1
|
Rodriguez-Merchan EC, Mosconi M, De la Corte-Rodriguez H, Jannelli E, Pasta G. Total Knee Arthroplasty in People with Hemophilia: Higher Incidence of Periprosthetic Joint Infection and 1-Year Revision/Re-Operation than the General Population and Lower Prosthetic Survival When Early Postoperative Bleeding Complications Occurred: Current Literature Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2447. [PMID: 38673720 PMCID: PMC11051197 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review of the recent literature is to analyze the outcomes, complications, and implant survival of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) carried out on people with hemophilia (PWH). It has been shown that TKA substantially alleviates preoperative pain and improves knee function and the patient's quality of life. However, the complication rates of TKA range between 8.5% and 28.7, with postoperative hemarthrosis being the most frequent (7.6%). Besides, when comparing if the TKA was implanted before or after the year 2000, a reduction was found in the rates of periprosthetic joint infection-PJI (6.2% to 3.9%) and aseptic loosening (3.8% to 2.1%). Comparing prosthesis survival between PWH who had suffered early postoperative bleeding complications (EPBC) and patients who did not suffer EBPC, the mean survival duration was 17 years for the EPBC group and 22.1 years for the non-EPBC group. Survival rates were 80% for the EPBC group and 96.4% for the non-EPBC group. Compared to patients without hemophilia, PWH had a substantially higher incidence of PJI (Odds Ratio-OR 1.6) and 1-year revision/re-operation (OR 1.4). In short, although TKA substantially improves the quality of life of PWH, it is an intervention that has a non-negligible percentage of complications. TKA in PWH should preferably be performed only in highly specialized centers for the orthopedic treatment of hemophilia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emerito Carlos Rodriguez-Merchan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Osteoarticular Surgery Research, La Paz Hospital Institute for Health Research—IdiPAZ-La Paz University Hospital—Autonomous University of Madrid, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Mosconi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.M.); (E.J.)
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | | | - Eugenio Jannelli
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.M.); (E.J.)
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Gianluigi Pasta
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fu H, Peacock C, Wang C, Kader D, Clement N, Asopa V, Sochart D. The effect of HIV prevalence, CD4 counts and disease severity on the outcome of total knee arthroplasty for haemophilic arthropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY & TRAUMATOLOGY : ORTHOPEDIE TRAUMATOLOGIE 2023; 33:3235-3254. [PMID: 37212914 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-023-03586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE End-stage knee arthropathy is a recognised complication of haemophilia. It is often treated by total knee arthroplasty (TKA), which is more technically challenging in patients with haemophilia (PwH). It remains unclear what factors may predict implant survivorship and deep infection rate. Therefore, we systematically review the evidence regarding TKA survivorship and infection in PwH, compared to the general population, and determine the important factors influencing survivorship, particularly HIV and CD4 + count. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed for studies reporting Kaplan-Meier survivorship for TKA in PwH (PROSPERO CRD42021284644). Meta-analysis was performed for survivorship, and the results compared to < 55-year-olds from the National Joint Registry (NJR). Meta-regression was performed to determine the impact of relevant variables on 10-year survivorship, with a sub-analysis focusing on HIV. RESULTS Twenty-one studies were reviewed, totalling 1338 TKAs (average age 39 years). Implant survivorship for PwH at 5, 10, and 15 years was 94%, 86%, and 76% respectively. NJR-reported survivorship for males < 55 years was 94%, 90%, and 86%. Survivorship improved over time (1973-2018), and correlated inversely with HIV prevalence. Infection rate was 5%, compared to 0.5-1% in the NJR. Infection was not significantly increased with higher HIV prevalence, and CD4 + count had no effect. Complications were inconsistently reported. CONCLUSION Survivorship was similar at 5 years but declined thereafter, and infection rate was six-fold higher. HIV was related to worse survivorship, but not increased infection. Meta-analysis was limited by inconsistent reporting, and standardised reporting is required in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howell Fu
- Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom General Hospital, Dorking Road, Epsom, KT18 7EG, UK.
| | - Christian Peacock
- Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom General Hospital, Dorking Road, Epsom, KT18 7EG, UK
| | - Chao Wang
- Faculty of Health, Science, Social Care and Education, Kingston University, Kingston Hill, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT2 7LB, UK
| | - Deiary Kader
- Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom General Hospital, Dorking Road, Epsom, KT18 7EG, UK
| | - Nick Clement
- Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom General Hospital, Dorking Road, Epsom, KT18 7EG, UK
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Cres, Old Dalkeith Rd, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Vipin Asopa
- Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom General Hospital, Dorking Road, Epsom, KT18 7EG, UK
| | - David Sochart
- Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom General Hospital, Dorking Road, Epsom, KT18 7EG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodriguez-Merchan EC. In the era of primary prophylaxis in hemophilia, what types of orthopedic surgical interventions have been published in the 2020-2023 period and in which countries? Expert Rev Hematol 2023; 16:1077-1085. [PMID: 37975720 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2023.2285979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary prophylaxis has significantly reduced the number of orthopedic surgical procedures performed on patients with hemophilia (PWH) worldwide. However, studies on orthopedic surgery in PWH are still being published in the medical literature. AREAS COVERED The aim of this article is to determine the types of orthopedic surgical interventions in PWH published between 2020 and 2023 and the countries in which they are published. EXPERT OPINION The following orthopedic surgical procedures are still performed on PWH: total knee, ankle, elbow and hip arthroplasty, ankle fusion, ankle distraction, and the surgical removal of hemophilic pseudotumors. The countries in which articles on orthopedic surgery in hemophilia have been published in the period 2000-2023 include China (14 articles); Republic of Korea and U.S.A. (3 articles each); Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland and Turkey (2 articles each); and 1 article each in the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Chile, France, Ireland, New Zealand, Russia, and The Netherlands. These data suggest that primary prophylaxis should be improved and extended to all patients globally.
Collapse
|
4
|
Qiao Y, Li F, Zhang L, Song X, Yu X, Zhang H, Liu P, Zhou S. A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing outcomes following total knee arthroplasty for rheumatoid arthritis versus for osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:484. [PMID: 37312069 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) are considered to be a successful procedure, but with little being known about outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of TKA in patients with RA versus OA. METHODS Data were obtained from PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBSCO and Scopus for all available studies comparing the outcomes of THA in RA and OA patients (From January 1, 2000 to October 15, 2022). Outcomes of interest included infection, revision, venous thromboembolism (VTE), mortality, periprosthetic fractures, prosthetic loosening, length of stay, and satisfaction. Two reviewers independently assessed each study for quality and extracted data. The quality of the studies was scored using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). RESULTS Twenty-four articles with a total 8,033,554 patients were included in this review. The results found strong evidence for increased risk of overall infection (OR = 1.61, 95% CI, 1.24-2.07; P = 0.0003), deep infection (OR = 2.06, 95% CI, 1.37-3.09; P = 0.0005), VTE (OR = 0.76, 95% CI, 0.61-0.93; P = 0.008), pulmonary embolism (PE) (OR = 0.84, 95% CI, 0.78-0.90; P<0.00001), periprosthetic fractures (OR = 1.87, 95% CI, 1.60-2.17; P<0.00001); and reasonable evidence for increased risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (OR = 0.74, 95% CI, 0.54-0.99; P = 0.05), and length of stay (OR = 0.07, 95% CI, 0.01-0.14; P = 0.03) after TKA in patients with RA versus OA. There were no significant differences in superficial site infection (OR = 0.84,95% CI, 0.47-1.52; P = 0.57), revision (OR = 1.33,95% CI, 0.79-2.23; P = 0.28), mortality (OR = 1.16,95% CI, 0.87-1.55; P = 0.32), and prosthetic loosening (OR = 1.75, 95% CI, 0.56-5.48; P = 0.34) between the groups. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that patients with RA have a higher risk of postoperative infection, VTE, periprosthetic fracture, and lengths of stay, but did not increase revision rate, prosthetic loosening and mortality compared to patients with OA following TKA. In conclusion, despite RA increased incidence of postoperative complications, TKA should continue to be presented as an effective surgical procedure for patients whose conditions are intractable to conservative and medical management of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Qiao
- Department of Joint Surgery, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Gansu, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Gansu, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The 943rd Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Gansu, Wuwei, China
| | - Lvdan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Gansu, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Song
- Department of Joint Surgery, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Gansu, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Yu
- Department of Joint Surgery, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Gansu, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Gansu, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Gansu, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shenghu Zhou
- Department of Joint Surgery, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Gansu, Lanzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodriguez-Merchan EC, De la Corte-Rodriguez H, Alvarez-Roman T, Gomez-Cardero P, Encinas-Ullan CA, Jimenez-Yuste V. Complications and Implant Survival of Total Knee Arthroplasty in People with Hemophilia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6244. [PMID: 36362472 PMCID: PMC9658035 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a commonly used option in advanced stages of knee arthropathy in people with hemophilia (PWH). The objective of this article is to determine what the complication rates and implant survival rates in PWH are in the literature. A literature search was carried out in PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase and Google Scholar utilizing the keywords "hemophilia TKA complications" on 20 October 2022. It was found that the rate of complications after TKA in PWH is high (range 7% to 30%), although it has improved during the last two decades, possibly due to better perioperative hematologic treatment. However, prosthetic survival at 10 years has not changed substantially, being in the last 30 years approximately 80% to 90% taking as endpoint the revision for any reason. Survival at 20 years taking as endpoint the revision for any reason is 60%. It is possible that with a precise perioperative control of hemostasis in PWH, the percentage of complications after TKA can be diminished.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emerito Carlos Rodriguez-Merchan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research—IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital—Autonomous University of Madrid), 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Teresa Alvarez-Roman
- Department of Hematology, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Victor Jimenez-Yuste
- Department of Hematology, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Total Joint Arthroplasty Should Not Be Delayed in Hepatitis C Patients After Successful Treatment Achieving a Sustained Viral Load. Arthroplast Today 2022; 17:107-113. [PMID: 36082283 PMCID: PMC9445225 DOI: 10.1016/j.artd.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preoperative treatment recommendations and optimal time to perform total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in patients with hepatitis C virus after treatment completion for achieving best outcomes have not been elucidated. We aim to determine (1) if undetectable viral load (UVL) prior to TJA leads to decreased postoperative complication rates, specifically periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), and (2) if delaying TJA after treatment completion has benefit in decreasing PJI. Methods A retrospective review of all hepatitis C virus patients undergoing TJA at 3 academic tertiary care centers was conducted. A total of 270 TJAs performed from 2005 to 2019 were included, 125 with positive viral load at the time of surgery. The duration from completion of treatment regimen to TJA was recorded for the UVL cohort. The primary study outcome was PJI at 1-year follow-up. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital complications, mechanical revision TJA rates, and optimal time to TJA upon completion of treatment. Results Patients with positive viral load at the time of TJA had longer length of stay (3.9 vs 2.9 days, P < .0001) and a higher PJI rate at 1 year postoperatively (9% vs 2%, P = .02) than UVL patients. There was no difference of in-hospital complications or revision rates for mechanical etiologies. Delaying TJA after achieving a sustained virologic response did not impact PJI rates. Conclusions Sustained UVL prior to TJA is critical to minimize PJI irrespective of the treatment regimen utilized. Surgery can be performed with lower complication rates any time after achieving sustained virologic response. Level of Evidence Level III, prognostic retrospective cohort study.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rodriguez-Merchan EC, De la Corte-Rodriguez H, Alvarez-Roman T, Gomez-Cardero P, Encinas-Ullan CA, Jimenez-Yuste V. Total knee arthroplasty in hemophilia: lessons learned and projections of what's next for hemophilic knee joint health. Expert Rev Hematol 2022; 15:65-82. [PMID: 35041571 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2022.2030218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this article has been to review the literature on total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in people with hemophilia (PWH), to mention the lessons we have learned from our own experience and to try to find out what the future of this type of surgery will be. AREAS COVERED A Cochrane Library and PubMed (MEDLINE) search of studies related to TKA PWH was analyzed. In PWH, the complication rate after TKA can be up to 31.5%. These include infection (7.1%) and bleeding in the form of hematoma, hemarthrosis or popliteal artery injury (8.9%). In a meta-analysis the revision arthroplasty rate was 6.3%. One-stage or two-stage revision arthroplasty due to infection (septic loosening) is not always successful despite providing correct treatment (both hematological and surgical). In fact, the risk of prosthetic re-infection is about 10%. It is necessary to perform a re-revision arthroplasty, which is a high-risk and technically difficult surgery that can sometimes end in knee arthrodesis or above-the-knee amputation of the limb. EXPERT OPINION TKA (both primary and revision) should be performed in centers specialized in orthopedic surgery and rehabilitation (knee) and hematology (hemophilia), and with optimal coordination between the medical team.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Carlos Rodriguez-Merchan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain.,Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research - IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital - Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rodriguez-Merchan EC. Hemophilic arthropathy: a teaching approach devoted to hemophilia treaters in under-development countries. Expert Rev Hematol 2021; 14:887-896. [PMID: 34482789 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2021.1977118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arthropathy is the characteristic injury of hemophilia, primarily occurring in the elbows, knees, and ankles. The aim of this review is a teaching approach devoted to hemophilia treaters in under-development countries. AREAS COVERED Current major challenges include the absence of the following therapeutic tools for all people with hemophilia (PWH) worldwide: hematological prophylaxis; well-coordinated multidisciplinary teams in specialized centers; joint aspiration of acute hemarthrosis; point-of-care ultrasonography (POC-US); exercise; treatment of synovitis by means of radiosynovectomy; treatment of mild hemophilic arthropathy with analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, and rehabilitation medicine; intra-articular injections of corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid, platelet-rich plasma, and mesenchymal stem cells; and treatment of severe hemophilic arthropathy by surgical treatment. The future scenario in under-development countries should include all the aforementioned treatment tools plus the possibility of performing total joint arthroplasty in PWH with inhibitors; concomitant use of bypassing agents with emicizumab for PWH with inhibitors undergoing orthopedic surgery; and telemedicine. EXPERT OPINION Primary hematological prophylaxis is now the gold standard for the management of hemophilia. Acute hemarthrosis needs intense hematological management and articular aspiration; the articular situation should be scrutinized by POC-US. Synovitis can be controlled by radiosynovectomy. In cases of severe articular degeneration, surgical procedures might be required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Carlos Rodriguez-Merchan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain.,Osteoarticular Surgery Research, La Paz University Hospital Institute for Health Research - IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital - Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rodríguez-Merchán EC. Recent advances in surgery and its perioperative treatment in people with hemophilia. Expert Rev Hematol 2021; 14:271-280. [PMID: 33605827 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2021.1893689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: People with hemophilia (PWH) may require some surgical procedures (orthopedic surgery, cardiac surgery, neurosurgery, et cetera) throughout their lives.Areas covered: Articles on surgery and hemophilia published during the year 2020 were analyzed. The principal inclusion factor was a focal point on surgery in hemophilia. Articles that did not concentrate on this subject were not included.Expert opinion: Turoctocog alfa pegol appears to be efficacious for perioperative hemostatic treatment of all kind of surgical operations (minor and major) in PWH A. Long-acting recombinant coagulation factor IX (FIX) albumin fusion protein (rIX-FP) seems to facilitate perioperative management in PWH B. In people suffering from von Willebrand disease (VWD), the utilization of concentrates of von Willebrand factor (VWF) is commonly used for the decrease of exaggerated bleeding during surgical operations. On-demand management with 30-60 IU/kg may keep hemostasis under control during all kind of surgical operations. Factor concentrates with extended half-life (EHL) are a good option to standard half-life (SHL) products in PWH undergoing surgery, permitting diminished number of infusions and inferior consuming, particularly for EHL factor IX (FIX). Supplementary factor VIII (FVIII) and/or bypassing management have demonstrated to be secure and efficacious in association with emicizumab for major surgical procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán
- Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research - IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital - Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Biomechanical Particularities in the Therapy of the Rheumatic Knee. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10238600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis, the joints of the lower extremities are almost always affected. This is most conspicuous in the knee joint. In rheumatics, inflammatory osteoarthritis manifests itself comparably earlier than in patients with osteoarthritis. The focus of attention was primarily on the synovia with its destruction process and secondary changes. Now, driven by experimental research, dendritic cells and fibroblasts and molecular features are moving into the clinician’s field of vision. Even in joints that appear to be in remission with no swelling or pain, the activity of these cells leads to changes in the capsule-ligaments. The complex deformities and instabilities caused by this, in conjunction with atrophy of the inter-articular musculature, have an impact on the activities of daily life (ADL). If these biomechanical aspects of the knee joint are not taken into account early on in therapy, the frequency of primary and secondary surgical treatment increases. The timely recognition of biomechanical pathologies and consistent treatment can contribute to improving the patient situation in addition to adequate medication therapy.
Collapse
|