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Wilsterman K, Cunningham K. Evolution in reproductive tempo and investment across the Peromyscus radiation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:13-27. [PMID: 36289026 PMCID: PMC10092142 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mammals display diverse reproductive strategies, however, the ultimate and proximate mechanisms that underlie this diversity and its composite traits remain poorly understood from both evolutionary and physiological perspectives. The Peromyscus genus of rodents, which is found throughout the north and central Americas, has diversified along life history gradients, varying both within and among species in reproductive strategies. This variation provides a useful model for studying reproductive diversity. Here, we combine a literature review with new analyses of captive colony breeding records from six Peromyscus species to assess our current understanding of how plasticity and local adaptation contribute to diversity in two classes of reproductive traits: phenology and litter investment. There is substantial evidence that many traits underlying phenology and litter investment have diverged among populations in ways that are likely to be locally adaptive, though plasticity in these traits remains common. However, these conclusions are largely based on data collected from the two most widespread Peromyscus species: P. maniculatus and P. leucopus. The majority of Peromyscus species diversity remains understudied regarding reproductive phenology and litter traits. We conclude by discussing key challenges and considerations relevant to using Peromyscus as a mammalian model for reproductive trait diversity and evolution moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wilsterman
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Kirksey Cunningham
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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2
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Pásztor K, Kőrösi Á, Gór Á, Szigeti V, Vajna F, Kis J. Phenotypic senescence in a natural insect population. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9668. [PMID: 36619713 PMCID: PMC9798249 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence seems to be universal in living organisms and plays a major role in life-history strategies. Phenotypic senescence, the decline of body condition and/or performance with age, is a largely understudied component of senescence in natural insect populations, although it would be important to understand how and why insects age under natural conditions. We aimed (i) to investigate how body mass and thorax width change with age in a natural population of the univoltine Clouded Apollo butterfly (Parnassius mnemosyne, Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and (ii) to assess the relationship of this change with sex and wing length. We studied a population between 2014 and 2020 using mark-recapture during the whole flight period each year. Repeated measurements of body mass and thorax width and single measurements of wing length were performed on marked individuals. We analyzed body mass and thorax width change with age (days since marking), wing length, and the date of the first capture. Both body mass and thorax width declined nonlinearly with age. Individuals appearing earlier in the flight period had significantly higher initial body mass and thorax width and their body mass declined faster than later ones. Initial body sizes of females were higher, but males' body sizes decreased slower. Initial thorax width showed higher annual variation than body mass. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that revealed phenotypic senescence in a natural butterfly population, using in vivo measurements. We found sexual differences in the rate of phenotypic senescence. Despite the annual variation of initial body sizes, the rate of senescence did not vary considerably across the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Pásztor
- Doctoral School of Biological SciencesHungarian University of Agriculture and Life SciencesGödöllőHungary
| | - Ádám Kőrösi
- MTA‐ELTE‐MTM Ecology Research GroupBudapestHungary
- Büro Geyer und DolekWörthseeGermany
| | - Ádám Gór
- The Doctoral School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Veterinary Medicine BudapestBudapestHungary
| | - Viktor Szigeti
- Lendület Ecosystem Services Research GroupInstitute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological ResearchVácrátótHungary
| | - Flóra Vajna
- Lendület Ecosystem Services Research GroupInstitute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological ResearchVácrátótHungary
| | - János Kis
- Department of Ecology, Institute for BiologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine BudapestBudapestHungary
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3
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Low M, Eksell I, Jansson A, Berggren Å. Viral infection changes the expression of personality traits in an insect species reared for consumption. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9503. [PMID: 35680951 PMCID: PMC9184467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease-induced personality change results from endogenous and adaptive host responses or parasitic manipulation. Within animal husbandry systems understanding the connection between behaviour and disease is important for health monitoring and for designing systems considerate to animal welfare. However, understanding these relationships within insect mass-rearing systems is still in its infancy. We used a simple repeated behavioural-emergence test to examine parasite-induced differences in group personality traits in the house cricket Acheta domesticus, by comparing the behaviours of 37 individuals infected with the Acheta domesticus densovirus (AdDV) and 50 virus-free individuals. AdDV-infected animals had a much lower emergence probability, longer times until emergence, and did not change their behaviour with experience compared to the virus-free animals. AdDV-infected animals also had lower variation in their probability of emergence within the population, most likely related to animals displaying a relatively uniform sickness response. These infected animals also had higher variation in their response to experimental trial experience; this greater variation resulted from a difference between males and females. Infected females responded to experience in a similar way as virus-free animals, while AdDV-infected males showed a response to experience in the opposite direction: i.e., while all other groups reduced emergence time with experience, infected males always increased their mean emergence time as trials progressed. Our results are important not only in the context of animal personality research, but also with regards to creating husbandry systems and disease monitoring within the insects-as-food industry that are considerate to both production traits and animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Low
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Anna Jansson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Berggren
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Haave-Audet E, Besson AA, Nakagawa S, Mathot KJ. Differences in resource acquisition, not allocation, mediate the relationship between behaviour and fitness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:708-731. [PMID: 34859575 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Within populations, individuals often show repeatable variation in behaviour, called 'animal personality'. In the last few decades, numerous empirical studies have attempted to elucidate the mechanisms maintaining this variation, such as life-history trade-offs. Theory predicts that among-individual variation in behavioural traits could be maintained if traits that are positively associated with reproduction are simultaneously associated with decreased survival, such that different levels of behavioural expression lead to the same net fitness outcome. However, variation in resource acquisition may also be important in mediating the relationship between individual behaviour and fitness components (survival and reproduction). For example, if certain phenotypes (e.g. dominance or aggressiveness) are associated with higher resource acquisition, those individuals may have both higher reproduction and higher survival, relative to others in the population. When individuals differ in their ability to acquire resources, trade-offs are only expected to be observed at the within-individual level (i.e. for a given amount of resource, if an individual increases its allocation to reproduction, it comes at the cost of allocation to survival, and vice versa), while among individuals traits that are associated with increased survival may also be associated with increased reproduction. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis, asking: (i) do among-individual differences in behaviour reflect among-individual differences in resource acquisition and/or allocation, and (ii) is the relationship between behaviour and fitness affected by the type of behaviour and the testing environment? Our meta-analysis consisted of 759 estimates from 193 studies. Our meta-analysis revealed a positive correlation between pairs of estimates using both survival and reproduction as fitness proxies. That is, for a given study, behaviours that were associated with increased reproduction were also associated with increased survival, suggesting that variation in behaviour at the among-individual level largely reflects differences among individuals in resource acquisition. Furthermore, we found the same positive correlation between pairs of estimates using both survival and reproduction as fitness proxies at the phenotypic level. This is significant because we also demonstrated that these phenotypic correlations primarily reflect within-individual correlations. Thus, even when accounting for among-individual differences in resource acquisition, we did not find evidence of trade-offs at the within-individual level. Overall, the relationship between behaviour and fitness proxies was not statistically different from zero at the among-individual, phenotypic, and within-individual levels; this relationship was not affected by behavioural category nor by the testing condition. Our meta-analysis highlights that variation in resource acquisition may be more important in driving the relationship between behaviour and fitness than previously thought, including at the within-individual level. We suggest that this may come about via heterogeneity in resource availability or age-related effects, with higher resource availability and/or age leading to state-dependent shifts in behaviour that simultaneously increase both survival and reproduction. We emphasize that future studies examining the mechanisms maintaining behavioural variation in populations should test the link between behavioural expression and resource acquisition - both within and among individuals. Such work will allow the field of animal personality to develop specific predictions regarding the mediating effect of resource acquisition on the fitness consequences of individual behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elène Haave-Audet
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Anne A Besson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kimberley J Mathot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.,Canada Research Chair, Integrative Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
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5
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Miyashita A, Lee TYM, Adamo SA. High-Stakes Decision-Making by Female Crickets ( Gryllus texensis): When to Trade In Wing Muscles for Eggs. Physiol Biochem Zool 2021; 93:450-465. [PMID: 33147114 DOI: 10.1086/711956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractResource-intensive traits, such as dispersal and reproduction, can be difficult to express simultaneously because of resource limitations. One solution is to switch between resource-intensive behaviors. Such phenotypic plasticity is one strategy that organisms use to funnel resources from one expensive trait to another. In crickets (Gryllus texensis), the development and maintenance of flight muscles reduce resource availability for reproduction, leading to physiological trade-offs between the two traits. Long-winged female G. texensis can histolyze their wing muscles, resulting in increased egg production, but they can then no longer fly. Using a diet that mimics food availability in the field, we found that long-winged females adopted one of the three following strategies: early reproduction, intermediate reproduction, and late reproduction. Some late reproducers maintained their flight capability until the end of their natural life span and laid few eggs. If females lost the ability to fly (i.e., their hind wings are removed), they laid eggs earlier, leading to increased reproductive output. However, other environmental cues (e.g., an increased number of mates, increased oviposition substrate quality, or a bout of dispersal flight) had no effect. Late-reproducing females laid 96% fewer eggs than early reproducers, suggesting that late reproduction exacts a huge fitness cost. Nevertheless, some females maintain their flight muscles to the end of their natural life span in both the lab and the field. We suggest that the ability to fly allows for bet hedging against an environmental catastrophe (e.g., drought or flood). This benefit may help explain the persistence of late-reproducing long-winged females, despite the cost of this choice. As climate change increases drought and flood in Texas, late dispersal may be one factor that helps this species survive in the future. An increased understanding of factors that maintain seemingly low fitness strategies can help us predict the resilience of species under climate change.
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6
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Delaney DM, Hoekstra LA, Janzen FJ. Age Predicts Risky Investment Better Than Residual Reproductive Value. Am Nat 2021; 197:461-472. [PMID: 33755533 DOI: 10.1086/713174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLife-history theory predicts that investment in reproduction should increase as future reproductive potential (i.e., residual reproductive value [RRV]) decreases. Researchers have thus intuitively used age as a proxy for RRV and assume that RRV decreases with age when interpreting age-specific investment. Yet age is an imperfect proxy for RRV and may even be a poor correlate in some systems. We used a 31-year study of the nesting ecology of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) to assess how age and RRV compare in explaining variation in a risky investment behavior. We predicted that RRV would be a better predictor of risky investment than age because RRV accounts for variation in future reproductive potential across life. We found that RRV was high in early life, slowly decreased until midlife, and then steadily decreased to terminal reproduction. However, age predicted risky behavior better than RRV. This finding suggests that stronger correlates of age (e.g., size) may be more responsible for this behavior in turtles. This study highlights that researchers should not assume that age-specific investment is driven by RRV and that future work should quantify RRV to more directly test this key element of life-history theory.
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7
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Kaiser A, Eymard M, Merckx T, Van Dyck H. Individual plasticity drives boldness senescence in a territorial butterfly. Ethology 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Kaiser
- Behavioural Ecology & Conservation Group Earth & Life Institute UCLouvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Manon Eymard
- Behavioural Ecology & Conservation Group Earth & Life Institute UCLouvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Thomas Merckx
- Behavioural Ecology & Conservation Group Earth & Life Institute UCLouvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- Department of Ecology and Genetics University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Hans Van Dyck
- Behavioural Ecology & Conservation Group Earth & Life Institute UCLouvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
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8
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Zajitschek F, Zajitschek S, Bonduriansky R. Senescence in wild insects: Key questions and challenges. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Zajitschek
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Susanne Zajitschek
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Russell Bonduriansky
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
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9
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Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Boonekamp JJ, Liu XP, Skicko I, Haugland Pedersen S, Fisher DN, Hopwood P, Tregenza T. Comparing individual and population measures of senescence across 10 years in a wild insect population. Evolution 2019; 73:293-302. [PMID: 30597539 PMCID: PMC6590638 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Declines in survival and performance with advancing age (senescence) have been widely documented in natural populations, but whether patterns of senescence across traits reflect a common underlying process of biological ageing remains unclear. Senescence is typically characterized via assessments of the rate of change in mortality with age (actuarial senescence) or the rate of change in phenotypic performance with age (phenotypic senescence). Although both phenomena are considered indicative of underlying declines in somatic integrity, whether actuarial and phenotypic senescence rates are actually correlated has yet to be established. Here we present evidence of both actuarial and phenotypic senescence from a decade‐long longitudinal field study of wild insects. By tagging every individual and using continuous video monitoring with a network of up to 140 video cameras, we were able to record survival and behavioral data on an entire adult population of field crickets. This reveals that both actuarial and phenotypic senescence vary substantially across 10 annual generations. This variation allows us to identify a strong correlation between actuarial and phenotypic measures of senescence. Our study demonstrates age‐related phenotypic declines reflected in population level mortality rates and reveals that observations of senescence in a single year may not be representative of a general pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Rodríguez-Muñoz
- School of Biosciences, Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Jelle J Boonekamp
- School of Biosciences, Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Xing P Liu
- School of Biosciences, Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom.,College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ian Skicko
- School of Biosciences, Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Haugland Pedersen
- School of Biosciences, Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - David N Fisher
- School of Biosciences, Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Paul Hopwood
- School of Biosciences, Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tregenza
- School of Biosciences, Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
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