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Martuscello RT, Sivaprakasam K, Hartstone W, Kuo SH, Konopka G, Louis ED, Faust PL. Gene Expression Analysis of Laser-Captured Purkinje Cells in the Essential Tremor Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:1166-1181. [PMID: 36242761 PMCID: PMC10359949 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is a common, progressive neurological disease characterized by an 8-12-Hz kinetic tremor. Despite its high prevalence, the patho-mechanisms of tremor in ET are not fully known. Through comprehensive studies in postmortem brains, we identified major morphological changes in the ET cerebellum that reflect cellular damage in Purkinje cells (PCs), suggesting that PC damage is central to ET pathogenesis. We previously performed a transcriptome analysis in ET cerebellar cortex, identifying candidate genes and several dysregulated pathways. To directly target PCs, we purified RNA from PCs isolated by laser capture microdissection and performed the first ever PC-specific RNA-sequencing analysis in ET versus controls. Frozen postmortem cerebellar cortex from 24 ETs and 16 controls underwent laser capture microdissection, obtaining ≥2000 PCs per sample. RNA transcriptome was analyzed via differential gene expression, principal component analysis (PCA), and gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA). We identified 36 differentially expressed genes, encompassing multiple cellular processes. Some ET (13/24) had greater dysregulation of these genes and segregated from most controls and remaining ETs in PCA. Characterization of genes/pathways enriched in this PCA and GSEA identified multiple pathway dysregulations in ET, including RNA processing/splicing, synapse organization/ion transport, and oxidative stress/inflammation. Furthermore, a different set of pathways characterized marked heterogeneity among ET patients. Our data indicate a range of possible mechanisms for the pathogenesis of ET. Significant heterogeneity among ET combined with dysregulation of multiple cellular processes supports the notion that ET is a family of disorders rather than one disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina T Martuscello
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 15-405, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Karthigayini Sivaprakasam
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Whitney Hartstone
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 15-405, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 650 W 168th Street, BB302, New York, NY, USA
| | - Genevieve Konopka
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Suite NL9.114, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Phyllis L Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 15-405, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Clark LN, Gao Y, Wang GT, Hernandez N, Ashley-Koch A, Jankovic J, Ottman R, Leal SM, Rodriguez SMB, Louis ED. Whole genome sequencing identifies candidate genes for familial essential tremor and reveals biological pathways implicated in essential tremor aetiology. EBioMedicine 2022; 85:104290. [PMID: 36183486 PMCID: PMC9525816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Essential tremor (ET), one of the most common neurological disorders, has a phenotypically heterogeneous presentation characterized by bilateral kinetic tremor of the arms and, in some patients, tremor involving other body regions (e.g., head, voice). Genetic studies suggest that ET is genetically heterogeneous. Methods We analyzed whole genome sequence data (WGS) generated on 104 multi-generational white families with European ancestry affected by ET. Genome-wide parametric linkage and association scans were analyzed using adjusted logistic regression models through the application of the Pseudomarker software. To investigate the additional contribution of rare variants in familial ET, we also performed an aggregate variant non-parametric linkage (NPL) analysis using the collapsed haplotype method implemented in CHP-NPL software. Findings Parametric linkage analysis of common variants identified several loci with significant evidence of linkage (HLOD ≥3.6). Among the gene regions within the strongest ET linkage peaks were BTC (4q13.3, HLOD=4.53), N6AMT1 (21q21.3, HLOD=4.31), PCDH9 (13q21.32, HLOD=4.21), EYA1 (8q13.3, HLOD=4.04), RBFOX1 (16p13.3, HLOD=4.02), MAPT (17q21.31, HLOD=3.99) and SCARB2 (4q21.1, HLOD=3.65). CHP-NPL analysis identified fifteen additional genes with evidence of significant linkage (LOD ≥3.8). These genes include TUBB2A, VPS33B, STEAP1B, SPINK5, ZRANB1, TBC1D3C, PDPR, NPY4R, ETS2, ZNF736, SPATA21, ARL17A, PZP, BLK and CCDC94. In one ET family contributing to the linkage peak on chromosome 16p13.3, we identified a likely pathogenic heterozygous canonical splice acceptor variant in exon 2 of RBFOX1 (ENST00000547372; c.4-2A>G), that co-segregated with the ET phenotype in the family. Interpretation Linkage and association analyses of WGS identified several novel ET candidate genes, which are implicated in four major pathways that include 1) the epidermal growth factor receptor-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha-AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (EGFR-PI3K-AKT) and Mitogen-activated protein Kinase 1 (ERK) pathways, 2) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA repair, 3) gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) system and 4) RNA binding and regulation of RNA processes. Our study provides evidence for a possible overlap in the genetic architecture of ET, neurological disease, cancer and aging. The genes and pathways identified can be prioritized in future genetic and functional studies. Funding National Institutes of Health, NINDS, NS073872 (USA) and NIA AG058131(USA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine N Clark
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Yizhe Gao
- The G.H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; The Center for Statistical Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gao T Wang
- The G.H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; The Center for Statistical Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nora Hernandez
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Allison Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX, USA
| | - Ruth Ottman
- The G.H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suzanne M Leal
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; The G.H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; The Center for Statistical Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra M Barral Rodriguez
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; The G.H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA.
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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Álvarez I, Pastor P, Agúndez JAG. Genomic Markers for Essential Tremor. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060516. [PMID: 34072005 PMCID: PMC8226734 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many reports suggesting an important role of genetic factors in the etiopathogenesis of essential tremor (ET), encouraging continuing the research for possible genetic markers. Linkage studies in families with ET have identified 4 genes/loci for familial ET, although the responsible gene(s) have not been identified. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) described several variants in LINGO1, SLC1A2, STK32B, PPARGC1A, and CTNNA3, related with ET, but none of them have been confirmed in replication studies. In addition, the case-control association studies performed for candidate variants have not convincingly linked any gene with the risk for ET. Exome studies described the association of several genes with familial ET (FUS, HTRA2, TENM4, SORT1, SCN11A, NOTCH2NLC, NOS3, KCNS2, HAPLN4, USP46, CACNA1G, SLIT3, CCDC183, MMP10, and GPR151), but they were found only in singular families and, again, not found in other families or other populations, suggesting that some can be private polymorphisms. The search for responsible genes for ET is still ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, E28500 Arganda del Rey, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-636-96-83-95; Fax: +34-913-28-07-04
| | | | - Elena García-Martín
- ARADyAL Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, E10071 Caceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
| | - Ignacio Álvarez
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Fundació Docencia i Recerça Mútua de Terrassa, E08221 Terrassa, Spain; (I.Á.); (P.P.)
| | - Pau Pastor
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Fundació Docencia i Recerça Mútua de Terrassa, E08221 Terrassa, Spain; (I.Á.); (P.P.)
| | - José A. G. Agúndez
- ARADyAL Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, E10071 Caceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
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Abstract
Highlights In the current review, we thoroughly reviewed 74 identified articles regarding genes and genetic loci that confer susceptibility to ET. Over 50 genes/genetic loci have been examined for possible association with ET, but consistent results failed to be reported raising the need for collaborative multiethnic studies. Background: Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder, which is mainly characterized by bilateral tremor (postural and/or kinetic) in the upper limbs, with other parts of the body possibly involved. While the pathophysiology of ET is still unclear, there is accumulating evidence indicating that genetic variability may be heavily involved in ET pathogenesis. This review focuses on the role of genetic risk factors in ET susceptibility. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for articles written in English, for studies with humans with ET, controls without ET, and genetic variants. The terms “essential tremor” and “polymorphism” (as free words) were used during search. We also performed meta-analyses for the most examined genetic variants. Results: Seventy four articles concerning LINGO1, LINGO2, LINGO4, SLC1A2, STK32B, PPARGC1A, CTNNA3, DRD3, ALAD, VDR, HMOX1, HMOX2, LRRK1,LRRK2, GBA, SNCA, MAPT, FUS, CYPsIL17A, IL1B, NOS1, ADH1B, TREM2, RIT2, HNMT, MTHFR, PPP2R2B, GSTP1, PON1, GABA receptors and GABA transporter, HS1BP3, ADH2, hSKCa3 and CACNL1A4 genes, and ETM genetic loci were included in the current review. Results from meta-analyses revealed a marginal association for the STK32B rs10937625 and a marginal trend for association (in sensitivity analysis) for the LINGO1 rs9652490, with ET. Discussion: Quite a few variants have been examined for their possible association with ET. LINGO1 rs9652490 and STK32B rs10937625 appear to influence, to some extent, ET susceptibility. However, the conflicting results and the lack of replication for many candidate genes raise the need for collaborative multiethnic studies.
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Yan YP, Xu CY, Gu LY, Zhang B, Shen T, Gao T, Tian J, Pu JL, Yin XZ, Zhang BR, Zhao GH. Genetic testing of FUS, HTRA2, and TENM4 genes in Chinese patients with essential tremor. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:837-841. [PMID: 32196977 PMCID: PMC7366735 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most prevalent movement disorders. The genetic etiology of ET has not been well defined although a significant proportion (≥50%) are familial cases. Linkage analysis and genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several risk variants. In recent years, whole‐exome sequencing of ET has revealed several specific causal variants in FUS (p.Q290X), HTRA2 (p.G399S), and TENM4 (c.4324 G>A, c.4100C>A, and c.3412G>A) genes. Objective To investigate the genetic contribution of these three genes to ET, the protein‐coding sequences of FUS, HTRA2, and TENM4 were analyzed in a total of 238 ET patients and 272 controls from eastern China using direct Sanger sequencing. Results We identified two synonymous coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs741810 and rs1052352 in FUS, and three previously reported synonymous SNPs, rs11237621, rs689369, and rs2277277 in TENM4. No nonsynonymous exonic variants were identified in these subjects. We found that the frequency of the rs1052352C allele was significantly higher (P = .001) in the ET group than in the control group. Conclusion Overall, our findings suggest that rs1052352 of FUS might contribute to ET risk in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong-Ying Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Lu-Yan Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Li Pu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Zhen Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Hua Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is a neurological movement disorder characterised by bilateral limb kinetic/postural tremor, with or without tremor in other body parts including head, voice and lower limbs. Since no causative genes for ET have been identified, it is likely that the disorder occurs as a result of complex genetic factors interacting with various cellular and environmental factors that can result in abnormal function of circuitry involving the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. Genetic analyses have uncovered at least 14 loci and 11 genes that are related to ET, as well as various risk or protective genetic factors. Limitations in ET genetic analyses include inconsistent disease definition, small sample size, varied ethnic backgrounds and many other factors that may contribute to paucity of relevant genetic data in ET. Genetic analyses, coupled with functional and animal studies, have led to better insights into possible pathogenic mechanisms underlying ET. These genetic studies may guide the future development of genetic testing and counselling, and specific, pathogenesis-targeted, therapeutic strategies.
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Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common neurologic disorders, and genetic factors are thought to contribute significantly to disease etiology. There has been a relative lack of progress in understanding the genetic etiology of ET. This could reflect a number of factors, including the presence of substantial phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity. Thus, a meticulous approach to phenotyping is important for genetic research. A lack of standardized phenotyping across studies and patient centers likely has contributed to the relative lack of success of genomewide association studies in ET. To dissect the genetic architecture of ET, whole-genome sequencing will likely be of value. This will allow specific hypotheses about the mode of inheritance and genetic architecture to be tested. A number of approaches still remain unexplored in ET genetics, including the contribution of copy number variants, uncommon moderate-effect alleles, rare variant large-effect alleles (including Mendelian and complex/polygenic modes of inheritance), de novo and gonadal mosaicism, epigenetic changes, and noncoding variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine N Clark
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elan D Louis
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York; and Departments of Neurology and of Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Neurological Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Bhatia KP, Bain P, Bajaj N, Elble RJ, Hallett M, Louis ED, Raethjen J, Stamelou M, Testa CM, Deuschl G. Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors. from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Mov Disord 2018; 33:75-87. [PMID: 29193359 PMCID: PMC6530552 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consensus criteria for classifying tremor disorders were published by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society in 1998. Subsequent advances with regard to essential tremor, tremor associated with dystonia, and other monosymptomatic and indeterminate tremors make a significant revision necessary. OBJECTIVES Convene an international panel of experienced investigators to review the definition and classification of tremor. METHODS Computerized MEDLINE searches in January 2013 and 2015 were conducted using a combination of text words and MeSH terms: "tremor", "tremor disorders", "essential tremor", "dystonic tremor", and "classification" limited to human studies. Agreement was obtained using consensus development methodology during four in-person meetings, two teleconferences, and numerous manuscript reviews. RESULTS Tremor is defined as an involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movement of a body part and is classified along two axes: Axis 1-clinical characteristics, including historical features (age at onset, family history, and temporal evolution), tremor characteristics (body distribution, activation condition), associated signs (systemic, neurological), and laboratory tests (electrophysiology, imaging); and Axis 2-etiology (acquired, genetic, or idiopathic). Tremor syndromes, consisting of either isolated tremor or tremor combined with other clinical features, are defined within Axis 1. This classification scheme retains the currently accepted tremor syndromes, including essential tremor, and provides a framework for defining new syndromes. CONCLUSIONS This approach should be particularly useful in elucidating isolated tremor syndromes and syndromes consisting of tremor and other signs of uncertain significance. Consistently defined Axis 1 syndromes are needed to facilitate the elucidation of specific etiologies in Axis 2. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash P. Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bain
- Department of Neurosciences, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Nin Bajaj
- Division of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rodger J. Elble
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elan D. Louis
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, and Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jan Raethjen
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel Campus, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria Stamelou
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Guenther Deuschl
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel Campus, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Agúndez JAG, García-Martín E, Alonso-Navarro H, Ayuso P, Esguevillas G, Benito-León J, Ortega-Cubero S, Pastor P, López-Alburquerque T, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. Delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase gene and essential tremor. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:348-356. [PMID: 28276576 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports found a relationship between increased serum lead levels and the risk for essential tremor (ET), especially in carriers of the minor allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1800435 in the aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) gene, which is involved in the synthesis of haem groups. Our group reported decreased risk for ET in carriers of the minor alleles of the rs2071746 and rs1051308 SNPs in the haem-oxygenases 1 and 2 (HMOX1 and HMOX2), respectively, involved in haem metabolism. We analysed whether ALAD rs1800435 alone and their interactions with the four common SNPs in the HMOX1 and HMOX2 genes are associated with the risk for ET. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analysed the genotype and allele variants frequencies of ALAD rs1800435 in 202 patients with familial ET and 218 healthy controls using a TaqMan method. We also analysed the role of the interaction between ALAD rs1800435 and the HMOX1 rs2071746, HMOX1 rs2071747, HMOX2 rs2270363 and HMOX2 rs1051308 with the risk of developing ET. RESULTS The frequencies of genotype and allelic variants of ALAD rs1800435 did not differ significantly between patients with ET and controls, and were not influenced by gender. Subjects carrying the ALAD rs1800435CC genotype (wild-type) and the HMOX2 rs1051308GG genotype or the HMOX2 rs1051308G allele had significantly decreased risk for ET. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the ALAD rs1800435 SNP is not related with the risk for ET, but its interaction with the HMOX2 rs1051308 SNP could be weakly associated with the risk for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A G Agúndez
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Research Network on Adverse Reactions to Allergens and Drugs, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Martín
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Research Network on Adverse Reactions to Allergens and Drugs, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia Alonso-Navarro
- Department of Medicine-Neurology, Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Ayuso
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Research Network on Adverse Reactions to Allergens and Drugs, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gara Esguevillas
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Research Network on Adverse Reactions to Allergens and Drugs, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Benito-León
- Service of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Ortega-Cubero
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
- Department of Medicine-Neurology, Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain
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Knowledge gaps and research recommendations for essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 33:27-35. [PMID: 27769649 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is a common cause of significant disability, but its etiologies and pathogenesis are poorly understood. Research has been hampered by the variable definition of ET and by non-standardized research approaches. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (USA) invited experts in ET and related fields to discuss current knowledge, controversies, and gaps in our understanding of ET and to develop recommendations for future research. Discussion focused on phenomenology and phenotypes, therapies and clinical trials, pathophysiology, pathology, and genetics. Across all areas, the need for collaborative and coordinated research on a multinational level was expressed. Standardized data collection using common data elements for genetic, clinical, neurophysiological, and pathological studies was recommended. Large cohorts of patients should be studied prospectively to collect bio-samples, characterize the natural history of the clinical syndrome including patient-oriented outcomes, investigate potential etiologies of various phenotypes, and identify pathophysiological mechanisms. In particular, cellular and system-level mechanisms of tremor oscillations should be elucidated because they may yield effective therapeutic targets and biomarkers. A neuropathology consortium was recommended to standardize postmortem analysis and further characterize neuropathological observations in the cerebellum and elsewhere. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies on large patient cohorts (>10,000 patients) may allow the identification of common genes contributing to risk, and whole exome or genome sequencing may enable the identification of genetic risk and causal mutations in cohorts and well-characterized families.
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SLC1A2 rs3794087 variant and risk for essential tremor: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 25:564-8. [PMID: 26313486 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Recently, a genome-wide association study showed a statistically significant association between the rs3794087 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the solute carrier family 1--glial affinity glutamate transporter, member 2 (SLC1A2) and the risk for essential tremor (ET). However, four further association studies showed controversial results.We carried out a systematic review and a meta-analysis including all the studies published on the risk of ET related to this SNP. MATERIALS AND METHODS The systematic review was performed using several databases, the meta-analysis was carried out using the software Meta-DiSc 1.1.1, and heterogeneity between studies was tested using the Q statistic. RESULTS The meta-analysis included five association studies for the SLC1A2 rs3794087 SNP (1925 ET patients, 4914 controls) and the risk for ET. The global diagnostic odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) was 1.08 (0.79-1.48) for the total group. After excluding data from the discovery series (which was responsible for a high degree of heterogeneity), the global diagnostic odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) was 0.96 (0.74-1.23). The separate analysis in White and Asiatic individuals on the frequency of the minor allele of rs3794087 did not show significant differences between ET patients and controls in both subgroups after excluding the discovery series. CONCLUSION The results of the meta-analysis suggest that rs3794087 is not associated with the risk for ET.
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Liu X, Hernandez N, Kisselev S, Floratos A, Sawle A, Ionita-Laza I, Ottman R, Louis ED, Clark LN. Identification of candidate genes for familial early-onset essential tremor. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1009-15. [PMID: 26508575 PMCID: PMC5070884 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common causes of tremor in humans. Despite its high heritability and prevalence, few susceptibility genes for ET have been identified. To identify ET genes, whole-exome sequencing was performed in 37 early-onset ET families with an autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern. We identified candidate genes for follow-up functional studies in five ET families. In two independent families, we identified variants predicted to affect function in the nitric oxide (NO) synthase 3 gene (NOS3) that cosegregated with disease. NOS3 is highly expressed in the central nervous system (including cerebellum), neurons and endothelial cells, and is one of three enzymes that converts l-arginine to the neurotransmitter NO. In one family, a heterozygous variant, c.46G>A (p.(Gly16Ser)), in NOS3, was identified in three affected ET cases and was absent in an unaffected family member; and in a second family, a heterozygous variant, c.164C>T (p.(Pro55Leu)), was identified in three affected ET cases (dizygotic twins and their mother). Both variants result in amino-acid substitutions of highly conserved amino-acid residues that are predicted to be deleterious and damaging by in silico analysis. In three independent families, variants predicted to affect function were also identified in other genes, including KCNS2 (KV9.2), HAPLN4 (BRAL2) and USP46. These genes are highly expressed in the cerebellum and Purkinje cells, and influence function of the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)-ergic system. This is in concordance with recent evidence that the pathophysiological process in ET involves cerebellar dysfunction and possibly cerebellar degeneration with a reduction in Purkinje cells, and a decrease in GABA-ergic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Liu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nora Hernandez
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sergey Kisselev
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aris Floratos
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Sawle
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iuliana Ionita-Laza
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Ottman
- G.H Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lorraine N Clark
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Clark LN, Louis ED. Challenges in essential tremor genetics. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 171:466-74. [PMID: 26003805 PMCID: PMC4863985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The field of essential tremor (ET) genetics remains extremely challenging. The relative lack of progress in understanding the genetic etiology of ET, however, does not reflect the lack of a genetic contribution, but rather, the presence of substantial phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity. A meticulous approach to phenotyping is important for genetic research in ET. The only tool for phenotyping is the clinical history and examination. There is currently no ET-specific serum or imaging biomarker or defining neuropathological feature (e.g., a protein aggregate specific to ET) that can be used for phenotyping, and there is considerable clinical overlap with other disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dystonia. These issues greatly complicate phenotyping; thus, in some studies, as many as 30-50% of cases labeled as "ET" have later been found to carry other diagnoses (e.g., dystonia, PD) rather than ET. A cursory approach to phenotyping (e.g., merely defining ET as an "action tremor") is likely a major issue in some family studies of ET, and this as well as lack of standardized phenotyping across studies and patient centers is likely to be a major contributor to the relative lack of success of genome wide association studies (GWAS). To dissect the genetic architecture of ET, whole genome sequencing (WGS) in carefully characterized and well-phenotyped discovery and replication datasets of large case-control and familial cohorts will likely be of value. This will allow specific hypotheses about the mode of inheritance and genetic architecture to be tested. There are a number of approaches that still remain unexplored in ET genetics, including the contribution of copy number variants (CNVs), 'uncommon' moderate effect alleles, 'rare' variant large effect alleles (including Mendelian and complex/polygenic modes of inheritance), de novo and gonadal mosaicism, epigenetic changes and non-coding variation. Using these approaches is likely to yield new ET genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Clark
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - E D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, 800 Howard Ave # 2, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Hopfner F, Stevanin G, Müller SH, Mundwiller E, Bungeroth M, Durr A, Pendziwiat M, Anheim M, Schneider SA, Tittmann L, Klebe S, Lorenz D, Deuschl G, Brice A, Kuhlenbäumer G. The impact of rare variants in FUS in essential tremor. Mov Disord 2015; 30:721-4. [PMID: 25631824 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We analyzed the coding region of the Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) gene in familial essential tremor (ET) and reviewed previous studies assessing FUS variants in ET. BACKGROUND ET is often a familial disorder with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. A potentially causative variant in FUS has been identified in one ET family. Subsequent studies described further putatively causal variants. METHODS We performed DNA sequencing of FUS in 85 unrelated, familial German and French definite ET patients. RESULTS We did not find novel variants affecting the protein sequence. Seven previously published studies and data from the exome variant server (EVS) showed that rare exonic variants in FUS are not more frequent in ET than in the general population. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide no evidence for a role of rare genetic variants in the pathogenesis of ET, apart from the initially published FUS mutation segregating in a large ET family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hopfner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Van Gerpen JA, Ross OA. Essential Tremor. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Schmouth JF, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Genetics of essential tremor: From phenotype to genes, insights from both human and mouse studies. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 119-120:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Our understanding of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease, is expanding rapidly as its genetic causes are uncovered. The pace of new gene discovery over the last 5 years has accelerated, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of disease and highlighting biological pathways as targets for therapeutic development. This article reviews our current understanding of the heritability of ALS and provides an overview of each of the major ALS genes, highlighting their phenotypic characteristics and frequencies as a guide for clinicians evaluating patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Harms
- Neuromuscular Division, Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Deng H, Gao K, Jankovic J. The role of FUS gene variants in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2014; 10:337-48. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Louis ED. 'Essential tremor' or 'the essential tremors': is this one disease or a family of diseases? Neuroepidemiology 2013; 42:81-9. [PMID: 24335621 DOI: 10.1159/000356351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that the entity referred to as 'essential tremor' (ET) is not a single disease. It may be a family of diseases better referred to as 'the ETs'. This review will summarize the following evidence: (1) the presence of etiological heterogeneity; (2) the heterogeneity of findings in postmortem studies, thus suggesting several diseases; (3) the recent discussion that age of onset may be an important marker of disease heterogeneity; (4) the clinical expansion of the concept of ET in recent years to include a broader range of tremor phenomenology, other motor features (gait ataxia), other involuntary movements (dystonia), and nonmotor features (cognitive problems, psychiatric problems), some of which could be primary; (5) the heterogeneity of pharmacological response profiles and clinical progression, and (6) the association of ET with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and possibly progressive supranuclear palsy, with the possibility that some ET patients are more predisposed to develop one of these. © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D Louis
- GH Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., USA
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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Pastor P, Agúndez JAG. Update on genetics of essential tremor. Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 128:359-71. [PMID: 23682623 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the research, few advances in the etiopathogenesis on essential tremor (ET) have been made to date. The high frequency of positive family history of ET and the observed high concordance rates in monozygotic compared with dizygotic twins support a major role of genetic factors in the development of ET. In addition, a possible role of environmental factors has been suggested in the etiology of ET (at least in non-familial forms). Although several gene variants in the LINGO1 gene may increase the risk of ET, to date no causative mutated genes have been identified. In this review, we summarize the studies performed on families with tremor, twin studies, linkage studies, case-control association studies, and exome sequencing in familial ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Jiménez-Jiménez
- Section of Neurology; Hospital Universitario del Sureste; Arganda del Rey Madrid Spain
| | - H. Alonso-Navarro
- Section of Neurology; Hospital Universitario del Sureste; Arganda del Rey Madrid Spain
| | - E. García-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Extremadura; Cáceres Spain
- AMGenomics; Edificio Tajo, Avda. de la Universidad s/n; Cáceres Spain
| | - O. Lorenzo-Betancor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory; Division of Neurosciences; Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA); University of Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- Department of Neurology; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; University of Navarra School of Medicine; Pamplona Spain
| | - P. Pastor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory; Division of Neurosciences; Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA); University of Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- Department of Neurology; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; University of Navarra School of Medicine; Pamplona Spain
- CIBERNED; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - J. A. G. Agúndez
- AMGenomics; Edificio Tajo, Avda. de la Universidad s/n; Cáceres Spain
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Extremadura; Cáceres Spain
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Agúndez JAG, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E. Research Highlights: Highlights from the latest articles in essential tremor biomarkers and pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:1679-80. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José AG Agúndez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | | | - Elena García-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Hedera P, Davis TL, Phibbs FT, Charles PD, LeDoux MS. FUS in familial essential tremor – The search for common causes is still on. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:818-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rajput A, Rajput AH, Rajput ML, Encarnacion M, Bernales CQ, Ross JP, Farrer MJ, Vilariño-Güell C. Identification of FUS p.R377W in essential tremor. Eur J Neurol 2013; 21:361-3. [PMID: 23834483 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exome sequencing analysis has recently identified a nonsense mutation in fused in sarcoma (FUS) segregating with essential tremor (ET) within a large French-Canadian family. Further characterization of FUS resulted in the identification of additional mutations in ET patients; however, their pathogenicity still remains to be confirmed. The role of FUS in an independent cohort of ET patients from Canada was evaluated. METHODS The entire coding sequence of FUS in 217 patients diagnosed with ET was analyzed and two missense variants in 219 healthy controls were genotyped by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Sequencing of FUS identified a previously reported non-pathogenic mutation p.G174_G175del in one ET patient and two healthy controls, and a novel p.R377W in one patient with family history of disease. This mutation is highly conserved and strongly predicted to be damaging by in silico analysis. CONCLUSION This study has identified a novel FUS p.R377W substitution in ET patients. Additional genotyping studies in a large number of ET patients and controls are necessary to conclusively define its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rajput
- Division of Neurology, University of Saskatchewan and Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Ortega-Cubero S, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Lorenzo E, Alonso E, Coria F, Pastor MA, Fernández-Santiago R, Martí MJ, Ezquerra M, Valldeoriola F, Compta Y, Tolosa E, Agundez JA, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Gironell A, Clarimon J, de Castro P, García-Martín E, Alonso-Navarro H, Pastor P. Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) gene mutations are not a frequent cause of essential tremor in Europeans. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2441.e9-2441.e11. [PMID: 23731953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
FUS/TLS (denoting fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma [MIM 137070]) codifies an RNA binding protein. Mutations in this gene cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; MIM 608030). Essential tremor (ET [MIM 190300]) is the most frequent movement disorder. Despite its strong familiar aggregation, recently a whole exome sequencing study has identified FUS mutations as a cause of familial ET. To determine whether mutations in FUS are also common in other populations, we sequenced FUS gene in 178 unrelated Spanish subjects with ET. We detected only an intronic single-pair nucleotide deletion (c.1293-37delC), which was predicted to affect mRNA splicing. However, leukocyte mRNA analysis showed no changes in FUS expression. In conclusion, coding or splicing FUS mutations are not a frequent cause of ET in the Spanish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ortega-Cubero
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Lattante S, Rouleau GA, Kabashi E. TARDBPandFUSMutations Associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Summary and Update. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:812-26. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lattante
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière; Centre de Recherche, CHU Pitié-Salpétrière, Inserm, UMR_S975, CRICM, F-75013; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S975, F-75013; CNRS UMR 7225; F-75013; Paris; France
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University; Montreal; Canada
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Investigating the role of FUS exonic variants in essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:755-7. [PMID: 23601511 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Essential Tremor is the most common form of movement disorder. Aggregation in families suggests a strong genetic component to disease. Linkage and association studies have identified several risk loci but the specific causal variants are still unknown. A recent study using whole exome sequencing identified a rare nonsense variant in the FUS gene (p.Q290X) that segregated with Essential Tremor in a large French Canadian family. In addition, two other rare FUS variants were identified (p.R216C and p.P431L) in Essential Tremor patients however co-segregation analysis with disease was not possible. In the present study, we sequenced all 15 exons of FUS in 152 familial probands with Essential Tremor and genotyped three reported FUS variants in 112 sporadic Essential Tremor patients and 716 control subjects recruited at Mayo Clinic Florida. Only known synonymous SNPs unlikely to be pathogenic were detected in our sequencing and not any of the recently identified mutations or novel ones. We conclude that the FUS mutations associated with risk of Essential Tremor are probably a rare occurrence.
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