Impact of multidimensional poverty on the self-efficacy of older people: Results from an Australian longitudinal study

You Raise Me Up: Employee Voice Elevates Leader Managerial Self-Efficacy Through Leader Self-Expansion

Voice behavior has been extensively explored, but its effect on leaders, particularly at the team level, has been overlooked. Enlightened by self-expansion theory and followership research, we theorize that employee voice can boost leaders’ managerial self-efficacy (team level) via leader self-expansion. We tested our hypotheses using a time-lagged survey with 67 teams (298 employees and 67 supervisors). Results from multilevel structural equation modeling confirmed our hypotheses, showing employee voice has a positive relationship with leaders’ self-expansion, which in turn affects leaders’ managerial self-efficacy at the team level. The study offers novel insights into employee voice consequences and followership research.

Effect of education and multimorbidity on mortality among older adults: findings from the health, well-being and ageing cohort study (SABE)

OBJECTIVES

This study assessed the moderating role of education on the relationship between multimorbidity and mortality among older adults in Brazil.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a cohort study.

METHODS

This study used data from 1768 participants of the Health, Well-Being and Ageing Cohort Study (SABE) who were assessed between 2006 and 2015. The Cox Proportional Risks Model was used to evaluate the association between multimorbidity (two or more chronic diseases) and mortality. An interaction term between education and multimorbidity was included to test the moderating role of education in this association.

RESULTS

The average follow-up time was 4.5 years, with a total of 589 deaths in the period. Multimorbidity increased the risk of mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27-1.91), and this association was not moderated by education (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.00-1.13; P value = 0.07).

CONCLUSIONS

The impact of education and multimorbidity on mortality emphasises the need for an integrated approach directed towards the social determinants of health to prevent multimorbidity and its burden among older adults.

Critical review of multimorbidity outcome measures suitable for low-income and middle-income country settings: perspectives from the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases (GACD) researchers

OBJECTIVES

There is growing recognition around the importance of multimorbidity in low-income and middle-income country (LMIC) settings, and specifically the need for pragmatic intervention studies to reduce the risk of developing multimorbidity, and of mitigating the complications and progression of multimorbidity in LMICs. One of many challenges in completing such research has been the selection of appropriate outcomes measures. A 2018 Delphi exercise to develop a core-outcome set for multimorbidity research did not specifically address the challenges of multimorbidity in LMICs where the global burden is greatest, patterns of disease often differ and health systems are frequently fragmented. We, therefore, aimed to summarise and critically review outcome measures suitable for studies investigating mitigation of multimorbidity in LMIC settings.

SETTING

LMIC.

PARTICIPANTS

People with multimorbidity.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Identification of all outcome measures.

RESULTS

We present a critical review of outcome measures across eight domains: mortality, quality of life, function, health economics, healthcare access and utilisation, treatment burden, measures of 'Healthy Living' and self-efficacy and social functioning.

CONCLUSIONS

Studies in multimorbidity are necessarily diverse and thus different outcome measures will be appropriate for different study designs. Presenting the diversity of outcome measures across domains should provide a useful summary for researchers, encourage the use of multiple domains in multimorbidity research, and provoke debate and progress in the field.

Women, weight, poverty and menopause: understanding health practices in a context of chronic disease prevention

Socioeconomic inequalities in health persist despite major investments in illness prevention campaigns and universal healthcare systems. In this context, the increased risks of chronic diseases of specific sub-groups of vulnerable populations should be further investigated. The objective of this qualitative study is to examine the interaction between socioeconomic status (SES) and body weight in order to understand underprivileged women's increased vulnerability to chronic diseases after menopause. By drawing specifically on Pierre Bourdieu's sociocultural theory of practice, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted from May to December of 2013 to investigate the health practices of clinically overweight, postmenopausal women living an underprivileged life in Canada. Findings emphasise that poor life conditions undermine personal investment in preventive health and weight loss, showing the importance for policy makers to bring stronger consideration on upstream determinants of health.

Demographic and Socioeconomic Determinants of Self-Efficacy: An Empirical Study of Korean Older Adults

This study conceptualizes the dimensions of older adults' self-efficacy and identifies its determinants by using panel data collected by the National Pension Research Institute in Korea. The analysis supported the conceptualization of older people's self-efficacy as a multidimensional construct and found strong support for the three subscales. For older adults in Korea, general self-efficacy was condensed into a sense of competence. Older adults' social self-efficacy was delineated into two subscales: inward social self-efficacy and interactive social self-efficacy. Inward social self-efficacy could be characterized as a set of inward-looking social capabilities, whereas interactive self-efficacy could be considered as a set of relation-oriented capabilities with various groups of individuals. Of the three regression models representing dimensions of older people's self-efficacy, each model uncovered its own set of variables that played a decisive role in perceived self-efficacy. Demographic variables were more effective determinants of older adults' self-efficacy than socioeconomic factors.