Ex vivo evaluation of the distribution of a mixture of mepivacaine 2% and iopromide following local infiltration of the infraorbital nerve via the infraorbital foramen

Standing Sedation and Iocoregional Analgesia in Equine Dental Surgery

Procedural sedation has become popular for describing a semiconscious state that allows patients to be comfortable during certain surgical or diagnostic procedures. Sedation may be enhanced by locoregional anesthetic techniques to produce sufficient analgesia and muscle relaxation for surgery to occur. Sedation and local anesthesia for standing diagnostic and surgical procedures on the horse's head circumvents the potential complications of general anesthesia (particularly, complications related to recovery). However, the implementation of a locoregional anesthetic technique requires a thorough understanding of the anatomy to maximize success and minimize possible complications.