Krittanawong C, Maitra NS, Qadeer YK, Wang Z, Fogg S, Storch EA, Celano CM, Huffman JC, Jha M, Charney DS, Lavie CJ. Association of Depression and Cardiovascular Disease.
Am J Med 2023;
136:881-895. [PMID:
37247751 DOI:
10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.04.036]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading worldwide cause of mortality. There has been increased awareness of the impact of psychological health on cardiovascular disease. In particular, major depression has been linked to increased all-cause mortality, development of cardiovascular disease, and worse outcomes in those with existing cardiovascular disease.
METHODS
We conducted a meta-analysis assessing the incidence of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease outcomes among those with major depressive disorder.
RESULTS
Among 26 studies of 1,957,621 individuals, depression was associated with increased risk of incident stroke (hazard ratio [HR] 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.28), myocardial infarction (HR 1.28; 95% CI, 1.14-1.45), congestive heart failure (HR 1.04; 95% CI, 1.00-1.09), or any cardiovascular disease (HR 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04-1.30). Depression was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.43; 95% CI, 1.27-1.60), cardiovascular disease mortality (HR 1.44; 95% CI, 1.27-1.63), and congestive heart failure mortality (HR 3.20; 95% CI, 1.29-7.94).
CONCLUSION
Depression has a significant negative impact on development of cardiovascular disease and on cardiovascular disease outcomes. Further efforts to understand and mitigate these impacts are prudent.
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