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Nomir A, Sharaby AE, Abumandour MMA. Anatomical studies on the PES region of Zebu cattle (Bos Taurus indicus) with special references to 3D computed tomography imaging technique. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:87. [PMID: 38459515 PMCID: PMC10921674 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The 3D render volume reconstruction CT (3D-RVCT) produced detailed images of the PES region, determining its relationships with the surrounding structures. Despite extensive research in veterinary studies on the PES through gross anatomy and CT, there is a lack of studies on the PES of zebu cattle. The study aimed to analyze the PES of Zebu cattle using gross cross-sectional, radiographic, CT, and morphometric methods, with the use of 3D-RVCT to provide anatomical guidance for surgeons and students. The study was performed on sixteen PES regions to provide hard and soft tissues in CT images. Three are five tarsal bones and two large fused (III and IV) metatarsal bones that were completely fused except for their distal extremities, which were divided distally by the intertrochlear notch. The cortical thickness of the metatarsal bone was equal on both sides. The bony septum divided the medullary cavity between the two fused large metatarsal bones in the proximal distal half only and disappeared in the middle part. The reconstruction showed similar sizes in the right and left limbs, confirming the pes bones. The radiographic and CT images could be used as a normal reference for the interpretation of some clinical diseases in the PES. The 3D CT reconstruction of the pes bones was described by various CT oblique dorsal and plantar views. The study focuses on diagnosing PES disorders using CT imaging, improving medical interventions, improving Zebu cattle health outcomes, and empowering students to contribute to veterinary medicine research and advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nomir
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ashraf El Sharaby
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M A Abumandour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Post Box: 22758, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Cunha MSE, Albuquerque RDS, Campos JGM, Monteiro FDDO, Rossy KDC, Cardoso TDS, Carvalho LS, Borges LPB, Domingues SFS, Thiesen R, Thiesen RMC, Teixeira PPM. Computed Tomography Evaluation of Frozen or Glycerinated Bradypus variegatus Cadavers: A Comprehensive View with Emphasis on Anatomical Aspects. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:355. [PMID: 38337999 PMCID: PMC10854505 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bradypus variegatus has unique anatomical characteristics, and many of its vascular and digestive tract aspects have yet to be clearly understood. This lack of information makes clinical diagnoses and surgical procedures difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical aspects of frozen and glycerinated corpses of B. variegatus using computed tomography (CT), emphasizing vascular and digestive contrast studies. Nine corpses that died during routine hospital were examined via CT in the supine position with scanning in the craniocaudal direction. In frozen cadavers, the contrast was injected into a cephalic vein after thawing and, subsequently, was administered orally. In addition to bone structures, CT allowed the identification of organs, soft tissues, and vascular structures in specimens. Visualization of soft tissues was better after contrast been administered intravenously and orally, even without active vascularization. Furthermore, the surfaces of the organs were highlighted by the glycerination method. With this technique, it was possible to describe part of the vascularization of the brachial, cervical, thoracic, and abdominal regions, in addition to highlighting the esophagus and part of the stomach. CT can be another tool for the evaluation of B. variegatus cadavers by anatomists or pathologists, contributing to the identification of anatomical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Santos e Cunha
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Pará Federal University, Belém 68740-970, Brazil; (M.S.e.C.); (R.d.S.A.); (K.d.C.R.); (T.d.S.C.); (L.S.C.); (L.P.B.B.); (S.F.S.D.); (R.T.); (R.M.C.T.); (P.P.M.T.)
| | - Rodrigo dos Santos Albuquerque
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Pará Federal University, Belém 68740-970, Brazil; (M.S.e.C.); (R.d.S.A.); (K.d.C.R.); (T.d.S.C.); (L.S.C.); (L.P.B.B.); (S.F.S.D.); (R.T.); (R.M.C.T.); (P.P.M.T.)
| | | | | | - Kayan da Cunha Rossy
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Pará Federal University, Belém 68740-970, Brazil; (M.S.e.C.); (R.d.S.A.); (K.d.C.R.); (T.d.S.C.); (L.S.C.); (L.P.B.B.); (S.F.S.D.); (R.T.); (R.M.C.T.); (P.P.M.T.)
| | - Thiago da Silva Cardoso
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Pará Federal University, Belém 68740-970, Brazil; (M.S.e.C.); (R.d.S.A.); (K.d.C.R.); (T.d.S.C.); (L.S.C.); (L.P.B.B.); (S.F.S.D.); (R.T.); (R.M.C.T.); (P.P.M.T.)
| | - Lucas Santos Carvalho
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Pará Federal University, Belém 68740-970, Brazil; (M.S.e.C.); (R.d.S.A.); (K.d.C.R.); (T.d.S.C.); (L.S.C.); (L.P.B.B.); (S.F.S.D.); (R.T.); (R.M.C.T.); (P.P.M.T.)
| | - Luisa Pucci Bueno Borges
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Pará Federal University, Belém 68740-970, Brazil; (M.S.e.C.); (R.d.S.A.); (K.d.C.R.); (T.d.S.C.); (L.S.C.); (L.P.B.B.); (S.F.S.D.); (R.T.); (R.M.C.T.); (P.P.M.T.)
| | - Sheyla Farhayldes Souza Domingues
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Pará Federal University, Belém 68740-970, Brazil; (M.S.e.C.); (R.d.S.A.); (K.d.C.R.); (T.d.S.C.); (L.S.C.); (L.P.B.B.); (S.F.S.D.); (R.T.); (R.M.C.T.); (P.P.M.T.)
| | - Roberto Thiesen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Pará Federal University, Belém 68740-970, Brazil; (M.S.e.C.); (R.d.S.A.); (K.d.C.R.); (T.d.S.C.); (L.S.C.); (L.P.B.B.); (S.F.S.D.); (R.T.); (R.M.C.T.); (P.P.M.T.)
| | - Roberta Martins Crivelaro Thiesen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Pará Federal University, Belém 68740-970, Brazil; (M.S.e.C.); (R.d.S.A.); (K.d.C.R.); (T.d.S.C.); (L.S.C.); (L.P.B.B.); (S.F.S.D.); (R.T.); (R.M.C.T.); (P.P.M.T.)
| | - Pedro Paulo Maia Teixeira
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Pará Federal University, Belém 68740-970, Brazil; (M.S.e.C.); (R.d.S.A.); (K.d.C.R.); (T.d.S.C.); (L.S.C.); (L.P.B.B.); (S.F.S.D.); (R.T.); (R.M.C.T.); (P.P.M.T.)
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3
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Stewart HL, Siewerdsen JH, Nelson BB, Kawcak CE. Use of cone-beam computed tomography for advanced imaging of the equine patient. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:872-885. [PMID: 34053096 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Access to volumetric imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), has increased over the past decade and has revolutionised the way clinicians evaluate equine anatomy. More recent advancements have resulted in the development of multiple commercially available cone-beam CT (CBCT) scanners for equine use. CBCT scanners modify the traditional fan-shaped beam of ionising radiation into a three-dimensional pyramidal- or cone-shaped beam of radiation. This modification enables the scanner to acquire sufficient data to create diagnostic images of a region of interest after a single rotation of the gantry. The rapid acquisition of data and divergent X-ray beam causes some artifacts to be more prominent on CBCT images-as well as the unique cone-beam artifact-resulting in decreased contrast resolution. While the use of CT for evaluation of the equine musculoskeletal anatomy is not new, there is a paucity of literature and scientific studies on the capabilities of CBCT for equine imaging. CBCT units do not require a specialised table for imaging and in some cases are portable for imaging in the standing or anaesthetised patient. This review article summarises the basic physics of CT technology, including how CBCT imaging differs, and provides objective information about the strengths and limitations of this modality. Finally, potential future applications and techniques for imaging with CT which will need to be explored in order to fully consider the capabilities of CT imaging in the horse are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Stewart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeffery H Siewerdsen
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brad B Nelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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van Zadelhoff C, Liuti T, Dixon PM, Reardon RJM. Multidetector CT and cone-beam CT have substantial agreement in detecting dental and sinus abnormalities in equine cadaver heads. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:413-420. [PMID: 33987964 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of cone-beam CT (CBCT) systems compared to conventional helical multidetector CT (MDCT) imaging of the equine head is unknown. The aim of this prospective, method-comparison study was to compare the ability of CBCT and MDCT to detect abnormalities in equine cadaver heads. Eleven equine cadaver heads were scanned using a CBCT scanner and a 64-slice MDCT scanner. Consensus evaluations for CBCT and MDCT scans were performed by three observers. Identified abnormalities were grouped into subcategories with a focus on dental abnormalities. Kappa agreement values between detected abnormalities for CBCT and MDCT methods were calculated. Of 468 teeth evaluated, 122 (26.1%) were found to have abnormalities (including in 58 infundibula and 7 pulps) using MDCT and 105 (22.4%) were found to have abnormalities (including in 52 infundibula and 2 pulps) using CBCT. The agreement between CBCT and MDCT was almost perfect for overall detection of dental abnormalities (k = 0.90) with k = 1 for diastema k = 0.95 for clinical crown abnormalities, and k = 0.93 for infundibular abnormalities. However, the detection of pulp changes by CBCT was only moderate k = 0.44. Increased scatter radiation, non-calibrated Hounsfield Unit and artefacts in CBCT images made accurate identification of the pulp density difficult. In conclusion, CBCT results were similar to conventional MDCT for the majority of dental abnormalities, however, pulp abnormalities were not reliably identified using CBCT, potentially limiting its clinical use for detecting endodontic disease in its current form. Further comparison with more cases with confirmed dental disease and studies in clinical cases are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia van Zadelhoff
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Estate, Roslin, UK
| | - Tiziana Liuti
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Estate, Roslin, UK
| | - Padraic M Dixon
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Estate, Roslin, UK
| | - Richard J M Reardon
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Estate, Roslin, UK
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Olley RB, Piercy RJ, Leeming G, McGowan CM. Unusual pathophysiological mechanisms of ptyalism in two horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. B. Olley
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Department of Equine Clinical Science Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Leahurst UK
| | - R. J. Piercy
- Comparative Neuromuscular Disease Laboratory Clinical Science and Services The Royal Veterinary College North Mymms UK
| | - G. Leeming
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool LeahurstUK
| | - C. M. McGowan
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Department of Equine Clinical Science Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Leahurst UK
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Manso‐Díaz G, Taeymans O, García‐López JM, Weller R. Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Manso‐Díaz
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
- The Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | | | - J. M. García‐López
- Department of Clinical Sciences Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University North Grafton Massachusetts USA
| | - R. Weller
- The Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
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Artifact Induced by a Transponder During In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging on Horse Brain. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 77:63-67. [PMID: 31133318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now widely used in equine veterinary practice. However, the mandatory European legislation regarding horse identification imposes the implantation of a transponder within the fatty tissue of the neck cervical ligament. While performing brain MRI for scientific purposes in ponies, we faced artifacts produced by such transponder and reported here this problem. Indeed, pony mares were anesthetized for 2 hours and placed, bedded on their back, in a 3T MRI scanner. A four-element flexible antenna positioned around the head was used. Three MRI sequences were performed on each animal: three-dimensional T1, three-dimensional T2, and two-dimensional T1. The anesthesia allowed the acquisition of MRI for 2 hours. The images for the three MRI sequences for each pony exhibited great quality on all the anterior parts of the brain but began to become distorted posteriorly to the pineal pituitary axis and completely disappeared at the level of the cerebellum. To find the origin of the artifact, the transponder used for the identification of the animal was inserted in an inert gel and imaged in the same conditions as the ponies. The images obtained looked similar to the observed artifact. Our study thus advocates for the further exploration of such kind of artifact when using 3T MRI in brain imaging in horses.
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