can participate in multiple cell lineage in limb regeneration. We first established a newt dermis-derived cell line and confirmed that B2FF treatment on the newt cells provided plasticity in cellular differentiation in limb regeneration. To clarify the factors that can provide the plasticity in differentiation, we performed the interspecies comparative analysis between newt cells and mouse cells and found the Pde4b gene was upregulated by B2FF treatment only in the newt cells. Blocking PDE4B signaling by a chemical PDE4 inhibitor suppressed dermis-to-cartilage transformation and the mosaic knockout animals showed consistent results. Our results are a valuable insight into how dermal fibroblasts acquire multipotency during the early phase of limb regeneration via an endogenous program in amphibian limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Satoh
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Rena Kashimoto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ohashi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Saya Furukawa
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sakiya Yamamoto
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Division of Adaptation Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Laboratory of Regeneration Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
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Ogino H, Kamei Y, Hayashi T, Sakamoto J, Suzuki M, Igawa T. Invention sharing is the mother of developmental biology (Part 3). Dev Growth Differ 2022; 64:4. [PMID: 35102551 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ogino
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Joe Sakamoto
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Igawa
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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