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Meng Q, Shao Y, Li W, Lu J, Wang X, Deng L. Evaluation of Serum Lipids, Biochemical Parameters, Selected Antioxidant Elements and Oxidative Stress Profiles in Late Pregnant Jennies with Hyperlipemia. Vet Sci 2024; 11:664. [PMID: 39729004 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11120664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2024] [Revised: 11/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/12/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Donkeys are particularly at risk of hyperlipemia. Hyperlipemia is a metabolic disease caused by the mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue, which often impacts pregnant and lactating jennies (female donkeys) during periods of negative energy balance. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of lipids, biochemical parameters, selected antioxidant elements and oxidative stress parameters in late pregnant jennies affected by hyperlipemia. Compared with the healthy jennies, the hyperlipemic animals exhibited significantly elevated levels of triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (T-CHO) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.05), coupled with reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and albumin (ALB) (p < 0.05). The serum levels of biochemical parameters related to liver function, such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and cholinesterase (CHE), showed a significant increase in the hyperlipemia group compared to the healthy group (p < 0.05). The serum level of selenium was significantly lower (p < 0.05) and positively correlated with TGs (r = 0.85) and ALB (r = 0.73) in the hyperlipemia group. The hyperlipemic jennies showed diminished serum levels of antioxidant capacity and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). The area under the curve values for T-CHO, ALB, AKP, CHE, total superoxide dismutase, glutathione and MDA were relatively high. Thus, our findings reflect metabolic disorders, liver dysfunction and oxidative stress in late pregnant hyperlipemic jennies, providing a basis for the improvement of clinical diagnostic methods and early prevention and control of hyperlipemia in jennies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingze Meng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jia Lu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Liang Deng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Morrone S, Sechi S, Carta C, Senes A, Cocco R, Pinna Parpaglia ML, Sanna Passino E, Cappai MG. Nutritional management of hyperlipaemia in a jenny: a brief report. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:3323-3329. [PMID: 38963468 PMCID: PMC11442551 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
An adult jenny (5-years-old, non-pregnant) was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) of the University of Sassari, with a recent history of appetite loss, extreme underweight condition and reluctance to move. On physical inspection, emaciation [body condition score, BCS: 3/9], muscular waste [muscular condition score, MCS: 1/5], loose/running faeces [faecal score, FS: 2/8], and a general state of mild dehydration were found. Blood analyses outlined a general undernourishment condition [circulating albumins, ALB: 17.6 g/L (21.6-31.6 g/L)] with underlying systemic inflammatory profile and moderate increase in circulating enzymes to explore liver function [aspartate amino-transferase, AST: 657 u/L (279-430 u/L); alanine amino-transferase ALT: 60 u/L (5-14 u/L); gamma-glutamyl-transferase, γ-GT: 87 IU/L (14-69 IU/L); total bilirubin close to the upper limit, TB: 0.20 mg/dL(0.07-0.21 mg/dL)]and hyperlipaemia [TG: 8.70 mmol/L (0.60-2.87 mmol/L)], following fat depots mobilisation, with total cholesterol closed to the lower limit of the physiological range. Hyper-phosphataemia was linked to haemolytic anaemia [P:1.81 mmol/L (0.77-1.39 mmol/L) and red blood cells, RBC: 4.14 1012/L (4.40-7.10 1012)] aligned with the TB to the upper limit. On ultrasound abdominal imaging, enlarged and hyper-echogenic liver was observed. Based on the clinical evaluation, a condition of hepatic lipidosis was diagnosed, requiring dedicated nutritional treatment to solve the extreme emaciation along with the metabolic disorder in support of medical therapy. A two-step feeding protocol was planned to support treatments aiming at immediate re-hydration (Ringer lactate solution 2 ml/kg/8 h). The nutritional objectives were meant at first to restart the voluntary feed intake. Gradual increasing energy provision through a palatable hay-based diet was planned to cover one fourth of daily metabolizable energy requirement calculated on the expected metabolic weight, adjusted according to the daily intake of feed and clinical condition. At the conclusion of this first 7-day phase, circulating blood parameters were closer to the reference values and the BCS moved from 3 to 4 out of 9. Bowel motility was restored, and faecal score improved (4/8). In the second phase, allowance to pasture and a combination diet with compound mixed feed were designed. Within four weeks of starting the nutritional plan, blood parameters were re-established to reference values. The gradual feed provision calculated in this two-phase approach proved successful in support of the overall clinical improvement observed after four weeks of treatment, in a severely undernourished jenny with compromised liver functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morrone
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - S Sechi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - C Carta
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - A Senes
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - R Cocco
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - M L Pinna Parpaglia
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - E Sanna Passino
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - M G Cappai
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy.
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Salari F, Roncoroni C, Altomonte I, Boselli C, Brajon G, Martini M. Effects of the Physiological Status and Diet on Blood Metabolic Parameters in Amiata Dairy Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113292. [PMID: 34828023 PMCID: PMC8614268 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study investigated the physiological responses of donkeys feeding two different diets during maintenance, pregnancy and lactation. To investigate how the metabolic state influences dairy production, we also assessed the relationships between the blood metabolic profile and milk quality. We found that pregnancy and the first months of lactation led to lower feed intake and increases in blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), which was linked to the difficulty that the jennies have in meeting the higher energy needs. The intake of the concentrate in the diet was associated with the increase in blood glucose, both during maintenance and lactation. Higher NEFA were related to lower de novo synthesized milk fatty acids, whereas higher plasma B-HBA were related to higher somatic cell count. This paper contributes to the knowledge of physiological responses of jennies during milk production phases and provides information for donkey milk producers. Abstract Body weight changes and blood metabolic parameters in jennies feeding two different diets and in three physiological statuses were investigated (maintenance vs. pregnancy; maintenance vs. lactation). The relationships between blood metabolic profile and milk quality were also evaluated. Fourteen jennies were allocated to two groups (1: pregnant/lactating; 2: non-pregnant, non–lactating). Pregnant jennies and maintenance jennies (during the first 10-week measurement period) fed a diet consisted of ad libitum grass hay (diet 1); lactating jennies and maintenance jennies (during the last 10-week measurement period) fed ad libitum grass hay plus 2 kg/head/day of concentrate (diet 2). Blood sampling was performed on the jennies of both groups; individual milk samples were also collected during the first 70 days in milk. Higher blood NEFA (p < 0.05) were found in pregnant compared to maintenance jennies (diet 1) (68 vs. 37 μmol/L). Lactating jennies showed higher (p < 0.01) average blood NEFA (268 vs. 26 μmol/L) and glucose (66 vs. 55 mg/dL) compared to the maintenance (diet 2). Blood glucose was positively correlated to milk fat (p < 0.05), while negative significant correlations between de novo milk fatty acids and NEFAs were observed. Positive correlations between plasma B-HBA and somatic cell count (p < 0.01) were also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Salari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Cristina Roncoroni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, 00178 Roma, Italy; (C.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Iolanda Altomonte
- Interdepartmental Centre for Research in Agricultural and Environmental Sciences “Enrico Avanzi”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlo Boselli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, 00178 Roma, Italy; (C.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Giovanni Brajon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, 50018 Florence, Italy;
| | - Mina Martini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.S.); (M.M.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Archer DC, Sullivan RJE, Rickards K. Emergency Management for Donkeys and Mules. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:495-513. [PMID: 34243882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of initial assessment and management of common emergency presentations in donkeys and mules. The principles are similar to those in horses (and ponies), but clinicians must be aware of differences in recognition of signs of pain/disease, approach to handling, pharmacology of some drugs, and subtle differences in the physiology and local anatomy in donkeys and mules. The epidemiology of common disease presentations will vary between pet/companion or working/farmed donkeys and mules. Regular dental checks, deworming, vaccination, and monitoring of behavior and quality of life are important aspects of preventive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra C Archer
- Department of Equine Clinical Studies, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Rebekah J E Sullivan
- Veterinary Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Brookfield Farm, Offwell, Honiton, Devon EX14 9SU, UK
| | - Karen Rickards
- Veterinary Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Brookfield Farm, Offwell, Honiton, Devon EX14 9SU, UK
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Bookbinder L, Schott HC. Refeeding syndrome in a miniature donkey. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:668-673. [PMID: 34259376 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe refeeding syndrome in an equid without a history of recognized risk factors. CASE SUMMARY Refeeding syndrome with marked hypophosphatemia developed in an aged miniature donkey gelding during treatment of suspected enterocolitis. Hypophosphatemia (manifested clinically as ileus and neuromuscular weakness) developed despite a short (3 day) history of hyporexia, increased body condition (7/9), and adherence to nutritional recommendations for critically ill equids. Nutritional support included nasogastric enteral feeding with a commercial equine nutrition product claiming to provide 100% of the National Research Council's daily recommended protein, vitamin, and mineral requirements for equids. Hypophosphatemia developed despite this enteral supplementation and was ultimately corrected by intravenous administration of sodium phosphate solution. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This case report suggests that risk factors for refeeding syndrome in equids may be broader than previously recognized. Specifically, critically ill equids at risk for insulin dysregulation may have unique nutritional co-morbidities and requirements. This report highlights the need for both broader recognition of risk factors for refeeding syndrome, and revised best-practice nutritional guidelines and supplementation products to improve equine critical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bookbinder
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Harold C Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Liu H, Zhang T, Jiang P, Zhu W, Yu S, Liu Y, Li B, Li F. Hypolipidemic constituents from the aerial portion of Sibiraea angustata. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127161. [PMID: 32249115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two new monoterpene acylglucosides (1-2) and one new aromatic glycoside (3), together with five known compounds (4-8), were isolated from 95% ethanol extract of Sibiraea angustata. The structures of these compounds were characterized by 2D-NMR and mass spectrometry. Compounds were evaluated for their hypolipidemic activity using oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed that compound 5 could decrease the expression level of fatty acid synthase (FASN). Lipidomics analysis indicated that compound 5 significantly decreased the levels of 11 lipids in oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation, including triglycerides (TG), diglycerides (DG), phosphatidylcholines (PC) and 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines (lysoPC). These data demonstrated that terpene acylglucosides are the major active constituents in Sibiraea angustata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdong Liu
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Piao Jiang
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China; College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Songhua Yu
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bin Li
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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Barrio E, Rickards KJ, Thiemann AK. Clinical Evaluation and Preventative Care in Donkeys. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:545-560. [PMID: 31672202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evaluation and preventative care in donkeys should follow similar guidelines as for horses. There are species-specific differences due to the desert-adapted physiology of the donkey. Donkeys are mainly used as pack animals, companions and for production of meat or milk - they may be kept well into old age. Diseases often present late or may go unrecognized leading to poor welfare and quality of life. Basic knowledge of nutrition, blood values, pharmacology and common disease recognition will help veterinarians improve the health and welfare of donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Barrio
- The Veterinary Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU, UK; The Veterinary Hospital, Brookfield, Honiton, Devon EX14 9SU, UK
| | - Karen J Rickards
- The Veterinary Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU, UK; The Veterinary Hospital, Brookfield, Honiton, Devon EX14 9SU, UK
| | - Alexandra K Thiemann
- The Veterinary Hospital, Brookfield, Honiton, Devon EX14 9SU, UK; Education, The Veterinary Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU, UK.
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Abstract
The domestic donkey is a unique equid species with specific nutritional requirements. This article examines the importance of feeding strategies that mimic the donkey's natural environment using poor nutritional quality fibers and access to browsing materials. The relationship between nutrition and health is examined and practical approaches to the healthy and sick donkey are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A Burden
- Research Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Slade House Farm, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU, UK.
| | - Nicola Bell
- Research Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Slade House Farm, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU, UK
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders in Donkeys. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:399-417. [PMID: 31587976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The donkey evolved under harsh and arid environmental conditions, developing unique energy-efficiency traits, with an efficiency to rapidly mobilize fat in situations of increased energy demands or when food is scarce. This evolution has led to an inherent predisposition of donkeys to obesity, dyslipidemias, insulin dysregulation/metabolic syndrome, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, and endocrinopathic laminitis. Marked differences have been described in hormone dynamics and testing protocols for the diagnosis of these endocrine and metabolic diseases in donkeys compared with horses, underlining the necessity of a species-specific approach in order to avoid misdiagnosis, unnecessary or inadequate treatments, and additional costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Mendoza
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, Cordoba 14014, Spain.
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, Cordoba 14014, Spain
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Abstract
A review of common gastrointestinal disorders of donkeys and mules is presented. Clinically relevant aspects of donkey behavior, anatomy, and physiology are highlighted. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract from stomach to rectum, including liver and pancreas, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Rickards
- Principle veterinary surgeon; The Donkey Sanctuary, Slade House Farm, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU
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12
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Donkey Internal Medicine—Part I: Metabolic, Endocrine, and Alimentary Tract Disturbances. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [PMCID: PMC7111315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic and endocrine disturbances are common in donkeys. This species has an inherent ability to thrive with limited and poor-quality roughage. Donkeys are extremely efficient in energy storage and mobilization, which predisposes to hyperlipemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of dyslipidemias is higher in donkeys than other equids, which is more evident under stressful conditions. Diagnosis of endocrine and metabolic disorders in donkeys should be based on species-specific information considering that differences in a multitude of variables compared with horses have been demonstrated. Protocols to assess endocrine disorders (e.g., pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and thyroid illness) are unavailable, and extrapolation from horse data can be misleading. Treatment guidelines for these conditions in donkeys are currently not reported. On the other hand, the typical stoic and hardy behavior of donkeys can hinder prompt diagnosis of gastrointestinal problems, specifically colic, which is commonly caused by dental issues in this species. Moreover, subclinical gastric ulcer syndrome appears to be a common pathology in this species, especially in working donkeys. Donkeys are different to horses. Numerous physiological and clinic-pathologic idiosyncrasies are reported in horses. Data published for horses should not be extrapolated for donkeys. Specific reference ranges, doses, and protocols have to be used for donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Mendoza
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Corresponding author at: Dr Francisco J. Mendoza, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
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Bamford NJ, Rosales CM, Williamson AJ, Steel CM, Tennent-Brown BS. Severe hypophosphataemia associated with the management of hyperlipaemia in a miniature pony. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. J. Bamford
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - C. M. Rosales
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - A. J. Williamson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - C. M. Steel
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - B. S. Tennent-Brown
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
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Erratum. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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