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Almohaish S, Tesoro EP, Brophy GM. Status Epilepticus: An Update on Pharmacological Management. Semin Neurol 2024. [PMID: 38580318 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1785503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency that requires timely pharmacological therapy to cease seizure activity. The treatment approach varies based on the time and the treatment stage of SE. Benzodiazepines are considered the first-line therapy during the emergent treatment phase of SE. Antiseizure medicines such as phenytoin, valproic acid, and levetiracetam are recommended during the urgent treatment phase. These drugs appear to have a similar safety and efficacy profile, and individualized therapy should be chosen based on patient characteristics. Midazolam, propofol, pentobarbital, and ketamine are continuous intravenous infusions of anesthetic medications utilized in the refractory SE (RSE) period. The most efficacious pharmacotherapeutic treatments for RSE and superrefractory status epilepticus are not clearly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Almohaish
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Clinical Pharmacy College, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eljim P Tesoro
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gretchen M Brophy
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Lattanzi S, Chiesa V, Di Gennaro G, Ferlazzo E, Labate A, La Neve A, Meletti S, Di Bonaventura C. Brivaracetam use in clinical practice: a Delphi consensus on its role as first add-on therapy in focal epilepsy and beyond. Neurol Sci 2024:10.1007/s10072-024-07485-w. [PMID: 38558319 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07485-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiseizure medications remain the cornerstone of treatment for epilepsy, although a proportion of individuals with the condition will continue to experience seizures despite appropriate therapy. Treatment choices for epilepsy are based on variables related to both the individual patient and the available medications. Brivaracetam is a third-generation agent antiseizure medication. METHODS We carried out a Delphi consensus exercise to define the role of brivaracetam in clinical practice and to provide guidance about its use as first add-on ASM and in selected clinical scenarios. A total of 15 consensus statements were drafted by an expert panel following review of the literature and all were approved in the first round of voting by panelists. The consensus indicated different clinical scenarios for which brivaracetam can be a good candidate for treatment, including first add-on use. RESULTS Overall, brivaracetam was considered to have many advantageous characteristics that render it a suitable option for patients with focal epilepsy, including a fast onset of action, favorable pharmacokinetic profile with few drug-drug interactions, broad-spectrum activity, and being well tolerated across a range of doses. Brivaracetam is also associated with sustained clinical response and good tolerability in the long term. CONCLUSIONS These characteristics also make it suitable as an early add-on for the elderly and for patients with post-stroke epilepsy or status epilepticus as highlighted by the present Delphi consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Lattanzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Neurological Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Conca 71, 60020, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Valentina Chiesa
- Epilepsy Center, Child Neurology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Edoardo Ferlazzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angelo Labate
- Neurophysiopathology and Movement Disorders Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela La Neve
- DiBraiN, University Hospital of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Meletti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Neurology and neurophysiology unit - AOU Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Bonaventura
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Damien C, Leitinger M, Kellinghaus C, Strzelczyk A, De Stefano P, Beier CP, Sutter R, Kämppi L, Strbian D, Taubøll E, Rosenow F, Helbok R, Rüegg S, Damian M, Trinka E, Gaspard N. Sustained effort network for treatment of status epilepticus/European academy of neurology registry on adult refractory status epilepticus (SENSE-II/AROUSE). BMC Neurol 2024; 24:19. [PMID: 38178048 PMCID: PMC10765797 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03505-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Status Epilepticus (SE) is a common neurological emergency associated with a high rate of functional decline and mortality. Large randomized trials have addressed the early phases of treatment for convulsive SE. However, evidence regarding third-line anesthetic treatment and the treatment of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is scarce. One trial addressing management of refractory SE with deep general anesthesia was terminated early due to insufficient recruitment. Multicenter prospective registries, including the Sustained Effort Network for treatment of Status Epilepticus (SENSE), have shed some light on these questions, but many answers are still lacking, such as the influence exerted by distinct EEG patterns in NCSE on the outcome. We therefore initiated a new prospective multicenter observational registry to collect clinical and EEG data that combined may further help in clinical decision-making and defining SE. METHODS Sustained effort network for treatment of status epilepticus/European Academy of Neurology Registry on refractory Status Epilepticus (SENSE-II/AROUSE) is a prospective, multicenter registry for patients treated for SE. The primary objectives are to document patient and SE characteristics, treatment modalities, EEG, neuroimaging data, and outcome of consecutive adults admitted for SE treatment in each of the participating centers and to identify factors associated with outcome and refractoriness. To reach sufficient statistical power for multivariate analysis, a cohort size of 3000 patients is targeted. DISCUSSION The data collected for the registry will provide both valuable EEG data and information about specific treatment steps in different patient groups with SE. Eventually, the data will support clinical decision-making and may further guide the planning of clinical trials. Finally, it could help to redefine NCSE and its management. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT number: NCT05839418.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Damien
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Markus Leitinger
- Department of Neurology Neurointensive Care and Neurorehabilitation, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, European Reference Network EpiCARE, Salzburg, Austria
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Adam Strzelczyk
- Department of Neurology and Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe-University and University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pia De Stefano
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christoph P Beier
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Raoul Sutter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Intensive Care Units, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leena Kämppi
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsia Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Strbian
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsia Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik Taubøll
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Department of Neurology and Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe-University and University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Raimund Helbok
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Stephan Rüegg
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsia Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maxwell Damian
- Department of Critical Care, Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Basildon, UK
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology Neurointensive Care and Neurorehabilitation, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, European Reference Network EpiCARE, Salzburg, Austria
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Space Neurology, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall en Tyrol, Austria
| | - Nicolas Gaspard
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Villanueva V, Rodriguez-Osorio X, Juiz-Fernández Á, Sayas D, Hampel K, Castillo A, Montoya J, Garcés M, Campos D, Rubio-Nazábal E, Fernández-Cabrera A, Gifreu A, Santamarina E, Hernández Pérez G, Falip M, Parejo-Carbonell B, García-Morales I, Martínez AB, Massot M, Asensio M, Giménez J, Guillén V, Ruiz-Giménez J, Chavarria B, Rocamora R, Escalza I. Real-life evidence about the use of intravenous brivaracetam in urgent seizures: The BRIV-IV study. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 147:109384. [PMID: 37634373 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Urgent seizures are a medical emergency for which new therapies are still needed. This study evaluated the use of intravenous brivaracetam (IV-BRV) in an emergency setting in clinical practice. METHODS BRIV-IV was a retrospective, multicenter, observational study. It included patients ≥18 years old who were diagnosed with urgent seizures (including status epilepticus (SE), acute repetitive seizures, and high-risk seizures) and who were treated with IV-BRV according to clinical practice in 14 hospital centers. Information was extracted from clinical charts and included in an electronic database. Primary effectiveness endpoints included the rate of IV-BRV responder patients, the rate of patients with a sustained response without seizure relapse in 12 h, and the time between IV-BRV administration and clinical response. Primary safety endpoints were comprised the percentage of patients with adverse events and those with adverse events leading to discontinuation. RESULTS A total of 156 patients were included in this study. The mean age was 57.7 ± 21.5 years old with a prior diagnosis of epilepsy for 57.1% of patients. The most frequent etiologies were brain tumor-related (18.1%) and vascular (11.2%) epilepsy. SE was diagnosed in 55.3% of patients. The median time from urgent seizure onset to IV treatment administration was 60.0 min (range: 15.0-360.0), and the median time from IV treatment to IV-BRV was 90.0 min (range: 30.0-2400.0). Regarding dosage, the mean bolus infusion was 163.0 ± 73.0 mg and the mean daily dosage was 195.0 ± 87.0 mg. A total of 77.6% of patients responded to IV-BRV (66.3% with SE vs. 91% other urgent seizures) with a median response time of 30.0 min (range: 10.0-60.0). A sustained response was achieved in 62.8% of patients. However, adverse events were reported in 14.7%, which were predominantly somnolence and fatigue, with 4.5% leading to discontinuation. Eighty-six percent of patients were discharged with oral brivaracetam. CONCLUSION IV-BRV in emergency settings was effective, and tolerability was good for most patients. However, a larger series is needed to confirm the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Villanueva
- Member of ERN EPICARE, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | - Debora Sayas
- Member of ERN EPICARE, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Kevin Hampel
- Member of ERN EPICARE, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Javier Montoya
- Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Garcés
- Member of ERN EPICARE, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dulce Campos
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mercé Falip
- Hospital Universitario Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Juana Giménez
- Hospital General Universitario Dr Balmis, Alicante, Spain
| | - Virginia Guillén
- Hospital General Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Chavarria
- Member of ERN EPICARE, Hospital Universitario del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Rocamora
- Member of ERN EPICARE, Hospital Universitario del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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Song T, Feng L, Xia Y, Pang M, Geng J, Zhang X, Wang Y. Safety and efficacy of brivaracetam in children epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1170780. [PMID: 37483441 PMCID: PMC10359931 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1170780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, affecting people of any age. Although the treatments of epilepsy are more and more diverse, the uncertainty regarding efficacy and adverse events still exists, especially in the control of childhood epilepsy. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta- analysis following the Cochrane Handbook and preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Four databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane library were searched. Studies reporting the use of brivaracetam monotherapy or adjuvant therapy in children (aged ≤18 years) were eligible for inclusion. Each stage of the review was conducted by two authors independently. Random-effects models were used to combine effect sizes for the estimation of efficacy and safety. Results A total of 1884 articles were retrieved, and finally 9 articles were included, enrolling 503 children with epilepsy. The retention rate of BRV treatment was 78% (95% CI: 0.64-0.91), the responder rate (reduction of seizure frequency ≥ 50%) was 35% (95% CI: 0.24-0.47), the freedom seizure rate (no seizure) was 18% (95% CI: 0.10-0.25), and the incidence rate of any treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) was 39% (95% CI: 0.09-0.68). The most common TEAE was somnolence, which had an incidence rate of 9% (95% CI: 0.07-0.12). And the incidence rate of mental or behavioral disorders was 12% (95% CI: 0.06-0.17). Conclusion Our systematic review and meta-analysis showed that BRV seemed to be safe and effective in the treatment of childhood epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Song
- Department of Neurology II, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lingjun Feng
- Surgical Department, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yulei Xia
- Department of Neurology II, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Meng Pang
- Department of Neurology II, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jianhong Geng
- Department of Neurology II, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Neurology II, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yanqiang Wang
- Department of Neurology II, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Becker LL, Gratopp A, Prager C, Elger CE, Kaindl AM. Treatment of pediatric convulsive status epilepticus. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1175370. [PMID: 37456627 PMCID: PMC10343462 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1175370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus is one of the most common life-threatening neurological emergencies in childhood with the highest incidence in the first 5 years of life and high mortality and morbidity rates. Although it is known that a delayed treatment and a prolonged seizure can cause permanent brain damage, there is evidence that current treatments may be delayed and the medication doses administered are insufficient. Here, we summarize current knowledge on treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood and propose a treatment algorithm. We performed a structured literature search via PubMed and ClinicalTrails.org and identified 35 prospective and retrospective studies on children <18 years comparing two and more treatment options for status epilepticus. The studies were divided into the commonly used treatment phases. As a first-line treatment, benzodiazepines buccal/rectal/intramuscular/intravenous are recommended. For status epilepticus treated with benzodiazepine refractory, no superiority of fosphenytoin, levetirazetam, or phenobarbital was identified. There is limited data on third-line treatments for refractory status epilepticus lasting >30 min. Our proposed treatment algorithm, especially for children with SE, is for in and out-of-hospital onset aids to promote the establishment and distribution of guidelines to address the treatment delay aggressively and to reduce putative permanent neuronal damage. Further studies are needed to evaluate if these algorithms decrease long-term damage and how to treat refractory status epilepticus lasting >30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena-Luise Becker
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Gratopp
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology, Immunology and Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Prager
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian E. Elger
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Beta Clinic, Bonn, Germany
| | - Angela M. Kaindl
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Madireddy S, Madireddy S. Therapeutic Strategies to Ameliorate Neuronal Damage in Epilepsy by Regulating Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neuroinflammation. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050784. [PMID: 37239256 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder involving spontaneous and recurring seizures that affects 50 million individuals globally. Because approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy do not respond to drug therapy, the development of new therapeutic strategies against epilepsy could be beneficial. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are frequently observed in epilepsy. Additionally, neuroinflammation is increasingly understood to contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Mitochondrial dysfunction is also recognized for its contributions to neuronal excitability and apoptosis, which can lead to neuronal loss in epilepsy. This review focuses on the roles of oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, NAPDH oxidase, the blood-brain barrier, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation in the development of epilepsy. We also review the therapies used to treat epilepsy and prevent seizures, including anti-seizure medications, anti-epileptic drugs, anti-inflammatory therapies, and antioxidant therapies. In addition, we review the use of neuromodulation and surgery in the treatment of epilepsy. Finally, we present the role of dietary and nutritional strategies in the management of epilepsy, including the ketogenic diet and the intake of vitamins, polyphenols, and flavonoids. By reviewing available interventions and research on the pathophysiology of epilepsy, this review points to areas of further development for therapies that can manage epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahithi Madireddy
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Orlandi N, d'Orsi G, Pauletto G, Nilo A, Sicurella L, Pescini F, Giglia F, Labate A, Laganà A, Renna R, Cavalli SM, Zummo L, Coletti Moja M, Vollono C, Sabetta A, Ranzato F, Zappulla S, Audenino D, Miniello S, Nazerian P, Marino D, Lattanzi S, Piccioli M, Estraneo A, Zini A, Servo S, Giovannini G, Meletti S, Bianchini D, Contardi S, Fasolino A, Fiore GM, Foschi N, Giordano A, Laisa P, Lo Coco D, Maccora S, Magaudda A, Panebianco M, Merli E, Piccirillo G, Pugnaghi M, Ramacciotti L, Vaudano AE, Vitale G, Zaniboni A. A retrospective multicentric study on the effectiveness of intravenous brivaracetam in seizure clusters: Data from the Italian experience. Seizure 2023; 108:72-80. [PMID: 37104972 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nearly half of people with epilepsy (PWE) are expected to develop seizure clusters (SC), with the subsequent risk of hospitalization. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use, effectiveness and safety of intravenous (IV) brivaracetam (BRV) in the treatment of SC. METHODS Retrospective multicentric study of patients with SC (≥ 2 seizures/24 h) who received IV BRV. Data collection occurred from January 2019 to April 2022 in 25 Italian neurology units. Primary efficacy outcome was seizure freedom up to 24 h from BRV administration. We also evaluated the risk of evolution into Status Epilepticus (SE) at 6, 12 and 24 h after treatment initiation. A Cox regression model was used to identify outcome predictors. RESULTS 97 patients were included (mean age 62 years), 74 (76%) of whom had a history of epilepsy (with drug resistant seizures in 49% of cases). BRV was administered as first line treatment in 16% of the episodes, while it was used as first or second drug after benzodiazepines failure in 49% and 35% of episodes, respectively. On the one hand, 58% patients were seizure free at 24 h after BRV administration and no other rescue medications were used in 75 out of 97 cases (77%) On the other hand, SC evolved into SE in 17% of cases. A higher probability of seizure relapse and/or evolution into SE was observed in patients without a prior history of epilepsy (HR 2.0; 95% CI 1.03 - 4.1) and in case of BRV administration as second/third line drug (HR 3.2; 95% CI 1.1 - 9.7). No severe treatment emergent adverse events were observed. SIGNIFICANCE In our cohort, IV BRV resulted to be well tolerated for the treatment of SC and it could be considered as a treatment option, particularly in case of in-hospital onset. However, the underlying etiology seems to be the main outcome predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Orlandi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Neurology department, OCB Hospital, AOU Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe d'Orsi
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (Foggia), Italy
| | - Giada Pauletto
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, ASUFC, Udine, Italy
| | - Annacarmen Nilo
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, ASUFC, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Giglia
- Neurology Division with Stroke Unit, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Agrigento
| | - Angelo Labate
- Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic, Regional Epilepsy Centre, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Angelina Laganà
- Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic, Regional Epilepsy Centre, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Renna
- Neurological Clinic and Stroke Unit - "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Leila Zummo
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, P.O. ARNAS-Civico, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Catello Vollono
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Unit of Neurophysiopatology, IRCSS Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Annarita Sabetta
- Epilepsy Centre - S.C. Neurologia Universitaria, Policlinico Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Stefania Miniello
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, AORN "Sant'Anna E San Sebastiano", Caserta, Italy
| | - Peiman Nazerian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Marino
- Epilepsy Center, Neurology Unit, Department of Cardio-neuro-vascular Sciences, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy
| | - Simona Lattanzi
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Anna Estraneo
- Neurology Unit and Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Pietà Hospital, Nola, Italy
| | - Andrea Zini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Servo
- Neurology Unit, Santa Croce Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Meletti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Neurology department, OCB Hospital, AOU Modena, Italy.
| | | | - Sara Contardi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fasolino
- Neurological Clinic and Stroke Unit - "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Nicoletta Foschi
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniele Lo Coco
- Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Maccora
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, P.O. ARNAS-Civico, Palermo, Italy
| | - Adriana Magaudda
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
| | | | - Elena Merli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccirillo
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, AORN "Sant'Anna E San Sebastiano", Caserta, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Elisabetta Vaudano
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Neurology department, OCB Hospital, AOU Modena, Italy
| | | | - Anna Zaniboni
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Chavarría B, Zucca R, Principe A, Sanabria A, Rocamora R. Rapid intravenous loading of brivaracetam during invasive and non-invasive video-EEG monitoring. Epilepsy Res 2023; 192:107145. [PMID: 37087911 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The pharmacokinetics of Brivaracetam (BRV) and its ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier quickly make it a suitable drug for emergencies. In this study, our aim was to investigate the tolerability, safety, and acute efficacy of rapid intravenous (IV) loading of BRV during invasive and non-invasive video-EEG monitoring in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy (DRFE). METHODS Eleven adult patients, six during stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) and five in scalp video-EEG evaluation, received a 10-minute IV infusion of BRV 100 mg after a period of total withdrawal from antiseizure medications (ASMs). The ictal and interictal EEG activity was assessed through visual and spectrographic analysis before and after intravenous BRV administration. Patients completed the Liverpool Adverse Events Profile (LAEP) scale to evaluate tolerability and adverse events. RESULTS Rapid BRV IV infusion was well tolerated in all patients. The mean LAEP values showed no significant differences (p = 0.40). Loading BRV resulted in a reduction in interictal activity in six patients. The mean seizure frequency significantly decreased five hours after BRV administration (a 79.2 % reduction across the entire group, p = 0.027). A significant change in spectral band analysis was observed ten minutes after BRV administration. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that rapid BRV IV infusion has a favorable safety profile and is effective in controlling seizure series in the short term. The electrophysiological changes observed ten minutes after the BRV load correlate with its effects on brain dynamics after blood-brain barrier diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Chavarría
- Epilepsy Monitoring Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Riccardo Zucca
- Epilepsy Monitoring Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Principe
- Epilepsy Monitoring Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abel Sanabria
- Epilepsy Monitoring Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Rocamora
- Epilepsy Monitoring Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Abstract
Convulsive status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality. Recently, clinical trials and meta-analyses investigating medical treatment of SE have been published. Benzodiazepine is well known as the first-line treatment for SE. Recent evidence suggests the equivalence of intravenous fosphenytoin, valproate, and levetiracetam for treatment of established SE. There is lack of evidence regarding treatment for refractory SE. Intravenous midazolam is commonly used, and recent evidence supports the use of ketamine. Additional studies are needed to improve the management of convulsive SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ick Byun
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Lince-rivera I, Córdoba NM, la Rosa JSOD. Narrative review of brivaracetam for genetic generalized epilepsies. Seizure 2022; 103:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Sánchez-Villalobos JM, Aledo-Serrano Á, Villegas-Martínez I, Shaikh MF, Alcaraz M. Epilepsy treatment in neuro-oncology: A rationale for drug choice in common clinical scenarios. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:991244. [PMID: 36278161 PMCID: PMC9583251 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.991244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy represents a challenge in the management of patients with brain tumors. Epileptic seizures are one of the most frequent comorbidities in neuro-oncology and may be the debut symptom of a brain tumor or a complication during its evolution. Epileptogenic mechanisms of brain tumors are not yet fully elucidated, although new factors related to the underlying pathophysiological process with possible treatment implications have been described. In recent years, the development of new anti-seizure medications (ASM), with better pharmacokinetic profiles and fewer side effects, has become a paradigm shift in many clinical scenarios in neuro-oncology, being able, for instance, to adapt epilepsy treatment to specific features of each patient. This is crucial in several situations, such as patients with cognitive/psychiatric comorbidity, pregnancy, or advanced age, among others. In this narrative review, we provide a rationale for decision-making in ASM choice for neuro-oncologic patients, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each drug. In addition, according to current literature evidence, we try to answer some of the most frequent questions that arise in daily clinical practice in patients with epilepsy related to brain tumors, such as, which patients are the best candidates for ASM and when to start it, what is the best treatment option for each patient, and what are the major pitfalls to be aware of during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Sánchez-Villalobos
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Complex of Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence, “Campus Mare Nostrum”, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángel Aledo-Serrano
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Ruber International Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ángel Aledo-Serrano,
| | | | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Miguel Alcaraz
- Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence, “Campus Mare Nostrum”, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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13
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Lee K, Klein P, Dongre P, Choi EJ, Rhoney DH. Intravenous Brivaracetam in the Management of Acute Seizures in the Hospital Setting: A Scoping Review. J Intensive Care Med 2022; 37:1133-1145. [PMID: 35306914 PMCID: PMC9393655 DOI: 10.1177/08850666211073598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Clinical considerations for drug treatment of acute seizures involve
variables such as safety, tolerability, drug-drug interactions, dosage,
route of administration, and alterations in pharmacokinetics because of
critical illness. Therapy options that are easily and quickly administered
without dilution, well tolerated, and effective are needed for the treatment
of acute seizures. The objective of this review is to focus on the clinical
considerations relating to the use of intravenous brivaracetam (IV BRV) for
the treatment of acute seizures in the hospital, focusing on critically ill
patients. Methods This was a scoping literature review of PubMed from inception to April 13,
2021, and search of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) 2021 Annual
Meeting website for English language publications/conference abstracts
reporting the results of IV BRV use in hospitalized patients, particularly
in the critical care setting. Outcomes of interest relating to the clinical
pharmacology, safety, tolerability, efficacy, and effectiveness of IV BRV
were reviewed and are discussed. Results Twelve studies were included for analysis. One study showed that plasma
concentrations of IV BRV 15 min after the first dose were similar between
patients receiving IV BRV as bolus or infusion. IV BRV was generally well
tolerated in patients with acute seizures in the hospital setting, with a
low incidence of individual TEAEs classified as behavioral disorders. IV BRV
demonstrated efficacy and effectiveness and had a rapid onset, with clinical
and electrophysiological improvement in seizures observed within minutes.
Although outside of the approved label, findings from several studies
suggest that IV BRV reduces seizures and is generally well tolerated in
patients with status epilepticus. Conclusions IV BRV shows effectiveness, and is generally well tolerated in the management
of acute seizures in hospitalized patients where rapid administration is
needed, representing a clinically relevant antiseizure medication for
potential use in the critical care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Division of Stroke and Critical Care, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 12287Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Pavel Klein
- Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Denise H Rhoney
- 15521UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Saitov G, Müller A, Bastian B, Michalski D. [Pharmacotherapy and intensive care aspects of status epilepticus: update 2020/2021]. Anaesthesist 2021; 70:874-887. [PMID: 34212230 PMCID: PMC8492596 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-021-01000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Die gezielte Therapie epileptischer Ereignisse und im Speziellen des Status epilepticus (SE) setzt das sichere Erkennen der Krankheitsbilder voraus, wofür gerade bei Formen mit vorwiegend nichtmotorischen Symptomen klinische und elektroenzephalographische Expertise notwendig ist. Die im Jahr 2020 erfolgte Fortschreibung der deutschen Leitlinie zur Behandlung des SE hält an der streng stufengerechten Therapie fest, die eskalierend die Anwendung von Benzodiazepinen, spezifischen Antiepileptika und Anästhetika vorsieht. Bisher ist die Eingrenzung eines in den allermeisten Fällen wirksamen sowie zugleich sicheren und interaktionsfreien Antiepileptikums nicht gelungen. Individuelle Vorerkrankungen und aktuelle Begleitumstände gehen daher genauso wie Erfahrungen des Behandlerteams in die differenzierte Behandlung des SE ein. Insbesondere bei therapierefraktären Formen des SE erweist sich die Therapie als durchaus kompliziert und hat regelhaft intensivmedizinische Implikationen. Mithin ergeben sich im Zuge der modernen SE-Behandlung zahlreiche interdisziplinäre Schnittstellen. Zukünftige wissenschaftliche Fragstellungen werden sich u. a. mit der optimalen Therapie des nonkonvulsiven SE und hier v. a. dem Ausmaß und dem Zeitpunkt von adäquaten Therapieschritten sowie mit assoziierten ethischen Fragen einer Therapieeskalation beschäftigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielė Saitov
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland.
| | - Annekatrin Müller
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Börge Bastian
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Dominik Michalski
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland.
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15
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Kirmani BF, Au K, Ayari L, John M, Shetty P, Delorenzo RJ. Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus: Prognosis and Recent Advances in Management. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1097-1119. [PMID: 34221552 PMCID: PMC8219503 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) is a life-threatening neurological emergency with high morbidity and mortality. It is defined as “status epilepticus (SE) that continues or recurs 24 hours or more after the onset of anesthesia, including those cases in which SE recurs on the reduction or withdrawal of anesthesia.” This condition is resistant to normal protocols used in the treatment of status epilepticus and exposes patients to increased risks of neuronal death, neuronal injury, and disruption of neuronal networks if not treated in a timely manner. It is mainly seen in patients with severe acute onset brain injury or presentation of new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). The mortality, neurological deficits, and functional impairments are significant depending on the duration of status epilepticus and the resultant brain damage. Research is underway to find the cure for this devastating neurological condition. In this review, we will discuss the wide range of therapies used in the management of SRSE, provide suggestions regarding its treatment, and comment on future directions. The therapies evaluated include traditional and alternative anesthetic agents with antiepileptic agents. The other emerging therapies include hypothermia, steroids, immunosuppressive agents, electrical and magnetic stimulation therapies, emergent respective epilepsy surgery, the ketogenic diet, pyridoxine infusion, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, and magnesium infusion. To date, there is a lack of robust published data regarding the safety and effectiveness of various therapies, and there continues to be a need for large randomized multicenter trials comparing newer therapies to treat this refractory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batool F Kirmani
- 1Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.,3Epilepsy and Functional Neurosurgery Program, Department of Neurology, CHI St. Joseph Health, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Au
- 2George Washington University, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Lena Ayari
- 1Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Marita John
- 1Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Padmashri Shetty
- 4M. S. Ramaiah Medical College, M. S. Ramaiah Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Robert J Delorenzo
- 5Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
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Abstract
Introduction: Brivaracetam (BRV) is an antiseizure medication (ASM), which has been approved as an adjunctive treatment in adults and pediatric patients aged four years and older with focal onset seizures. It is a second-generation levetiracetam (LEV) derivative, sharing the same mechanism of action, binding synaptic vesicles 2A (SV2A). BRV shows higher binding affinity and selectivity and higher brain permeability than LEV.Areas covered: This article reviews randomized controlled trials, retrospective and prospective studies published up to December 2020, searched in electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Clinical Trial Database and provide an overview of efficacy, safety and tolerability of BRV in pediatric patients with partial epilepsy. Furthermore, the authors provide their expert opinion on the drug and give their future perspectives.Expert opinion: The analysis of the literature data has demonstrated the safety and efficacy of BRV in pediatric patients, with more evidence in children aged 4 to 16 years with an onset of focal seizures. However, a positive response was also achieved in patients affected by some encephalopathic epilepsies. Comparative efficacy studies between BRV and other ASMs, in addition to well-designed RCTs that include larger pediatric populations are needed to better define the role and potentiality of this ASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Tulli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Iapadre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscolar Diseases Unit, IRRCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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17
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Bravo P, Vaddiparti A, Hirsch LJ. Pharmacotherapy for Nonconvulsive Seizures and Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus. Drugs 2021; 81:749-70. [PMID: 33830480 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most seizures in critically ill patients are nonconvulsive. A significant number of neurological and medical conditions can be complicated by nonconvulsive seizures (NCSs) and nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), with brain infections, hemorrhages, global hypoxia, sepsis, and recent neurosurgery being the most prominent etiologies. Prolonged NCSs and NCSE can lead to adverse neurological outcomes. Early recognition requires a high degree of suspicion and rapid and appropriate duration of continuous electroencephalogram (cEEG) monitoring. Although high quality research evaluating treatment with antiseizure medications and long-term outcome is still lacking, it is probable that expeditious pharmacological management of NCSs and NCSE may prevent refractoriness and further neurological injury. There is limited evidence on pharmacotherapy for NCSs and NCSE, although a few clinical trials encompassing both convulsive and NCSE have demonstrated similar efficacy of different intravenous (IV) antiseizure medications (ASMs), including levetiracetam, valproate, lacosamide and fosphenytoin. The choice of specific ASMs lies on tolerability and safety since critically ill patients frequently have impaired renal and/or hepatic function as well as hematological/hemodynamic lability. Treatment frequently requires more than one ASM and occasionally escalation to IV anesthetic drugs. When multiple ASMs are required, combining different mechanisms of action should be considered. There are several enteral ASMs that could be used when IV ASM options have been exhausted. Refractory NCSE is not uncommon, and its treatment requires a very judicious selection of ASMs aiming at reducing seizure burden along with management of the underlying condition.
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Rosenow F, Weber J; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN)., Österreichische Gesellschaft für Neurologie (ÖGN). [S2k guidelines: status epilepticus in adulthood : Guidelines of the German Society for Neurology]. Nervenarzt 2021. [PMID: 33751150 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-020-01036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This S2k guideline on diagnosis and treatment of status epilepticus (SE) in adults is based on the last published version from 2021. New definitions and evidence were included in the guideline and the clinical pathway. A seizures lasting longer than 5 minutes (or ≥ 2 seizures over more than 5 mins without intermittend recovery to the preictal neurological state. Initial diagnosis should include a cCT or, if possible, an MRI. The EEG is highly relevant for diagnosis and treatment-monitoring of non-convulsive SE and for the exclusion or diagnosis of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. As the increasing evidence supports the relevance of inflammatory comorbidities (e.g. pneumonia) related clinical chemistry should be obtained and repeated over the course of a SE treatment, and antibiotic therapy initiated if indicated.Treatment is applied on four levels: 1. Initial SE: An adequate dose of benzodiazepine is given i.v., i.m., or i.n.; 2. Benzodiazepine-refractory SE: I.v. drugs of 1st choice are levetiracetam or valproate; 3. Refractory SE (RSE) or 4. Super-refractory SE (SRSE): I.v. propofol or midazolam alone or in combination or thiopental in anaesthetic doses are given. In focal non-convulsive RSE the induction of a therapeutic coma depends on the circumstances and is not mandatory. In SRSE the ketogenic diet should be given. I.v. ketamine or inhalative isoflorane can be considered. In selected cased electroconvulsive therapy or, if a resectable epileptogenic zone can be defined epilepsy surgery can be applied. I.v. allopregnanolone or systemic hypothermia should not be used.
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Lim SN, Wu T, Tseng WEJ, Chiang HI, Cheng MY, Lin WR, Lin CN. Efficacy and safety of perampanel in refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus: cohort study of 81 patients and literature review. J Neurol 2021; 268:3744-3757. [PMID: 33754209 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effective dose of perampanel in status epilepticus (SE), refractory SE (RSE), and super-refractory SE (SRSE) in humans is unknown, and the potential of perampanel in treating SE has not been evaluated in a large cohort. METHODS Data of intensive care patients with RSE and SRSE treated with perampanel were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS Eighty-one patients received perampanel, including 39 females with median age 64 [17-91] years, perampanel responders (n = 27), and non-responders (n = 54). The initial perampanel dose was positively associated with treatment response in patients with RSE or SRSE (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.03-1.57, p = 0.025), while the maximum dose was negatively associated with treatment response (OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.58-0.96, p = 0.022). Hypoxia caused seizures in six patients; five died in hospital and one had severe disability. A statistically non-significant tendency toward better response was found in patients with unique SE type and cause, particularly in nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) without coma (NCSE without coma vs. generalized tonic-clonic seizure: OR = 4.14, 95% CI 0.98-17.47, p = 0.053). In the high-dose (≥ 16 mg/day) groups, although distributions of modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores were similar between perampanel responders and non-responders at discharge, a greater proportion of perampanel responders had less change in mRS scores from baseline than did perampanel non-responders (median mRS: 0 vs 4, p = 0.064). No cardiorespiratory adverse events or laboratory abnormalities were noted with perampanel treatment. CONCLUSIONS Perampanel is effective and has a satisfactory safety profile in the emergency treatment of established RSE and SRSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Na Lim
- Section of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shin Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Tony Wu
- Section of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shin Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei-En Johnny Tseng
- Section of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shin Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
- Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-I Chiang
- Section of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shin Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yun Cheng
- Section of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shin Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Wey-Ran Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ni Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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20
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Orlandi N, Bartolini E, Audenino D, Coletti Moja M, Urso L, d'Orsi G, Pauletto G, Nilo A, Zinno L, Cappellani R, Zummo L, Giordano A, Dainese F, Nazerian P, Pescini F, Beretta S, Dono F, Gaudio LD, Ferlisi M, Marino D, Piccioli M, Renna R, Rosati E, Rum A, Strigaro G, Giovannini G, Meletti S, Cavalli SM, Contento M, Cottone S, Di Claudio MT, Florindo I, Guadagni M, Kiferle L, Lazzaretti D, Lazzari M, Coco DL, Pradella S, Rikani K, Rodorigo D, Sabetta A, Sicurella L, Tontini V, Turchi G, Vaudano AE, Zanoni T. Intravenous brivaracetam in status epilepticus: A multicentric retrospective study in Italy. Seizure 2021; 86:70-76. [PMID: 33561784 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE to evaluate the use, effectiveness, and adverse events of intravenous brivaracetam (BRV) in status epilepticus (SE). METHODS a retrospective multicentric study involving 24 Italian neurology units was performed from March 2018 to June 2020. A shared case report form was used across participating centres to limit biases of retrospective data collection. Diagnosis and classification of SE followed the 2015 ILAE proposal. We considered a trial with BRV a success when it was the last administered drug prior the clinical and/or EEG resolution of seizures, and the SE did not recur during hospital observation. In addition, we considered cases with early response, defined as SE resolved within 6 h after BRV administration. RESULTS 56 patients were included (mean age 62 years; 57 % male). A previous diagnosis of epilepsy was present in 21 (38 %). Regarding SE etiology classification 46 % were acute symptomatic, 18 % remote and 16 % progressive symptomatic. SE episodes with prominent motor features were the majority (80 %). BRV was administered as first drug after benzodiazepine failure in 21 % episodes, while it was used as the second or the third (or more) drug in the 38 % and 38 % of episodes respectively. The median loading dose was 100 mg (range 50-300 mg). BRV was effective in 32 cases (57 %). An early response was documented in 22 patients (39 % of the whole sample). The use of the BRV within 6 h from SE onset was independently associated to an early SE resolution (OR 32; 95 % CI 3.39-202; p = 0.002). No severe treatment emergent adverse events were observed. CONCLUSION BRV proved to be useful and safe for the treatment of SE. Time to seizures resolution appears shorter when it is administered in the early phases of SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Orlandi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Neurology Department, OCB Hospital, AOU Modena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bartolini
- Neurology Unit, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, USL Centro Toscana, Prato, Italy
| | | | | | - Lidia Urso
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, PO. S. Antonio Abate, Trapani, Italy
| | - Giuseppe d'Orsi
- Epilepsy Centre - S.C. Neurologia Universitaria, Policlinico Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giada Pauletto
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, ASUFC, Udine, Italy
| | - Annacarmen Nilo
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, ASUFC, Udine, Italy
| | - Lucia Zinno
- Neurology Unit, Maggiore Hospital, AOU Parma, Italy
| | | | - Leila Zummo
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, P.O. ARNAS-Civico, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Dainese
- Epilepsy Centre, UOC Neurology, ULSS3 Serenissima, Venice, Italy
| | - Peiman Nazerian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Simone Beretta
- Department of Neurology, Ospedale San Gerardo ASST Monza, University of Milano Bicocca, Italy
| | - Fedele Dono
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniela Marino
- Epilepsy Center, Neurology Unit, Department of Cardio-neuro-vascular Sciences, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy
| | | | - Rosaria Renna
- Neurological Clinic and Stroke Unit - "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rosati
- Neurology Unit 2, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Adriana Rum
- Neurology and Neurophysiopatology Unit, Aurelia Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Meletti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Neurology Department, OCB Hospital, AOU Modena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Martina Guadagni
- Epilepsy Center, Neurology Unit, Department of Cardio-neuro-vascular Sciences, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Kiferle
- Neurology Unit, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, USL Centro Toscana, Prato, Italy
| | - Delia Lazzaretti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Lo Coco
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, P.O. ARNAS-Civico, Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Pradella
- Neurology Unit, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, USL Centro Toscana, Prato, Italy
| | | | - Davide Rodorigo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Annarita Sabetta
- Epilepsy Centre - S.C. Neurologia Universitaria, Policlinico Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigi Sicurella
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, PO. S. Antonio Abate, Trapani, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Turchi
- Neurology Department, OCB Hospital, AOU Modena, Italy
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Mastroianni G, Iannone LF, Roberti R, Gasparini S, Ascoli M, Cianci V, De Sarro G, Gambardella A, Labate A, Brigo F, Russo E, Aguglia U, Ferlazzo E. Management of status epilepticus in patients with liver or kidney disease: a narrative review. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 21:1251-1264. [PMID: 33297776 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1862649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurologic and medical emergency with significant related morbidity and mortality. Hepatic or renal dysfunction can considerably affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs used for SE through a variety of direct or indirect mechanisms.Areas Covered: This review aims to focus on the therapeutic management of SE in patients with hepatic or renal impairment, highlighting drugs' selection and dose changes that may be necessary due to altered drug metabolism and excretion. The references for this review were identified by searches of PubMed and Google Scholar until May 2020.Expert opinion: According to literature evidence and clinical experience, in patients with renal disease, the authors suggest considering lorazepam as the drug of choice in pre-hospital and intra-hospital early-stage SE, phenytoin in definite SE, propofol in refractory or super-refractory SE. In patients with liver disease, the authors suggest the use of lorazepam as drug of choice in pre-hospital and intra-hospital early-stage SE, lacosamide in definite SE, propofol in refractory or super-refractory SE. A list of preferred drugs for all SE stages is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mastroianni
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Hospital, Reggio, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Roberti
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sara Gasparini
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Hospital, Reggio, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Ascoli
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Hospital, Reggio, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vittoria Cianci
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Hospital, Reggio, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Gambardella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angelo Labate
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Umberto Aguglia
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Hospital, Reggio, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Edoardo Ferlazzo
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Hospital, Reggio, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
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Ammar AA, Ammar MA, Owusu K, Gilmore EJ. Intravenous brivaracetam for the management of refractory focal non-convulsive status epilepticus. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/11/e234955. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-234955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis and management of status epilepticus (SE), including non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), is challenging, with a reported 30%–50% of epilepticus patients not responding to available antiseizure medications (ASMs). Injectable benzodiazepines, fosphenytoin, valproate, levetiracetam, lacosamide and phenobarbital are commonly used for treating SE. Brivaracetam, a new ASM, with higher affinity and greater selectivity for the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A than levetiracetam, has been approved as monotherapy or adjunct for treatment of focal onset seizures. Brivaracetam may have a role in the management of SE. However, limited data exist on brivaracetam’s efficacy in SE. We describe a patient case with focal NCSE refractory to levetiracetam, fosphenytoin, lacosamide and valproate who demonstrated clinical and electrographic improvement on continuous electroencephalography monitoring after brivaracetam administration.
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de Biase S, Gigli GL, Valente M. Brivaracetam for the treatment of focal-onset seizures: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:853-863. [PMID: 32853036 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1813277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of pharmacologic therapy with antiseizure medications (ASMs) is to achieve a seizure-free state with minimal side effects. About one third of patients treated with available ASMs continue to experience uncontrolled seizures. There is still need for new ASMs with enhanced effectiveness and tolerability. AREAS COVERED The present manuscript is based on an extensive Internet and PubMed search from 1999 to 2020. It is focused on the clinical and pharmacological properties of brivaracetam (BRV) in the treatment of epilepsy. EXPERT OPINION BRV is approved as add-on or monotherapy (in US) for the treatment of focal-onset seizures with or without secondary generalization. BRV is a high affinity synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A ligand, with 15-30-fold higher affinity than levetiracetam. The selectivity of BRV may be associated with fewer clinical adverse effects. BRV shares many of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of an ideal ASMs. Additionally, BRV has a low potential for clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. Its pharmacokinetic profile makes BRV a promising agent for the treatment of status epilepticus (SE). Although BRV is not approved for the treatment of SE, it has demonstrated promising preliminary results. Further studies are needed to explore the efficacy and tolerability of BRV in SE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Udine , Udine, Italy.,Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Physics (DMIF), University of Udine , Udine, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Valente
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Udine , Udine, Italy.,Department of Medical Area (DAME), University of Udine , Udine, Italy
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Vossler DG, Bainbridge JL, Boggs JG, Novotny EJ, Loddenkemper T, Faught E, Amengual-Gual M, Fischer SN, Gloss DS, Olson DM, Towne AR, Naritoku D, Welty TE. Treatment of Refractory Convulsive Status Epilepticus: A Comprehensive Review by the American Epilepsy Society Treatments Committee. Epilepsy Curr 2020; 20:245-264. [PMID: 32822230 PMCID: PMC7576920 DOI: 10.1177/1535759720928269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Established tonic–clonic status epilepticus (SE) does not stop in one-third
of patients when treated with an intravenous (IV) benzodiazepine bolus
followed by a loading dose of a second antiseizure medication (ASM). These
patients have refractory status epilepticus (RSE) and a high risk of
morbidity and death. For patients with convulsive refractory status
epilepticus (CRSE), we sought to determine the strength of evidence for 8
parenteral ASMs used as third-line treatment in stopping clinical CRSE. Methods: A structured literature search (MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL) was
performed to identify original studies on the treatment of CRSE in children
and adults using IV brivaracetam, ketamine, lacosamide, levetiracetam (LEV),
midazolam (MDZ), pentobarbital (PTB; and thiopental), propofol (PRO), and
valproic acid (VPA). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosteroids,
intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), magnesium sulfate, and pyridoxine were
added to determine the effectiveness in treating hard-to-control seizures in
special circumstances. Studies were evaluated by predefined criteria and
were classified by strength of evidence in stopping clinical CRSE (either as
the last ASM added or compared to another ASM) according to the 2017
American Academy of Neurology process. Results: No studies exist on the use of ACTH, corticosteroids, or IVIg for the
treatment of CRSE. Small series and case reports exist on the use of these
agents in the treatment of RSE of suspected immune etiology, severe
epileptic encephalopathies, and rare epilepsy syndromes. For adults with
CRSE, insufficient evidence exists on the effectiveness of brivaracetam
(level U; 4 class IV studies). For children and adults with CRSE,
insufficient evidence exists on the effectiveness of ketamine (level U; 25
class IV studies). For children and adults with CRSE, it is possible that
lacosamide is effective at stopping RSE (level C; 2 class III, 14 class IV
studies). For children with CRSE, insufficient evidence exists that LEV and
VPA are equally effective (level U, 1 class III study). For adults with
CRSE, insufficient evidence exists to support the effectiveness of LEV
(level U; 2 class IV studies). Magnesium sulfate may be effective in the
treatment of eclampsia, but there are only case reports of its use for CRSE.
For children with CRSE, insufficient evidence exists to support either that
MDZ and diazepam infusions are equally effective (level U; 1 class III
study) or that MDZ infusion and PTB are equally effective (level U; 1 class
III study). For adults with CRSE, insufficient evidence exists to support
either that MDZ infusion and PRO are equally effective (level U; 1 class III
study) or that low-dose and high-dose MDZ infusions are equally effective
(level U; 1 class III study). For children and adults with CRSE,
insufficient evidence exists to support that MDZ is effective as the last
drug added (level U; 29 class IV studies). For adults with CRSE,
insufficient evidence exists to support that PTB and PRO are equally
effective (level U; 1 class III study). For adults and children with CRSE,
insufficient evidence exists to support that PTB is effective as the last
ASM added (level U; 42 class IV studies). For CRSE, insufficient evidence
exists to support that PRO is effective as the last ASM used (level U; 26
class IV studies). No pediatric-only studies exist on the use of PRO for
CRSE, and many guidelines do not recommend its use in children aged <16
years. Pyridoxine-dependent and pyridoxine-responsive epilepsies should be
considered in children presenting between birth and age 3 years with
refractory seizures and no imaging lesion or other acquired cause of
seizures. For children with CRSE, insufficient evidence exists that VPA and
diazepam infusion are equally effective (level U, 1 class III study). No
class I to III studies have been reported in adults treated with VPA for
CRSE. In comparison, for children and adults with established convulsive SE
(ie, not RSE), after an initial benzodiazepine, it is likely that loading
doses of LEV 60 mg/kg, VPA 40 mg/kg, and fosphenytoin 20 mg PE/kg are
equally effective at stopping SE (level B, 1 class I study). Conclusions: Mostly insufficient evidence exists on the efficacy of stopping clinical CRSE
using brivaracetam, lacosamide, LEV, valproate, ketamine, MDZ, PTB, and PRO
either as the last ASM or compared to others of these drugs.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, IVIg, corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and
pyridoxine have been used in special situations but have not been studied
for CRSE. For the treatment of established convulsive SE (ie, not RSE), LEV,
VPA, and fosphenytoin are likely equally effective, but whether this is also
true for CRSE is unknown. Triple-masked, randomized controlled trials are
needed to compare the effectiveness of parenteral anesthetizing and
nonanesthetizing ASMs in the treatment of CRSE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacquelyn L Bainbridge
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Edward J Novotny
- 384632University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah N Fischer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David S Gloss
- Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, West Virginia, VA, USA
| | | | - Alan R Towne
- 6889Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Willems LM, Bauer S, Jahnke K, Voss M, Rosenow F, Strzelczyk A. Therapeutic Options for Patients with Refractory Status Epilepticus in Palliative Settings or with a Limitation of Life-Sustaining Therapies: A Systematic Review. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:801-826. [PMID: 32705422 PMCID: PMC8316215 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) represents a serious medical condition requiring early and targeted therapy. Given the increasing number of elderly or multimorbid patients with a limitation of life-sustaining therapy (LOT) or within a palliative care setting (PCS), guidelines-oriented therapy escalation options for RSE have to be omitted frequently. OBJECTIVES This systematic review sought to summarize the evidence for fourth-line antiseizure drugs (ASDs) and other minimally or non-invasive therapeutic options beyond guideline recommendations in patients with RSE to elaborate on possible treatment options for patients undergoing LOT or in a PCS. METHODS A systematic review of the literature in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, focusing on fourth-line ASDs or other minimally or non-invasive therapeutic options was performed in February and June 2020 using the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. The search terminology was constructed using the name of the specific ASD or therapy option and the term 'status epilepticus' with the use of Boolean operators, e.g. "(brivaracetam) AND (status epilepticus)". The respective Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Emtree terms were used, if available. RESULTS There is currently no level 1, grade A evidence for the use of ASDs in RSE. The best evidence was found for the use of lacosamide and topiramate (level 3, grade C), followed by brivaracetam, perampanel (each level 4, grade D) and stiripentol, oxcarbazepine and zonisamide (each level 5, grade D). Regarding non-medicinal options, there is little evidence for the use of the ketogenic diet (level 4, grade D) and magnesium sulfate (level 5, grade D) in RSE. The broad use of immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatment options in the absence of a presumed autoimmune etiology cannot be recommended; however, if an autoimmune etiology is assumed, steroid pulse, intravenous immunoglobulins and plasma exchange/plasmapheresis should be considered (level 4, grade D). Even if several studies suggested that the use of neurosteroids (level 5, grade D) is beneficial in RSE, the current data situation indicates that there is formal evidence against it. CONCLUSIONS RSE in patients undergoing LOT or in a PCS represents a challenge for modern clinicians and epileptologists. The evidence for the use of ASDs in RSE beyond that in current guidelines is low, but several effective and well-tolerated options are available that should be considered in this patient population. More so than in any other population, advance care planning, advance directives, and medical ethical aspects have to be considered carefully before and during therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M Willems
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kolja Jahnke
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Voss
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neuro-Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adam Strzelczyk
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg (Lahn), Germany
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Hubert K, Knake S, Bauer S, Voss M, Rosenow F, Strzelczyk A. Treatment of status epilepticus with zonisamide: A multicenter cohort study of 34 patients and review of literature. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 109:107139. [PMID: 32417381 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We present a summary of clinical cases of oral zonisamide (ZNS) used to treat refractory and super-refractory episodes of status epilepticus (SE). METHODS Zonisamide administration in SE was identified in the clinical records of patients treated in Frankfurt and Marburg between 2011 and 2017. RESULTS Zonisamide was administered during a total of 37 SE episodes in 34 patients with a mean age of 58.7 ± 17.8 years, 21 of them were female (61.7%). The median latency from the onset of SE to administration of ZNS was 6.3 days. Patients had already undergone unsuccessful treatment with a median of three other antiseizure drugs (ASDs). The median initial dose of ZNS was 100 mg/d, titrated to a median maintenance dose of 400 mg/d. Patients underwent ZNS treatment for a median period of 7 days. Zonisamide was the final drug administered in 9 of 37 (24.3%) episodes, with a clinical effect attributed to ZNS observed in 6 of 37 (16.2%) episodes. An effect attributed to ZNS was observed in 5 out of 30 episodes of refractory SE (RSE) and in one out of 7 episodes of super-refractory SE (SRSE). Possible negative side effects of ZNS were observed in two patients (one patient each with ataxia and skin rash). The mortality rate in hospitalized patients was 10.4% (n = 4). CONCLUSION The rate of SE resolution attributed to ZNS treatment (16.2%) can be considered relevant, particularly since ZNS treatment tends to be administered only after several other options have been tried, and has a treatment latency of over six days. Zonisamide may therefore be considered as an alternative oral treatment option in RSE and SRSE.
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d’Orsi G, Lalla A, Di Claudio MT, Valenzano A, Sabetta A, Avolio C. Brivaracetam in absence status epilepticus. Seizure 2020; 80:3-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Moalong KMC, Espiritu AI, Fernandez MLL. Efficacy and tolerability of intravenous brivaracetam for status epilepticus: A systematic review. J Neurol Sci 2020; 413:116799. [PMID: 32278203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Status epilepticus (SE) is an emergent neurologic condition that carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Intravenous brivaracetam (IV BRV) may be an alternative anticonvulsant against status epilepticus, although the sparseness of controlled studies on the topic limits its recommendation for this indication. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of IV BRV in the treatment of status epilepticus. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted until December 2019 through several electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, OpenGrey, ScienceDirect, HERDIN, Epistemonikos, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov) to identify relevant studies. Studies that involved adult patients with SE who were given IV BRV were considered for inclusion in this review. RESULTS From a total of 34 studies identified, 5 uncontrolled studies with 77 patients were included in this review. Thirty-seven out of 77 patients (48%) with SE responded to IV BRV. Reported time to seizure cessation may be immediate from a few minutes to several hours after IV BRV treatment. Patients manifested with significant disability on Glasgow outcome scale (Median: 3) and modified Rankin scale (Mode: 5). Six patients [somnolence (5), worsening seizures (1)] had treatment emergent adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Limited evidence from 5 uncontrolled studies involving a limited number of patients suggests that IV BRV may be efficacious and safe in terminating seizures among patients with SE or refractory SE. Further studies employing either prospective, controlled trials or registry-based study designs are essential to determine the definitive role of IV BRV in patients with SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Michael C Moalong
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
| | - Adrian I Espiritu
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
| | - Marc Laurence L Fernandez
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
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Reed RC, Rosenfeld WE, Lippmann SM, Eijkemans RMJC, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DGA. Rapidity of CNS Effect on Photoparoxysmal Response for Brivaracetam vs. Levetiracetam: A Randomized, Double-blind, Crossover Trial in Photosensitive Epilepsy Patients. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:1075-1086. [PMID: 32949370 PMCID: PMC7518996 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both levetiracetam (LEV) and brivaracetam (BRV) eliminate the electroencephalogram photoparoxysmal response (PPR) in the human phase IIa photosensitivity model of epilepsy. The physiochemical properties of BRV differ from those of LEV, having higher potency and lipophilicity plus 10- to 15-fold greater affinity for synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A. OBJECTIVE We compared the rapidity of the effects of both drugs in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients with photosensitive epilepsy using time to PPR elimination post-intravenous infusion as a pharmacodynamic endpoint. METHODS Using a randomized, double-blind, two-period, balanced, crossover design, we tested patients with photosensitive epilepsy with equipotent milligram doses of intravenous LEV 1500 mg versus BRV 100 mg post-15-min intravenous infusion (part 1) and post-5-min intravenous infusion (part 2, same doses). Eight patients per part were deemed sufficient with 80% power to determine a 70% reduction for intravenous BRV:LEV intrapatient time ratio to PPR elimination, with a 0.05 two-sided significance level. Plasma antiseizure medicine concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Nine patients [six women; mean age 27.8 years (range 18-42)] completed the study; seven of these participated in both parts 1 and 2. In 31 of 32 instances, patients experienced PPR elimination. In mixed-effects model time analysis, BRV eliminated PPRs more quickly than did LEV (median 2 vs. 7.5 min, respectively). However, no statistically significant difference in BRV:LEV time ratio to PPR elimination was observed for two of our multiple primary outcomes: for the 15-min infusion alone (p = 0.22) or the 5-min infusion alone (p = 0.11). However, BRV was faster when we excluded an outlier patient in part 1 (p = 0.0016). For our remaining primary outcome, parts 1 and 2 data combined, the median intrapatient BRV:LEV time ratio was 0.39 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16-0.91], i.e., PPR elimination was 61% faster with BRV, p = 0.039. PPR was completely eliminated in ≤ 2 min in 11 patients with BRV and in four patients with LEV. No period or carryover effects were seen. No serious or severe adverse effects occurred. At PPR elimination (n = 16), median plasma [BRV] was 250 ng/mL (range 30-4100) and median plasma [LEV] was 28.35 μg/mL (range 1-86.7). CONCLUSION Outcome studies directly comparing LEV and BRV are needed to define the clinical utility of the response with BRV, which was several minutes faster than that with LEV. CLINICAL TRIALS ClinTrials.gov Identifier = NCT03580707; registered 07-09-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C. Reed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 1124 Health Science Center North, Morgantown, WV 26506-9520 USA
| | | | - Susan M. Lippmann
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Care Center for Children and Adults, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Rene M. J. C. Eijkemans
- Head of Biostatistics and Research Support, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorothee G. A. Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité
- Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,Nesmos Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Minicucci F, Ferlisi M, Brigo F, Mecarelli O, Meletti S, Aguglia U, Michelucci R, Mastrangelo M, Specchio N, Sartori S, Tinuper P. Management of status epilepticus in adults. Position paper of the Italian League against Epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 102:106675. [PMID: 31766004 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the publication of the Italian League Against Epilepsy guidelines for the treatment of status epilepticus in 2006, advances in the field have ushered in improvements in the therapeutic arsenal. The present position paper provides neurologists, epileptologists, neurointensive care specialists, and emergency physicians with updated recommendations for the treatment of adult patients with status epilepticus. The aim is to standardize treatment recommendations in the care of this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Minicucci
- Epilepsy Center, Unit of Neurophysiology, Neurological Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Monica Ferlisi
- Division of Neurology A, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy.
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Division of Neurology, "Franz Tappeiner" Hospital, Merano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Oriano Mecarelli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Meletti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neurosciences and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Neurology Unit, OCB Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy.
| | - Umberto Aguglia
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Regional, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Michelucci
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Unit of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Massimo Mastrangelo
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Pediatrics Department, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy.
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Sartori
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tinuper
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
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31
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Fechner A, Hubert K, Jahnke K, Knake S, Konczalla J, Menzler K, Ronellenfitsch MW, Rosenow F, Strzelczyk A. Treatment of refractory and superrefractory status epilepticus with topiramate: A cohort study of 106 patients and a review of the literature. Epilepsia 2019; 60:2448-2458. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fechner
- Department of Neurology Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine‐Main Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Kristina Hubert
- Department of Neurology Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine‐Main Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Kolja Jahnke
- Department of Neurology Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine‐Main Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Susanne Knake
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Department of Neurology Epilepsy Center Hessen Philipps University Marburg Marburg (Lahn) Germany
| | - Jürgen Konczalla
- Department of Neurosurgery Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Katja Menzler
- Department of Neurology Epilepsy Center Hessen Philipps University Marburg Marburg (Lahn) Germany
| | - Michael W. Ronellenfitsch
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Dr Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Department of Neurology Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine‐Main Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Adam Strzelczyk
- Department of Neurology Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine‐Main Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Department of Neurology Epilepsy Center Hessen Philipps University Marburg Marburg (Lahn) Germany
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Strein M, Holton-Burke JP, Smith LR, Brophy GM. Prevention, Treatment, and Monitoring of Seizures in the Intensive Care Unit. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1177. [PMID: 31394791 PMCID: PMC6722541 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and management of seizures in the critically ill patient can sometimes present a unique challenge for practitioners due to lack of exposure and complex patient comorbidities. The reported incidence varies between 8% and 34% of critically ill patients, with many patients often showing no overt clinical signs of seizures. Outcomes in patients with unidentified seizure activity tend to be poor, and mortality significantly increases in those who have seizure activity longer than 30 min. Prompt diagnosis and provision of medical therapy are crucial in order to attain successful seizure termination and prevent poor outcomes. In this article, we review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of seizures in the critically ill, various seizure monitoring modalities, and recommended medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheal Strein
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA
| | - John P Holton-Burke
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA 23298-0599, USA
| | - LaTangela R Smith
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA 23298-0599, USA
| | - Gretchen M Brophy
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA.
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Abstract
Brivaracetam (BRV), an analog of levetiracetam (LEV), was discovered during a target-based rational drug discovery program that aimed to identify potent synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) ligands. Among the 12,000 compounds screened in vitro, BRV was found to have 15-30 times greater affinity for SV2A and faster brain permeability than LEV. Although preclinical and post-marketing studies suggest broad spectrum of efficacy, BRV is currently only approved as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy of focal-onset seizures in patients age 4 years and older. This review examines the use of BRV as add-on (5-200 mg/day) therapy for epilepsy with a particular emphasis on the six regulatory randomized clinical trialsinvolving 2399 participants. Participants receiving BRV add-on at doses of 50-200 mg/day were more likely to experience a 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency (pooled risk ratio [RR]) 1.79 with 95% CI of 1.51-2.12) than those receiving placebo. Participants receiving BRV were also more likely to attain seizure freedom (57 [3.3%] vs 4 [0.5%]; RR 4.74, 95% CI 2.00-11.25) than those receiving placebo. In addition, BRV demonstrated a favorable safety profile similar to placebo across all BRV doses. Treatment emergent adverse events significantly associated with BRV were irritability, fatigue, somnolence, and dizziness. Post-hoc analysis of regulatory trials, post-marketing studies, and indirect comparison meta-analyses demonstrated equivalent efficacy and better tolerability of BRV when compared to other antiseizure drugs. Further, these studies appear to suggest that behavioral adverse events are likely to be less frequent and less severe with BRV than LEV. Therefore, switching to BRV may be considered for patients who have seizure control with LEV, but who cannot tolerate its behavioral adverse effects. In this setting, immediate switch from LEV to BRV at a 10:1-15:1 ratio without titration is feasible. Further research is needed to examine the long-term tolerability and efficacy of BRV as well as its role in the treatment of other types of epilepsies, particularly dementia-related epilepsy and brain tumor-related epilepsy.
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