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Thiemann AK, Buil J, Rickards K, Sullivan RJ. A review of laminitis in the donkey. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Thiemann
- The Veterinary Department The Donkey Sanctuary Offwell, Honiton Devon UK
| | - J. Buil
- The Veterinary Department The Donkey Sanctuary Offwell, Honiton Devon UK
| | - K. Rickards
- The Veterinary Department The Donkey Sanctuary Offwell, Honiton Devon UK
| | - R. J. Sullivan
- The Veterinary Department The Donkey Sanctuary Offwell, Honiton Devon UK
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2
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Overfeeding Extends the Period of Annual Cyclicity but Increases the Risk of Early Embryonic Death in Shetland Pony Mares. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020361. [PMID: 33535548 PMCID: PMC7912773 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with altered reproductive activity in mares, and may negatively affect fertility. To examine the influence of long-term high-energy (HE) feeding on fertility, Shetland pony mares were fed a diet containing 200% of net energy (NE) requirements during a three-year study. The incidence of hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles (HAF) and annual duration of cyclicity were compared to those in control mares receiving a maintenance diet. Day-7 embryos were flushed and transferred between donor and recipient mares from both groups; the resulting conceptuses were collected 21 days after transfer to assess conceptus development. HE mares became obese, and embryos recovered from HE mares were more likely to succumb to early embryonic death. The period of annual cyclicity was extended in HE compared to control mares in all years. The incidence of HAFs did not consistently differ between HE and control mares. No differences in embryo morphometric parameters were apparent. In conclusion, consuming a HE diet extended the duration of cyclicity, and appeared to increase the likelihood of embryos undergoing early embryonic death following embryo transfer.
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Correlational Characteristics of Hoof Conformation and Midstance Kinetics at Walk. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103208. [PMID: 33077100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Variations in hoof conformation may alter stress distribution, thus predisposing horses to pathologies and lameness; however, experimental studies are scarce. Our objective was to investigate the correlation between midstance hoof kinetics at the walk and hoof conformation in horses. Nine clinically sound, unshod horses were walked over a pressure plate, and force (F), contact area (CA), contact pressure (CP), and peak contact pressure (PCP) were recorded at the dorsal, palmar, medial, and lateral regions, as well as for the whole hoof. By using digital radiography and digital pictures, 55 variables of internal and external hoof shape and dimensions of the hoof were measured. Correlations between kinetic and anatomical measurements were investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient. P-values ≤ 0.05 and r values ≥ 0.5 were considered. Several anatomical variables showed correlations with biomechanical variables. Toe angle was negatively correlated with CA (r = -0.72). Several heel height measurements were negatively correlated with dorsal F (-0.59 ≤ r ≤ -0.50), suggesting a trend. Measurements of the dorsal hoof wall thickness and length/width of the distal phalanx showed correlations with F and CP (0.5 ≤ r ≤ 0.71). Our study was focused on midstance biomechanics and at the walk; further investigation on other gaits and parts of the stance phases is warranted. Patterns of correlations between internal structural arrangement and hoof kinetic parameters encourage more research and should be considered by veterinarian and farriers for routine and therapeutic trimming/shoeing.
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Knowles EJ, Grieve L. Clinical insights: Equine obesity. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:635-638. [PMID: 32748989 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Knowles
- Royal Veterinary College Clinical Services Division, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.,Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Maidstone, Kent, UK
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Al Naem M, Litzke LF, Failing K, Burk J, Röcken M. Hoof kinetic patterns differ between sound and laminitic horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:503-509. [PMID: 32542795 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No kinetic data on hoof loading in laminitic horses are available, despite their importance for optimising supportive shoeing therapies. OBJECTIVES To quantify the load distribution pattern in laminitic and sound horses. STUDY DESIGN Controlled observational study. METHODS Fifty-four sound and laminitic horses were assigned to three groups: control group (sound horses), group 1 (G1) horses with acute laminitis, evaluated immediately after acute clinical signs subsided, and group 2 (G2) horses that had been free of acute laminitis signs for 6-12 weeks. Measurements on both forelimbs in barefoot condition were performed during walk using the Hoof™ System. Kinetic parameters were recorded and compared between hoof regions and groups using covariance analyses and t tests (P < .05). RESULTS Peak loading in the toe region occurred during midstance phase in control group, but during break-over in laminitic horses. This is reflected by the time to peak vertical force in the toe, which was significantly shorter in the control group compared to laminitic horses (G1 and G2) (76% ± 6% vs 89% ± 9 [P = .002], 86% ± 7 [P = .001] of stance duration respectively). The relative vertical force in the toe in the control group (46% ± 7%) was significantly higher compared to laminitic horses (G1: 29% ± 9% [P = .001]; G2: 32% ± 10% [P = .003]). The main shift of the load occurred between toe and middle hoof regions in laminitic horses as compared with the control group. No significant differences were found between G1 and G2. MAIN LIMITATIONS Measurements were not obtained in horses with acute laminitis on admission, to avoid risk of further damage to the lamellae. CONCLUSIONS Supportive therapy in laminitis should focus on supporting both caudal and middle hoof areas to decrease the peak pressure in these regions, and ease break-over during which the maximal loading of the toe occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Al Naem
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lutz-Ferdinand Litzke
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Janina Burk
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Röcken
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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d' Fonseca NMM, Gibson CME, van Doorn DA, de Ruijter-Villani M, Stout TAE, Roelfsema E. Effect of long-term overfeeding of a high-energy diet on glucose tolerance in Shetland pony mares. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1339-1349. [PMID: 32374454 PMCID: PMC7255650 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overfeeding is associated with obesity and insulin dysregulation (ID), which are both risk factors for equine metabolic syndrome. How chronic overfeeding affects development of these factors is poorly understood. Objectives To examine the influence of long‐term high‐energy diet provision on body condition and ID. Animals Eleven Shetland pony mares. Methods In a 3‐phase study, the high‐energy group (n = 7) was fed 200% of net energy (NE) requirements (hay; concentrate: 36% sugar and starch, 13% fat) for 24 weeks, followed by 17 weeks hay‐only feeding before resuming the high‐energy diet (n = 4) for an additional 29 weeks. Mares were weighed weekly. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed 3 to 4 times per dietary period. Results were compared with those of a control group (phase 1, n = 4; phases 2 and 3, n = 6) that received 100% NE requirements, using a general linear mixed model with post hoc Bonferroni testing. Results The mean body weight of the high‐energy group increased by 27% per high‐energy feeding period. During both feeding periods, area under the curve (AUC) for plasma glucose concentration decreased (P < .01), whereas AUC for plasma insulin concentration increased. Mean basal plasma glucose concentration and peak plasma insulin concentrations were higher (P < .05) in the high‐energy group than in the control group. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Feeding a high‐energy diet to healthy nonobese Shetland pony mares led to more efficient glucose metabolism within 5 weeks, followed by significant hyperinsulinemia and obesity. Hyperinsulinemic status was reversed during 17 weeks of hay‐only feeding, regardless of body condition, but returned rapidly after restarting the high‐energy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky M M d' Fonseca
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte M E Gibson
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David A van Doorn
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Nutrition, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marta de Ruijter-Villani
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom A E Stout
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Roelfsema
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Moeller S, Patan-Zugaj B, Däullary T, Tichy A, Licka TF. The influence of trimming of the hoof wall on the damage of laminar tissue after loading: An in vitro study. Vet J 2019; 250:63-70. [PMID: 31383422 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Laminitis is associated with failure of the suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx (SADP) connecting the distal phalanx to the hoof wall. The specific aim of this study was to examine in vitro whether thinning of the hoof wall leading to increased deformability influences the damage of the laminar tissue created by loading of the hoof. Paired cadaver forelimbs from twelve horses were used. For each pair, the hoof wall from one hoof was thinned by 25%; this was ascertained by radiography. The contralateral hooves were used as controls. In a material testing machine, hooves were loaded in a proximodistal direction at 0.5mm/s until a cut-off value of 8kN or 14mm was reached. Afterwards, samples of the SADP were taken for histology. Image-based evaluation of the destruction of the SADP was performed using quantitative histogram analysis. Additionally, three examiners masked to treatment (trimmed/untrimmed) qualitatively evaluated SADP destruction. During hoof loading with forces from 0.5 to 1.8 times the body mass of the donor horses, hooves with thinned hoof wall underwent significantly more deformation (P<0.05). Quantitative histogram analysis detected a shift to higher brightness values and a higher pixel intensity in control hooves, representing disruption in the histologic analysis. Qualitative evaluation of histology sections showed significantly more disruption of the SADP in untrimmed hooves (P=0.03). These results confirm the hypothesis that reduced hoof wall thickness can decrease disruption of laminar tissue in vitro, thus supporting the evaluation of hoof wall reduction as a prophylactic measure in horses at imminent risk of SADP failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moeller
- University Clinic for Horses, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - B Patan-Zugaj
- Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - T Däullary
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - T F Licka
- University Clinic for Horses, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
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Bamford NJ. Clinical insights: Treatment of laminitis. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:145-146. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. J. Bamford
- Melbourne Veterinary School The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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Weller R, Barstow A, Price H, Pfau T. Evidence-based farriery - does it exist? Equine Vet J 2018; 50:552-553. [PMID: 29995340 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Weller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - A Barstow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - H Price
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - T Pfau
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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