Repurposing synthetic and natural derivatives induces apoptosis in an orthotopic glioma-induced xenograft model by modulating WNT/β-catenin signaling

Repurposing of atorvastatin and metformin denotes their individual and combined antiproliferative effects in non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Due to the limited success in the treatment of lung adenocarcinomas, new treatment protocols are urgently needed to increase the curability rate and the survival of lung cancer patients.

OBJECTIVES

Although statins, like atorvastatin (Ator), and metformin (Met) are widely accepted as hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic drugs, respectively, there are many predictions about their enhancing antitumor effect when they are combined with traditional chemotherapeutics.

METHODS

The individual and combined antiproliferative potential of Ator and Met was tested by MTT-assay in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cell line, compared to the corresponding effect of Gemcitabine (Gem) with implication on the mechanisms of action.

RESULTS

Initially, both drugs demonstrated concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in A549 cells. Also, their combination index (CI) indicated their synergistic effect at equi-IC50 concentration (CI = 0.00984). Moreover, Ator and/or Met-treated cells revealed disrupted patterns of SOD, CAT, GSH, MDA, and TAC, developed apoptosis, and larger fractions of the cell population were arrested in G0/G1 phase, particularly in cells dually-treated both Ator and Met. These observations were accompanied by downregulation in the expression of iNOS, HO-1, and the angiogenic marker VEGF, meanwhile, an altered expression of MAPK and AMPK was observed.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, these data suggest that repurposing of Ator and Met demonstrates their individual and combined antiproliferative effect in non-small cell lung cancer and they may adopt a similar mechanism of action.