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Domingo E, de Ávila AI, Gallego I, Sheldon J, Perales C. Viral fitness: history and relevance for viral pathogenesis and antiviral interventions. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5454742. [PMID: 30980658 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The quasispecies dynamics of viral populations (continuous generation of variant genomes and competition among them) has as one of its frequent consequences variations in overall multiplication capacity, a major component of viral fitness. This parameter has multiple implications for viral pathogenesis and viral disease control, some of them unveiled thanks to deep sequencing of viral populations. Darwinian fitness is an old concept whose quantification dates back to the early developments of population genetics. It was later applied to viruses (mainly to RNA viruses) to quantify relative multiplication capacities of individual mutant clones or complex populations. The present article reviews the fitness concept and its relevance for the understanding of the adaptive dynamics of viruses in constant and changing environments. Many studies have addressed the fitness cost of escape mutations (to antibodies, cytotoxic T cells or inhibitors) as an influence on the efficacy of antiviral interventions. Here, we summarize the evidence that the basal fitness level can be a determinant of inhibitor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ana I de Ávila
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Isabel Gallego
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Julie Sheldon
- Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between Medical School Hannover (MHH) and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Celia Perales
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM. Av. Reyes Católicos 2, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Domingo E. Virus population dynamics examined with experimental model systems. VIRUS AS POPULATIONS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7153323 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816331-3.00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evolution permits exploring the effect of controlled environmental variables in virus evolution. Several designs in cell culture and in vivo have established basic concepts that can assist in the interpretation of evolutionary events in the field. Important information has come from cytolytic and persistent infections in cell culture that have unveiled the power of virus-cell coevolution in virus and cell diversification. Equally informative are comparisons of the response of viral populations when subjected to different passage régimens. In particular, plaque-to-plaque transfers in cell culture have revealed unusual genotypes and phenotypes that populate minority layers of viral quasispecies. Some of these viruses display properties that contradict features established in virology textbooks. Several hypotheses and principles of population genetics have found experimental confirmation in experimental designs with viruses. The possibilities of using experimental evolution to understand virus behavior are still largely unexploited.
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